Ppt on engineering

1. SENSORS
USED IN
SMART
AGRICULTURE
• Sarvesh Pantoji
• Indrajeet Deshmukh
• Batul Rokadia
• Aman Rathod
• Pranav Daware

2. •What is Smart
Agriculture?
• Smart agriculture uses sensors to
monitor and manage the environment,
making farming practices more efficient
and productive.
• This technology helps farmers to make
decisions about their crops and livestock
based on data-driven insights.
• This can include the use of precision
farming techniques, such as GPS and
sensor-based systems, to optimize crop
yields, reduce water and fertilizer usage,
and improve overall farm management.

3. SMART AGRICULTURAL SENSORS
Are divided in 3 subtypes that are :-
• Livestock sensors
• Weather sensors
• Soil sensors

4. LIVESTOCK SENSORS :-
• There are several types of livestock
sensors available in the markets
• Some of them are listed below
1. ACTIVITY SENSORS
2. HEART RATE SENSORS
3. FEED INTAKE SENSOR
4. MOVEMENT SENSOR

5. Activity sensors
• Activity sensors are devices that are
used to measure the movement and
activity levels of livestock.
• These sensors can also provide vital
insights into the health and welfare of
the animals, allowing for early detection
of any issues that may arise.

6. Feed intake sensor
• Feed intake sensors are devices used
in livestock farming to monitor and
measure the feed consumption of
individual animals.
• These sensors can help farmers to
optimize feed efficiency, improve
animal health, and reduce waste

7. Working of feed intake sensor
• The pressure sensor allows individual
jaw movements to be
recorded. chewing activity is based on
the logging of individual pressure
peaks, whereby every peak above a
detection threshold of 28 mbar is
counted as a chew.
• A specific peak profile during drinking
activity recorded by the noseband
sensor is clearly distinguishable from
those of rumination and eating and
thus with the help of data collected
conclusions can be made

8. RumiWatch Converters V0.7.2.0
• Sensitivity: 0.90
• Accuracy: 95 percent
• WORKING VOLTAGE = 8V TO 15V
• Cost : 68dollars for whole set

9. Heart rate sensor
• These sensors can be attached to the
animal's body, usually on the collar, and
they transmit data wirelessly to a central
monitoring system. It helps to find changes
in heart rate which can indicate
stress or illness.
• They can also be used to monitor the
animal's response to different
management practices, such as changes in
diet or exercise. It can help farmers to
identify early signs of illness or distress,
and take steps to improve their
care and management.

10. Working of heart rate sensor
• The working principle of heart rate sensors
in livestock is based on
electrocardiography. The device consists of
small device that is attached to collar of
the animal with electrodes that come into
contact with the animal's skin
• The electrodes detect the electrical signals
generated by the heart and transmit them
to a central monitoring system .Signals
are then amplified

11. Polar H7 heart rate sensor
• Working Frequency :2402 - 2480
MHz
• Maximum power : 1.3 mW
• cost approx 14000

12. Use of Weather Sensors in Smart Agriculture
• In the modern era of technological advances,
smart agriculture is becoming increasingly
popular, and weather sensors are playing a vital
role in this revolution.
• Weather sensors are utilized to monitor and
adjust for the ever-changing climate and
weather conditions, enabling farmers to
optimize their crop yields and maximize their
profits.

13. Humidity sensor
• Humidity sensors are essential
components of smart agriculture
systems. They measure the amount of
water vapor in the air and provide
valuable data that helps farmers
monitor and adjust the irrigation and
ventilation of their crops.
• Types of humidity sensor :
1. Capacitive humidity sensors
2. Resistive humidity sensors
3. Optical humidity sensors

14. Working of Humidity sensors
• Capacitive sensor:
• Capacitive sensors use two electrodes to monitor the
capacitance of a thin metal strip placed between
them. The metal’s capacitance increases or decreases at
a rate that is directly proportional to the change of
humidity in the sensor’s environment.
• Resistive sensor :
• Resistive humidity sensors measure humidity levels by
detecting changes in electrical resistance . The sensor
typically consists of a metal oxide film that changes its
electrical resistance when it absorbs moisture then
converts into a digital signal that can be read by an
electronic controller, which converts it into a relative
humidity value that can be used to control other
systems, like air conditioning or ventilation.

15. HUMIDITY SENSOR - Model number: DHT11
• Name: DHT-11 Digital Temperature And
Humidity Sensor
• Working principle: operates on the
principle of resistive type humidity sensor
• Range: input: Humidity measuring range:
20%~90%RH
• Temperature measuring range:
0~+50degree.
• output: Humidity measurement accuracy:
±5.0%RH. Temperature measurement
accuracy: ±2.0degree
• Cost: 159 rupees

16. Use of Optical Sensors in Smart Agriculture
• A optical sensor is a device that
measures light intensity and converts
it into a signal which can be read by
an electronic device.
• Optical sensors are used in smart
agriculture to measure the amount of
light absorbed by plants and to
monitor their growth.
• Types of optical sensors:
1. Diffuse reflective sensor
2. Retro reflective sensor

17. Working of optical sensors
• Diffuse Reflective Sensor
• This diffuse reflective sensor has
both transmitter & receiver which are
arranged parallel to each other. Once
the transmitter generates a light signal
then it is reflected through the object.
This light reflection can be simply
measured through the receiver.

