The document provides an introduction to hydrology and groundwater wells presented by Mohamed Mahmoud El-Shora. It begins with introductions and objectives before covering topics like the hydrologic cycle, subsurface water zones, aquifers, drilling rig components and operations, well construction including casing and cementing, well testing, and the responsibilities of hydrologists. The presentation aims to teach the terminology and processes involved in groundwater wells.

1. Tanta University
Faculty of Science
Department of Geology
Submitted by
Mohamed Mahmoud El-Shora
Mud Engineer @ National Egyption Drilling and
Petroleum Services Co. (DASCO)

2. Introduce Myself
• Mud Engineer at National Egyptian Drilling and Petroleum Services
Co. DASCO.
• Well site Geologist at National Egyptian Drilling and Petroleum
Services Co. DASCO.
• Advanced Diploma, Alexandria University, Geophysics, 2013.
• BSC, Tanta University, Special Geology, 2012.
• Founder & President of AAPG_TUSC, 2011.

3. Audiences Expectations
• At the first page of your notebook write down the following:
• Your expectations from this presentation.
• At the end of the course evaluate the deliverable against your
expectations.

4. Session Goals
• As a result of participating in this presentation, attendees will
• Introduction about Hydrology.
• Planning any project by scientific method.
• Understand how Ground Water Wells Drilled.
• Types of Pumping Test.
• How you can Write the daily Report.

5. Introduction
• When a person meets another Person. He asks, Do you speak English,
Arabic or French….etc.? In Geology you have to forget the language!!
This collections of slides are The language of geologist.
#You_Will_Learn_Geologists_Language!!
• At recent days you’ve heard many advertisements by ground water
companies wanting to hire you, so you should be knowing more and
more about ground water wells.
• In this session we will introduce important topics about ground water
Wells.
• Firstly you should be known ground water terminology to
#Speak_The_Same_Language.

6. What is Hydrology?
• Is the science that encompasses the occurrence, distribution,
movement and properties of the waters of the earth and their
relationship with the environment within each phase of the
hydrologic cycle.

7. Hydrologic Cycle
• Continuous process start when rain
falls to the ground, some of it flows
along the land’s surface to streams
or lakes, some becomes available
to plants for growth, some
evaporates and returns to the
atmosphere, and some seeps into
the ground.
• Water seeping down from the land
surface from rain, snowmelt
irrigation or lake and river leakage
adds to the ground water and is
called Recharge water.

8. Seeping of Water Down
• The Results of Seeping water
Down from the Ground Surface
to underground Layers is: “water
sorted in four zones” Called (Sub
Surface Zones).
1- Soil water
2- Intermediate
Vadose water
3- Capillary
water
4- Ground water

9. Subsurface Water Zones
• 1- Soil water:
• The water stored in the upper
layers of the soil from the ground
surface up to the extent of roots of
plants depends on soil type and
vegetation.
• Plants extract water from this zone.
• Evaporation occurs from this zone.
• May become saturated during
periods of rainfall otherwise
unsaturated (soil pores partially
filled with air).
Soil water

10. Subsurface Water Zones
• 2- Intermediate Vadose water:
• That stored below in the region
between soil water zone and the
capillary fringe.
• It is a link between water
infiltrating from the ground
surface and moving down to the
saturated layer of ground water.
• Unsaturated except during
extreme precipitation events.
Intermediate
Vadose water

11. Subsurface Water Zones
• 3- Capillary water:
• That which has risen from the
saturated ground water region
due to capillary action.
Capillary water

12. Subsurface Water Zones
• 4- Ground water:
• This is the water in the fully
saturated zone.
• Formations in this zone with
ability to transmit water are
called Aquifers.
• Pressure of water here would be
more than atmospheric.
Ground water

13. Saturation of Different zones of soil

14. Aquifer
• Definition: Is underground soil or rock through which it can bearing
ground water and allow ground water to pass through.
• Composition: Mainly consist of gravels, Sand, sandstone, fractured
limestone, or Fractured Granit.
• Characterization of Aquifer: Characterized by good porosity &
permeability – Saturated Zone.
• Now we can understand that when Rock have a good Porosity and
Permeability and contain water it’s called Aquifer while when it’s
contain Oil or Gas it’s called Reservoir Rock.

