introduction to TiO2, importance of TiO2, synthesis method of TiO2 nanoparticle, properties of TiO2 nanoparticle, application of TiO2 nanoparticle.

1. Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials
• Submitted by: Preeti choudhary
• Roll No.= 17/MAP/016
• MSC(applied physics)
• Submitted to: Dr. Ashish kumar
keshari

2. Tio2
• Introduction
• Importance
• Synthesis Methods
• Properties
• Application

3. Tio2
• Tio2 is a very well-known and well researched material due to
the stability of its chemical structure, biocompatibility, physical,
optical, and electrical properties.
• TiO2 exists in three mineral forms: anatase, Rutile, and
Brookite.
• Anatase type TiO2 has a crystalline structure that corresponds
to the tetragonal system and is used mainly as a photocatalyst
under UV irradiation.
• Rutile type TiO2 also has a tetragonal crystal structure . This
type of Titania is mainly used as white pigment in paint.
• Brookite type TiO2 has an orthorhombic crystalline structure.
• TiO2 is preferred in anatase form because of its high
photocatalytic activity.
• Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen: Natuurkunde
Promotor: Prof. Dr. D. Poelman Copromotor: Prof. Dr. ir. R. De Gryse Maart 2007
• Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Wood Protection Application

4. The crystal Structure of Tio2
Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Wood Protection Application
Synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: phase, morphology and size control by Jan-Yves Ruzicka University of Canterbury 2013
• a)Anatase b) Rutile c)Brookite
• form is tetragonal form is tetragonal form is orthorhombic
• a=b=3.7710Å & c=9.430Å a=b=4.5933Å & c= 2.9592Å a=9.18Å, b=5.447 &c=5.145Å

5. TiO2 as PhotoCatalysis
“NANOSTRUCTURED TiO2 AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIAL: FROM PHOTOCATALYSIS TO BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS”
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO 2009-2010
• TiO2 absorbs Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.
• Generated negative-electron (e-) and positive-hole (h+) pair.
• Water-splitting reaction occurred.
• Organic pollutant is split up to harmless products.

6. Why TiO2 Nanomaterials are Attracted now?
• Among the unique properties of nanomaterials , the
movement of electrons and holes in semiconductor
nanomaterials is primarily governed by the well-known
quantum confinement, and the transport properties related to
phonons and photons are largely affected by the size and
geometry of the materials.
• It has possibility to help solving many serious biomedical and
environment problems.
• It also bears tremendous hope in helping ease the energy crisis
through effective utilization of solar energy based on
photovoltaic and photocatalytic water-splitting devices.
• As another functionality of TiO2 nanomaterials, it has many
elements adsorbent capacity.
• NANOSTRUCTURED TiO2 AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIAL: FROM PHOTOCATALYSIS TO BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS”
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO 2009-2010

7. Importance of Tio2
• Non- toxic, inexpensive, highly photoactive, and easily
synthesized and handled.
• Highly photostable.
• High electro-chemical properties and high chemical
stability.
• High dielectric constant and hardness.
• High refractive index upto- 2.7
• Tio2 is much more effective as a photocatalyst in the
form of nanoparticles.
• Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen: Natuurkunde Promotor: Prof. Dr. D.
Poelman Copromotor: Prof. Dr. ir. R. De Gryse Maart 2007
• Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Wood Protection Application

8. Synthesis Methods
Chemical method
• Sol-Gel Method
• Micelle and Inverse Micelle
Method
• Condensation method
• Sol Method
• Hydrothermal Method
• Solvothermal Method
Physical method:
• Thermal decomposition
• Plasma arcing
• Evaporative deposition
• Electron beam physical vapour
deposition
• Sputter deposition
• Cathodic arc deposition
• Pulsed laser deposition

9. Sol-Gel Method
• This process normally proceeds via an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis step of
titanium(IV) alkoxide follwed by condensation.
• The development of Ti-O-Ti chains is favored with low content of water,
low hydrolysis rates, and excess titanium alkoxide in the reaction
mixture.
• Dimensional polymetric skeltone swith close packing result from the
development of Ti-O-Ti chains.
• Nanoparticles: Case studies of their synthesis, properties and biological interaction Nils Gustav Martin Palmqvist Faculty of Naturals Resources
and Agricultural Sciences Department of Molecular Sciences Uppsala
reactants solvents
colloidal catalyst colloidal 3-dimns
time grid
liquid
Colloidal suspension of volume v wet monolith of volume v
particle

10. Sol-Gel and Drying Flowchart
Precursors, solvents,water & catalyst
Gel formation
Aging in mother liquor
washing
Drying process
Nerogel(Evaporation) Aerogel (autoclave) cryogel (freeze-driver)
Calcination
Final material
• S. Shibata, K. Aoki, T. Yano and M. Yamane, Journal of solgel science and Technology, 11, 279, (1998).
• H. Hahn, Nanostructured Materials, 9, 3, (1997).
• H. Cheng, J. Ma, Z. Zhao, L. Qi, Chem. Mater., 7, (1995).