18. Working of optical sensors
• Retro-reflective Sensor
• This kind of optical sensor has both
transmitter & receiver which are
arranged within one housing. The
transmitter generates a light ray which
is reflected through the reflector &
obtained by the receiver.
• If any object approaches in the middle
of this light ray path, then it breaks. So
the object at the receiver is detected
based on the variation between the
intensity of the light beam &
other parameters.

19. FluxSense AIS140
• Sensing range: 5-3500 ppfd
(photosynthetic photon flux density)
• Measurement accuracy: ±10%
• Spectral range: 400-700 nm
• Spectral accuracy: ±3 nm
• Response time: < 10 ms
• Operating temperature: -20°C to
+60°C
• Power supply: 5 VDC
• Output: I2C, UART, and Analog
• Cost : RS4500

20. Use of Soil Sensors in Smart Agriculture
• Soil sensors are used to measure the
moisture and temperature of soil,
providing essential information to
farmers for efficient crop management.
• These sensors are used to detect soil
health and fertility, allowing farmers to
adjust their crops accordingly to
maximize yields and profits.

21. Mechanical sensors
• The use of mechanical sensors in
smart agriculture allows for the
automated monitoring of soil
moisture and nutrient levels.
• Mechanical sensors are used to
determine the amount of force that
roots are exerting to absorb water and
this data is used to optimise the tilling
methodologies and optimizing the
inflow of water.

22. Working of Mechanical Sensors
• A Load cell is a force transducer which converts forces
such as tension, compression, pressure, torque, weight
etc. into an electrical signal that can be used to measure
such forces.
• The main purpose of load cell sensor is measure weight or
to check amount of load transferred strain gauge is a
variable resistive transducer which converts physical
variable into change in electrical resistance and produces
change in form of voltage of current when gauge is
connected to bridge circuits
• Thus the amount of force delivered to the cell is
proportional to the change in voltage, therefore the
amount of force can be calculated from the cell’s output or
an scale can be calibrated directly to measure physical
quantity such as force, load or weight.

23. FSG15N1A sensor (Honeywell force sensor )
• Force Range : 15N
• Sensitivity : 1.5 mV/V ±5%
• Operating Temperature −40° to 85°C
• Output resistance: 350 ±10 Ω
• Response time: 1 ms
• Compression rate range: 0.01 to 500
mm/s

24. Electrochemical Sensors in Smart agriculture
• Electrochemical sensors are
devices that use
electrochemistry to measure the
concentration of ions in a
solution.
• Electrochemical sensors are
widely used in agriculture for
soil and water analysis, nutrient
monitoring, and crop health
assessment.
• They help farmers to optimize
irrigation and fertilizer
applications, reduce waste, and
increase crop yield.

25. Working principle of electrochemical sensor
• The working principle of an
electrochemical sensor in smart
agriculture is based on the
measurement of the voltage
difference across electrodes, which
is proportional to the concentration
of ions in the sample.
• This information is used to
optimize fertilizer and irrigation
applications and improve crop
health.

26. EC-5 Soil Moisture Sensor
• Range: The sensor has a range of 0-
19.99 mS/cm.
• Operating Temperature: The EC 5
electrochemical sensor can operate
within a temperature range of 0°C to
50°C.
• Output Signal: The sensor outputs an
analog signal that can be read by an
EC meter, data logger or
microcontroller.
• Resolution: The resolution of the
sensor is 0.01 mS/cm.

27. Dielectric soil sensor in Smart Agriculture
• Soil moisture is a critical factor for
crop growth and yield
• Conventional methods for
measuring soil moisture are limited
in accuracy and efficiency
• Dielectric soil moisture sensors
provide precise and non-invasive
measurement of soil moisture
content
• Utilizing these sensors in smart
agriculture systems can optimize
irrigation and save water resources
Resulting in improved crop health
and increased yield

28. Working of Dielectric sensor
• A capacitive dielectric soil moisture
sensor works by measuring the
electrical capacitance of the soil. The
sensor has two metal electrodes that
are separated by a dielectric material,
such as a plastic film.
• The sensor is inserted into the soil,
and the soil's moisture content affects
the electrical capacitance between
the electrodes.
• A change in capacitance is
proportional to a change in soil
moisture content

29. SM300 sensor
• Capacitive dielectric sensor
• Measurement Range: 0-100%
volumetric soil moisture
• Accuracy: ±2%
• Resolution: 0.1%
• Response Time: Less than 1 second
• Operating Temperature: -40°C to
+65°C
• Operating Humidity: 0-100% RH
• Output Signal: Analog voltage or
digital signal