15. The two essential elements of Aquifer & Reservoir rock :
Porosity
Permeability

17. The Main Types of Aquifer
• Confined Aquifer “Artesian Aquifer”: An aquifer in which groundwater is
confined under pressure that is significantly greater than atmospheric
pressure.
• Unconfined Aquifer: An aquifer containing water that is not under
pressure; the water level in a well is the same as the water table outside
the well.
Now we need to Extract this
water from the Aquifer. How??
By Drilling a well
(Ground Water Well).

18. Ground Water Wells
• Definition: A water well is a
hole, shaft, or excavation used
for the purpose of extracting
ground water from the
subsurface.
• Types of Production ground
water wells:
• 1st Type: Artesian wells.
• 2nd Type: Flowing Artesian Wells.
• 3rd Type: Water Table Wells.

19. Ground Water Wells
• What’s the difference between Artesian Well, Flowing Artesian Wells and
Water Table Wells?
• Note That: All flowing wells are artesian, but not all artesian wells are
flowing wells.
Now we need to know
How we can drill a well???
Let’s Go to Know

20. Drilling
• Is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of
circular cross-section in earth layers.
• The hole is drilled by simultaneously applying weight to the drill bit
and rotating the bit.
• Before Starting Drilling You Need Data.
• Surface Geological Study.
• Subsurface Mapping.
• Identification of Structures e.g. Anticlines, Salt Domes, Faults Traps, and Sand
Bodies Lenses.
Geological Data
• Logging Data.
• Seismic Data.
Geophysical Data

21. Drilling
Drilling Green
Field
Brown
Field Exploration
Well
Production
Well

22. Why & where We Drill?
• To know The Sub-Surface (Rocks – Structures – Fossils - …etc.).
• To Get The Black Gold (Oil – Natural Gas) (Onshore & Offshore).
• To Get Under Ground Water (Onshore).
• Exploration of Minerals as (Gold – Silver – Iron - ….etc.) (Onshore).
Now we need a Rig!!!!!

23. Rotary Drilling Rig Components
• We are Live and working day and night in location, so we need
electricity source.
• To reach the TD we need Series of pipes connected together (Drill
String).
• Raising and Lowering of the Drill string (Hoisting System).
• Drilling as we know is applying weight to the drill bit and rotating the
Bit, So we need rotating source or rotating system.
• When we drill we need fluid to carrying the cutting from the bottom
of hole to surface so we need circulation system.

24. Rotary Drilling Rig Components
Power & Prime Movers
Drill String
Hoisting Component
Rotating Component
Circulation Component

25. Rotary Drilling Rig Components
• Internal combustion engine or a turbine that is the source of
power for driving equipment on the Rig.
Power & Prime Movers

26. Rotary Drilling Rig Components
• Series of pipes connected together called the Bottom Hole Assembly
(BHA). from the surface to the bit.
• Mainly Composed of (Bit & Tubular and Tubular Handling
Equipment ).
Drill String
• Together they perform the following functions:
• Lower the bit into the hole and withdraw it.
• Place weight on the Bit so it can penetrate the formations more
effectively.
• Transmit a rotating action to the Bit.
• Conduct the Mud under pressure from the surface to the Bit.
BHA
Bit
Bit Sub
Stabilizer & Reamer
Drill Collar
Cross Over Sub
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
Drill Pipe
Kelly Saver Sub
Kelly
• Series of pipes connected together called the
Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA). from the surface to the
bit.
• Mainly Composed of (Bit & Tubular and Tubular
Handling Equipment ).
Drill String

27. Rotary Drilling Rig Components
• The Rig Equipment responsible for the raising and lowering of the
Drill string.
Hoisting Component
• Consist of the following:
• (Drawworks – Crown Block – Traveling Block – Drilling Line – Hook -
Elevator)

28. Rotary Drilling Rig Components
• The Rig Equipment responsible for rotating the Drill string. Consist
of the following:
Rotating Component
• Consist of the following: (Swivel – Kelly – Kelly Bushing – Master
Bushing – Rotary Table)

29. Rotary Drilling Rig Components
• Circulation Component responsible the movement of drilling fluid
within the well as well as solids removal incurred by the drilling
fluid.
• Normally the circulation would start from the mud pits, down the
drill stem, up the annulus and back to the mud pits.
Circulation Component
1. Mud
Pit
2. Mud
Pump
3. Pump
Manifold
4.
Standpip
e
5. Swivel
6. Drill
String
7.
Annulus
8.
Return
Line
9. Shale
Shaker
10.
Desande
r &
Desilter
11.
Degasser

30. Rig Crew
• Tool Pusher.
• Well Site Geologist (Site Engineer).
• Mud Engineer.
• Mechanical Engineer &/or Mechanical.
• Electric Engineer &/or Electrician.
• Driller.
• Derick Man.
• Floor Man.
• Kitchener.