11. Sol gel method
• Sol-gel method, as the name implies, comprises of two main
parts:
a) Firstly, the precursors form high molecular weight but still soluble
oligomeric intermediates, called a sol.
b) Secondly, the intermediates come close together to form a gel.
• sol-gel process is based on five processing steps :
i. Hydrolytic Polycondensation: Hydrolysis of alkoxide precursors which forms
a polymeric or particulate sol containing inorganic materials.
ii. Formation of a uniform suspension by deposition of substrate into the sol.
iii. Solidification of the gel with solvent and volatile compounds evaporation
process.
iv. Drying at room temperature to get a condensed inorganic network.
v. Calcination where very high temperature is involved to remove of organics
and to crystallize the solid material.
• TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOMATERIALS, SYNTHESIS, STABILITY AND MOBILITY IN NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POROUS MEDIA by Ghulam Raza A Thesis submitted to The
University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Birmingham December
2016

12. Thermal Decomposition
• Thermal decomposition is the chemical
decomposition of a substance into ins constituents
by heating.
• A solid bulk material is heated beyond its
decomposition temperature in an evacuated
furnace tube.
• The precursor material may contain metal cations
and molecular anions, or metal organic solids.
• Example: 2LiN3(s) 2Li(s) +3N2(g)
– Lithium particles can be synthesized by heating LiN3
in a quartz tube under vacuum.
– When heated to 375oC the nitrogen outgases from
the bulk material and the Li atoms coalesce to form
metal nanoparticles.
• Poole, C., Owens, F. Introduction to Nanotechnology. Wiley, New Jersey. 2003

13. Thermal Decomposition Apparatus
• “NANOSTRUCTURED TiO2 AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIAL: FROM PHOTOCATALYSIS TO BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS” PH.D.
STUDENT ALBERTO NALDONI UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO FACOLTÀ DI SCIENZE MM. FF. NN. DIPARTIMENTO DI CHIMICA
FISICA ED ELETTROCHIMICA CORSO DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN SCIENZE CHIMICHE

14. Properties
• Structural Properties
• Electronic Properties
• Optical dielectric properties

15. Structural Properties
• Two structures, rutile and anatase, can be described
in term of chains of TiO6 octahedra, where each
Ti4+ion is surrounded by an octahedron of six O2-ions.
• They demonstrated that, under different pH
conditions from acid to basic, the phase transition size
of a TiO2nanoparticle varied from 6.9 to 22.7 nm,
accompanied with shape changed of the
TiO2nanoparticles.
• Morphology predicted for anatase(top), with (a)
hydrogenated surfaces, (b) hydrogen-rich surface
adsorbates, (c) hydrogen-poor adsorbates, and (d)
oxygenated surfaces, and for rutile(bottom), with (f)
hydrogenated surfaces, (g) hydrogen-rich surface
adsorbates, (h) hydrated surfaces, (i) hydrogen-poor
adsorbates, and (j) oxygenated surfaces.
• Milling effect on the photo-activated properties of TiO2 nanoparticles: electronic and structural investigations YOUCEF MESSAI1,2, BERTRAND VILENO2,4, DAVID MARTEL3, PHILIPPE TUREK2,4 and DJAMEL EDDINE
MEKKI1,∗MS received 12 July 2017; accepted 21 August 2017; published online 30 March 2018
• Curtiss, L. A.et al.,NanoLett. 2005

16. Optical dielectric properties
• optical properties is the complex dielectric function ε , which is a
fundamental intrinsic property of the material .
• It measure the ability of a material to interact with an electric field and
become polarized by the field.
• The real part of the dielectric constant shows how much it will slow
down the speed of light in the material and related to the stored energy
within the medium, whereas the imaginary part shows how a dielectric
material absorb energy from an electric field due to dipole motion .
• the knowledge of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant
provides information about the loss factor which is the ratio of the
imaginary part to the real part of the dielectric constant ,the real and
imaginary part of the dielectric constant can be estimated using the
relation ε=ε1+ε2
• Structural and optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles/PVA for different composites thin film A.M.Shehap and Dana S.Akil* Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza , Egypt. Received 31 March 2015; Revised 28 May 2015; Accepted 3 June 2015

17. Electronic Properties
•
• The DOS (density of states) is decomposed
into Ti eg, Ti t2g(dyz, dzx, and dxy), O pσ (in
the TiO3cluster plane), and O pπ (out of the
TiO3cluster plane) components.
• It is well-known that for nanoparticles the
band gap energy increase and the energy
band becomes more discrete with decreasing
size.
Freeman, A. J.et al.,Phys. Rev. B 2000,

18. Applications of TiO2Nanomaterials
• UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO FACOLTÀ DI SCIENZE MM. FF. NN. DIPARTIMENTO DI CHIMICA FISICA ED ELETTROCHIMICA CORSO DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN SCIENZE CHIMICHE
• http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/GRAPHIC0/GEOMORPH/SurfaceVol0.gif

19. Nanoparticle Applications: TiO2
• Titanium Dioxide is used as an inorganic white pigment for
paper, paints, plastics, and whitening agents.
• TiO2 nanoparticles are used as UV blocking pigments in
sunscreens, cosmetics, varnishes, and fabrics.
• TiO2 has unique photocatalytic properties that make it suitable
for a number of advanced applications:
– Self-cleaning glass and antifogging coatings
– Photoelectrochemical cells (PECs)
– Detoxification of waste water
– Hydrolysis
• COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF THE PROPERTIES OF TiO2 NANOPARTICLESActa Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis 564Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Science
(Technology) to be presented with due permission for public examination and criticism in the Auditorium of the Student Union House at Lappeenranta University of
Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland on the 19th of December, 2013, at noon.

20. Thankyou