31. What Hydrologists Do?
• May be involved in both field investigations and office work.
• Persons trained in hydrology may have a wide variety of job titles.
• (Well Site Geologist (Site Engineer) - Mud Engineer- Tool Pusher)
• Job Descriptions:
• Making development & pumping tests for the groundwater s’ wells
and Daily Reports.
• Supervision of the drilling process & Sample description.
• Supervision of the drilling fluid s’ characteristics.
• Concomitant for using E-log system.

32. The Well Life Cycle
• Design:
• Agree the well objectives, schedule, cost, order equipment, place contracts for the rig and
services, prepare the Location.
• Construction:
• Drilling: The well is created by drilling a hole, isolating with casing and cementing job and
repeating this process until reach TD.
• Wireline Logging: (Electric Logging and interpret this log).
• Design of Well: (End Point of Intermediate Casing and Design of Filters).
• Installing Filters: According to design of well.
• Washing & Development: wash the well by clear water then development using compressor and
pump.
• Pump Test: (Step Pump Test – Long Duration Pump Test – Recovery Test).
• Commission:
• The well is handed over to operations and connected to the process facilities.

33. Drop Pin
• Input Latitude and Longitude of your location on GPS.
• Detect the locations of wells and roads.
• Then Prepare the site roads and wells locations.

34. Prepare the Location

35. Drilling Fluid
• The understanding of the uses of drilling fluid can make a drilling operation
successful.
• Functions of Drilling Fluid:
• Remove the cuttings from the bottom of the hole and carry them to the
surface.
• Cool and lubricate the drill string and bit.
• Control formation pressure.
• Seal permeable formations.
• Minimize settling of cuttings and weight material in suspension when
circulation is temporarily stopped.
• Support and protect the walls of the hole.
• Facilitate cementing and completion.

36. Types of Drilling Fluid
• Water + Inert Solids + Reactive Solids
Water Base Mud
• Emulsion (oil/water) System: diesel or crude oil is dispersed in a continuous phase of water.
• Invert Emulsion (water/oil) System: water is dispersed in a continuous phase of diesel/crude
oil.
Oil Base Mud
• Used as a drilling fluid (at times with a foaming agent to improve carrying capacity), but its
use is applicable only in areas where there is little formation water.
Compressed Gases

37. Mixing Mud

38. Properties of Drilling Fluid
• Density or mud weight – ppg or SG.
• Marsh Funnel Viscosity – seconds per quart.
Physical Properties
• PH.
Chemical Properties
• % sand content.
Solids Analysis

39. Physical Properties (Mud Balance Test)

40. Physical Properties (Marsh Funnel Viscosity
Test)

41. From The Memory
• On the beach do you remember when you try to drill a hole with your
hands.

42. Annulus
• The space around a pipe in a well bore, sometimes termed the
annular space.
Well Bore
Pipe

43. Casing
• Definition: Steel pipe placed in an oil, gas and Ground Water wells to
prevent the wall of the hole from caving in, to prevent movement of
fluids from one formation to another and to aid in well control.
• The Zones which need to seal off by Casing Pipe: (high-pressured
zones, weak and fractured formations, unconsolidated formations
and sloughing shales).

44. Conductor Casing
• The outermost casing.
• The main purpose: Hold back
the unconsolidated surface
formations and prevent them
from falling into the hole.
• The conductor pipe is cemented
back to the surface.
• The conductor pipe size is from
16 - 20” in diameter.

45. Surface Casing (Pump House)
• The principal functions:
• Hold back unconsolidated shallow
formations that can slough into the hole
and cause problems.
• It is generally set in competent rocks,
such as hard limestone or dolomite, so
that it can hold any pressure that may be
encountered between the surface casing
seat and the next casing seat.
• Cemented back to the surface.
• Sizes of the surface casing vary from 7 to
16” in diameter. The Most Common Sizes
is 11 3/4” and 13 3/8” in diameter.

46. Intermediate Casing
• Is set at a depth between the surface and
production casings.
• The main reason for setting intermediate
casing is to case off the formations that
prevent the well from being drilled to the
total depth.
• Troublesome zones encountered include
those with abnormal formation
pressures, lost circulation, unstable shales
and salt sections.
• Intermediate casing varies in size from 7
to 11 3/8” in outside diameter.
• It is commonly cemented to top of
overlap between intermediate casing and
surface casing.

47. Production Casing (Filters)
• Filters (Screen and Blanks) may be
Stainless Steel or PVC in type.
• Production casing is set through the
prospective productive zones except in
the case of open-hole wells.
• According to design of well using log
interpretation and sample descriptions.
• Screen designed to set in front of
production zones.
• Blanks designed to isolate troublesome
zones such as unstable shale.
• Filters Common Size 6 5/8” and 8 5/8” in
diameter.

48. Casing Accessories
• Guide Shoe (G.S).
• Float Collar (F.C).
• Plugs (Top Plug - Bottom Plug).
• Centralizers.
• Cement Baskets.
• Cementing Head.

49. Cement Mixing and
Pumping Operations:

50. Setting Casing & Cementing Job
• Once casing is set and circulation has been assured.
• The bottom plug is released, which is immediately
followed by the cement.
• The top plug is released when all the cement has
been pumped. It is dropped on top of the cement,
followed by drilling mud, to displace the cement
from the casing.
• When the bottom plug reaches the float collar, the
diaphragm in the plug ruptures to permit the
cement to proceed down the casing and up the
annulus.
• This plug causes a complete shut-off when it reaches
the float collar.
• Pumping is stopped as soon as there is a positive
indication (pressure increase) that the top plug has
reached the float collar.

51. Circulating pressures while mixing and
displacing from the casing to the annulus.

52. Cementing Job Purpose
• Bonds the casing to the formation.
• Protects the producing formations.
• Helps in the control of blowouts from high-pressure zones.
• Seals off troublesome zones (i.e. lost circulation zones – Unstable
Shale).
• Forms a seal in the event of a kick during drilling.

53. Break

54. Drilling Well Operations
Drilling for Conductor Casing and Cementing Job
Drilling to Target Depth
Wireline Logging and interpretation
Drilling for Surface Casing and Cementing Job
Drilling For Intermediate Casing and Cementing Job
Drilling for Production Casing “Filters” (Blank – Screen)

55. Bit Program
• A plan for the expected number and types of bits that are to be used
in drilling a well.
8 ½” 12 ¼” 17 ½” 26”
Casing Size in. Hole Size in.
20 (22 - 24 - 26)
13 3/8 (16 - 17 ½)
11 ¾ (12 ¼ - 13 3/8 - 13 ½ - 13 ¾ - 14 ¾ - 15 ½)
9 5/8 (11 5/8 - 12 ¼ - 13 3/8 -13 ¾)
8 5/8 (9 5/8 - 10 5/8 - 11 5/8 – 12 ¼)
6 5/8 (8 ½ - 9 5/8)

56. Drilling for Conductor Casing
• After we finished from preparing of site, starting Drilling
Operations.
• Drilling with Bit size 8 ½” to reach setting depths of the
conductor casing which is vary from 200 to 900 m
according to contract and well design.
• Then opening (enlarge) of hole with Bit size 12 ¼” then
Bit size 17 ½” and finally with Bit size 26”.
• Reaming a hole with stabilizer size 26”.
• Preparing Conductor casing for installation in Hole.
• Run In Hole Casing size 20” and Complete Cementing Job.
• W.O.C (Duration of Waiting is 36 hours).

57. Drilling to Target Depth
• After duration of W.O.C is completed we start to
drilling Float Collar, Cement in last casing pipe & Guide
Shoe.
• Check properties of Mud and maintain it, Mixing New
Volume of Drilling Fluid.
• Run In Hole Drill String With Bit Size 8 ½” and
Continuous drilling of Well until reach the TD.

58. Sample Description
•(Conglomerate – Breccia – Tillite) (Gravel - Scree – Till) (Sandstone – Siltstone) (Sand – Silt) (Claystone – Shale)
(Clay - Clay/Mud)
Clastic Rocks
•(Limestone - Dolomitic limestone - Calcitic dolomite – Dolomite)
Carbonate Rocks
•(Chert – Halite - Anhydrite and Gypsum - Carbonaceous Rocks “coal”)
Chemical Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks

59. Sample Description
• Rock Name: Color, Gain Size, Hardness, Any Accessories.
• Rock Name (Sand Stone - Lime Stone - Dolomitic Lime Stone –
Dolomite – Shale – Clay – Chert – Coal - Fossiliferous Lime Stone -
Calcareous Shale - Calcareous S.S…..Etc).
• Color When determining the color of a sample, inspect the rock when
wet. A color chart is useful, Useful indicator of Depositional
Environment, especially in argillaceous rocks (Clay Stone & Shale).
• Gain Size (V. Fine – Fine – Medium – Course – V. Course).
• Hardness (Hard - V. Hard).
• Accessories (Silt - Chert - Coal…..Etc).
Red & Brown
•ferric iron, an oxidizing environment
Green & Grey
•ferrous iron, a reducing environment
Dark Brown
•Organic material, possible source rock
Black
•An anaerobic environment

60. Geologic Rock Symbols

61. Wireline Logging (Electric Log)
• Logging is one of most important step in
well life cycle.
• Tools are run in the hole on the end of a
wireline.
• Information is relayed back to the surface
via the wireline.
• Tools of Logging: ( NGR – R 16 – R 64 – SP).
• Purpose of Logging:
• Identify the underling layers.
• Detect zones of Aquifer.
• Use to determine casing Point.
• Making a design of well (Filters & Blanks).

62. Drilling for Surface Casing
• After we finished from step of wireline logging and
interpretation of log, starting Drilling for surface
Casing Operations as the following procedures:
• Opening (enlarge) of hole with Bit size 12 ¼” then Bit
size 17 ½”.
• Reaming a hole with stabilizer size 17 ½”.
• Preparing Surface casing for installation in Hole.
• Run In Hole Casing size 13 3/8” and Complete
Cementing Job.
• (W.O.C).

63. Drilling For Intermediate Casing
• After duration of W.O.C is completed we start to drilling
Float Collar, Cement in last casing pipe & Guide Shoe.
• Check properties of Mud and maintain it, Mixing New
Volume of Drilling Fluid.
• Run In Hole Drill String With Bit Size 12 ¼” and
Continuous drilling of Well until reach the end point of
Intermediate Casing.
• Reaming a hole with stabilizer size 12 ¼”.
• Preparing Intermediate casing for installation in Hole.
• Run In Hole Casing size 9 5/8” and Complete Cementing
Job.
• (W.O.C).

64. Drilling for Production Casing “Filters” (Blank –
Screen)
• After duration of W.O.C is completed we start to drilling
Float Collar, Cement in last casing pipe & Guide Shoe.
• Check properties of Mud and maintain it, Mixing New
Volume of Drilling Fluid.
• Run In Hole Drill String With Bit Size 8 ½” and Continuous
drilling of Well until reach the TD of well.
• Reaming a hole with stabilizer size 8 ½”.
• Preparing Screen and Blank for installation in Hole.
• Run In Hole Casing size 6 5/8” and hanged it using Liner
Hangar.

65. Groundwater Wells Design
• Area: East Owinat.
• Total Depth: 300 or 350 m.
• Casing Size / Type :
• 12” / Galvanized Iron – 10” 280 mm / PVC
(polyvinyl chloride) or ST. ST (Stainless
Steel).
• The Connection Between the two types
of casing is called (Reducer 12”/10”).
• Annulus Fill With Gravel Pack except at
least 2 m from surface.
• When we installation of Gravel Pack into
the Annulus of well, start Circulation Mud
to remove the smallest size grains of
gravel pack and make it well sorted.

66. Gravel Pack
• Gravel pack settle around the well
screen.
• Size from 5 mm to 7 mm.
• Purpose of it; keeps fine sediments
“Fine Sand & Silt” out of the well
and provides a clean and
unrestricted flow path for ground
water.
• Gravel Pack Installation:
• 1st Original “Manual” Method.
• 2nd Conversely Cycle.

67. Groundwater Wells Design
• Area: Alfarafra Oasis.
• Total Depth: 750 or 850 m.
• Casing Size / Type :
• Conductor Casing Size 20” / Steel.
• Surface Casing Size 13 3/8” / Steel.
• Intermediate Casing Size 9 5/8” / Steel.
• Production Casing (Blank & Screen) Size 6
5/8” / Stainless Steel.
• Finally Sand Trap Size 6 5/8” / Stainless
Steel.
• Annulus Around All casing Type and Size
Fill With Cement; except Production
casing size 6 5/8”.
9 5/8”
20”
6 5/8”
6 5/8”
6 5/8”
6 5/8”
6 5/8”
13 3/8”

68. Groundwater Wells Design
• Area: Sinai.
• Total Depth: 1150 m.
• Casing Size / Type :
• Conductor Casing Size 20” / Steel.
• Surface Casing Size 11 3/4” / Steel.
• Production Casing (Blank & Screen)
Size 8 5/8” / Stainless Steel.
• Finally Sand Trap Size 8 5/8” /
Stainless Steel.
• Annulus Around All casing Type and
Size Fill With Cement; except
Production casing size 8 5/8”.
20”
8 5/8”
8 5/8”
8 5/8”
8 5/8”
8 5/8”
11 3/4”
8 5/8”
8 5/8”
8 5/8”

69. Groundwater Wells Design
• Area: Any Drinking Water Company.
• Total Depth: 200 m.
• Casing Size / Type :
• Conductor Casing Size 20” / Steel.
• Production Casing (Blank & Screen) Size
12” / Stainless Steel.
• Finally Sand Trap Size 12” / Stainless
Steel.
• Annulus Around Conductor casing Size
20” and Annulus Around Fill With
Cement; except Production casing size
12” fill with gravel pack and there is an
over lap between Conductor Casing and
Production Casing fill with Granular
Bentonite (3 – 5)m.
20”
12”
12”
12”
12”
12”
12”
12”
12”
12”
12”
12”
12”

70. Washing
• Using clear water (fresh water) and Liquid Soap.
• By injection of fresh water and soup in the well by using pump.
• Then connect Air compressor to starting the 1st development stage.
• And we can add soup in stage of development using Air Compressor.

71. Groundwater Wells Development
• After the well Casing, well Screen, and gravel pack have been
installed, the well is developed to clean the borehole and casing of
drilling fluid and to properly settle the gravel pack around the well
screen.
• Development Procedures:
• Adding Chemicals as (Sodium Hexameta Phosphate - HCl).
• Compressor Development.
• Pump Development.

72. Development Procedures:
• 1st Step Adding Chemicals as (Sodium Hexameta Phosphate):
• Adding 1 sack from Hexameta for 1 m^3 of water according to the volume
of filters e.g. ( Volume of mud in filters = 8 m^3, So; No. of Hexameta Sacks
equal 8 sacks added to 8 m^3 of water).
• Then still (24 hours) for complete reaction between Sodium Hexameta
Phosphate and drilling mud in Aquifer and Gravel Pack.
• Applications/Functions:
• Can disperse mud, sediment and clay from the producing formation and
gravel pack in the screened interval.
• Can reduce viscosity and gel strength of drilling fluids.
• Helps reduce development time.
• Helps increase well yield and capacity.

73. Development Procedures:
• 1st Step Adding Chemicals as (HCl):
• Acidize : to treat formations with acid for the purpose of increasing production.
• Acid Concentration: 10 %
• Add HCl to Water with percentage 1 m^3 HCl : 2 m^3 water.
• Pump this soln. in the well against the Filters.
• Then still (24 hours) for complete reaction between HCl and Lime Stone FM.
• Applications/Functions:
• Open fractures in limestone formations.
• Helps reduce development time.
• Helps increase well yield and capacity.

74. Development Procedures:
• 2nd Step Compressor Development:
• Run In Hole Compressor Pipe String to certain depth then turn on compressor for
certain duration as (1 hr.) then turn off compressor for (½ hr.) and repeat this step
for several times until water be clear then reach to another depths and repeat
the previous steps for each depths.
• Note the pressure of Compressor as (20/18) bar; 20 mean the reading of
compressor pressure on Starting Compressor, while 18 mean the reading of
compressor pressure after constancy.
• Note that: when the different between the two readings small the well will be
have a small Draw Down because the good recharge.
• Applications/Functions:
• (A typical method for well development) to surge or jet air in and out of the well
screen openings, This procedure may take several days or perhaps longer,
depending on the size and depth of the well.

75. Development Procedures:
• 3rd Step Pump Development:
• Run In Hole Electrical or mechanical submersible pump, Then Starting
Development by starting with small discharge then stop for several
times until water be clear then progressively increasing the flow rate
(Q) in intervals until reach the maximum discharge and reach clear
water in each discharge.
• Applications/Functions:
• Clear water from residual mud and fine sand progressively.
• Increase well yield and capacity.

76. Pumping Test Unit
• This Unit composed of the following:
• Generator.
• Electrical or mechanical submersible pump.
• Solar Tank.
• Pipe size 4 ½”, 5 ½”, 7 ½”.
• Check Valve “Non Return Valve”.
• Measuring Discharge Tool with its components.
• Water level Measurement Tool: water level rope (Deep Meter “Sounder”)
and sounding tube.
• Level Logger “Diver” (if available).

77. Discharge Measurement Tools
• Manometer (Orifice Pipe) and Orifice Table.
• Flow Meter (Normal – Digital) and stop watch.
• Ultrasonic Flow Meter (Digital).
• A Five Gallon Bucket (20 liters) and a stop watch can be used to
estimate low pumping rates.
• Oil Barrel and stop watch.

78. Water Level Measurement Tools
• Manual Measurement: Using Water Level Probe (Deep Meter) and Sounding Tube.
• Automatic Measurement: Pressure Transducer (Diver) by recording water level and
temperature.

79. Water Level Probe (Deep Meter)

80. Pumping Test (Aquifer Test)
• Pumping test is about discharging water using an electrical or
mechanical submersible pump, this test provides results that are
more representative of aquifer characteristics including hydraulic
conductivity, transmissivity, and specific capacity.
• There are three types of pumping tests:
• Step Draw Down Pumping Test.
• Long Duration (continuous) Pumping Test.
• Recovery Test.

81. Step Draw Down Pumping Test
• To Provide certain parameters including the specific capacity,
well loss and formation loss.
• The test shall be performed by progressively increasing the flow
rate (Q) in intervals with measuring the drawdown along with
time of each step.
• The pumping test data interpreted by using the Jacobi method
by plotting specific drawdown (s/Q) versus flow rate (Q) to obtain
well loss and formation loss parameters to calculate the specific
capacity from the equation:
• Δs = B Q + C Q2
• Where:
• Δs: drawdown at any flow rate (m).
• B: Formation loss (hr/m2)
• C: Well loss (hr2/m5)
• Q: Flow rate (m3/hr)

82. Long Duration Pumping Test & Recovery Test
• Another type of pumping test is long duration or continuous test
where the flow rate is constant and test time from 12 to 24 hours.
• This test is followed by recovery test that measures the restoration of
the static water level inside the well.
• Purpose of Both of these tests provide a full data to calculate
aquifer’s Transmissivity (T).

83. Pumping Phase & Recovery Phase
• This Graph showing the different
phases of constant rate pumping
test – the pumping phase and
the recovery phase.

84. Minimum Intervals for water level
measurements for pumping testes

85. Pumping Tests Report Sheet

86. Development Report
• R.I.H.E.S Pump: simply stands for Run In Hole Electric Submersible Pump.
• Starting Development:
S.W.L= ???m,
Q=150m³/h – D.D= ???m
Q=200m³/h – D.D= ???m
Q=270m³/h – D.D= ???m
• Continuous Development: S.W.L= ???m, Q=270m³/h – D.D= ???m
• P.O.O.H.E.S Pump: simply stands for Pull Out Of Hole Electric Submersible Pump.
• Moving to New Well Site: ????

87. Step Draw Down Test Report
• Step Draw Down Test:
S.W.L= ???m
Q=150m³/h – D.D= ???m
Q=200m³/h – D.D= ???m
Q=270m³/h – D.D= ???m
• Long Duration Pumping Test:
S.W.L= ???m
Duration= 24 Hours
Q=270m³/h – D.D= ???m
• Recovery Test:
Collect Recovery Data
S.W.L reach to the original Level after ??? Hours.

88. Mohamed M Elshora
Mud Engineer @ National Egyption Drilling
and Petroleum Services Co. (DASCO)
Phone (+2)01024817020
Email : geomohamedelshora@yahoo.com