1. Social DifferencesSocial Differences
The differences between have and have-The differences between have and have-
notes are central preoccupations ofnotes are central preoccupations of
sociologistssociologists
The differences are studied in terms ofThe differences are studied in terms of
three variables:three variables:
-- InequalityInequality
- StratificationStratification
- Class- Class
2. Social DifferencesSocial Differences
(con.)(con.)
InequalityInequality:: the condition in which peoplethe condition in which people
don’t have equal access to socialdon’t have equal access to social
rewards such as money power andrewards such as money power and
prestigeprestige
StratificationStratification:: the ways in which thesethe ways in which these
inequalities are likely to beinequalities are likely to be passedpassed fromfrom
one generation to the next producingone generation to the next producing
layers oflayers of stratastrata of people in the societyof people in the society
3. Social DifferencesSocial Differences
(con.)(con.)
Social ClassSocial Class:: existence of social groupsexistence of social groups
withwith unequal accessunequal access to wealth, power,to wealth, power,
and prestige, these sometimes becomeand prestige, these sometimes become
significantsignificant political groupspolitical groups on the basis ofon the basis of
their position in the societytheir position in the society
Two features of social class:Two features of social class:
A.A. Class in itselfClass in itself
B.B. Class for itselfClass for itself
4. Objectives of thisObjectives of this
chapterchapter
What is the nature of relationships bw /What is the nature of relationships bw /
among different classes ?among different classes ?
How this nature of relations are identifiedHow this nature of relations are identified
by different social classes?by different social classes?
Why and how do we follow the system asWhy and how do we follow the system as
a member of a society?a member of a society?
5. Is InequalityIs Inequality
Universal ?Universal ?
Inequality exists in all societiesInequality exists in all societies
Differentiation is made based on what isDifferentiation is made based on what is
valued: economic capacity, bravery, etc.valued: economic capacity, bravery, etc.
Differences in status is symbolized inDifferences in status is symbolized in
different ways: body mark, uniformdifferent ways: body mark, uniform
Traits with higher value is associatedTraits with higher value is associated
with higher respect/prestigewith higher respect/prestige
Inequality is resistance to rapid changeInequality is resistance to rapid change
6. System of SocialSystem of Social
StratificationStratification
When system of inequality based on hierarchyWhen system of inequality based on hierarchy
of groups sociologist defined it as stratificationof groups sociologist defined it as stratification
Sociologists try to pay attention how theseSociologists try to pay attention how these
social system makes some privileged positionsocial system makes some privileged position
for one group and makes other deprived.for one group and makes other deprived.
Investigate different nature and forms of socialInvestigate different nature and forms of social
relationship developed by different system ofrelationship developed by different system of
social stratificationsocial stratification
7. System of SocialSystem of Social
StratificationStratification
SlaverySlavery
CastesCastes
EstateEstate
Social ClassSocial Class
8. SlaverySlavery
Extreme in nature but legalized stratificationExtreme in nature but legalized stratification
systemsystem
In this system human being are treated asIn this system human being are treated as
domestic petdomestic pet
Owner of the slave (Owner of the slave (PatricianPatrician) have the right to) have the right to
do anything by the slave (do anything by the slave (PlebianPlebian))
Mostly inherited in social practicesMostly inherited in social practices
Slave master gets the highest social position inSlave master gets the highest social position in
this stratification system comparing slave getsthis stratification system comparing slave gets
the lowestthe lowest
9. SlaverySlavery
Ascribed social status practicedAscribed social status practiced
Social mobility: few in practicedSocial mobility: few in practiced
Name, work, property rights, social statusName, work, property rights, social status
are determined by your group identity.are determined by your group identity.
Examples: Ancient Greek and RomanExamples: Ancient Greek and Roman
civilizationcivilization
10. CastesCastes
Social stratification based on Religion or bySocial stratification based on Religion or by
birthbirth
Different nature of stratification system isDifferent nature of stratification system is
practicing in South Asian societypracticing in South Asian society
Individual name, occupation, propertyIndividual name, occupation, property
inheritance, marital status are determined byinheritance, marital status are determined by
one’s caste identityone’s caste identity
There is no or little scope for changing casteThere is no or little scope for changing caste
identityidentity
11. EstatesEstates
Stratification system based on agricultureStratification system based on agriculture
mode of productionmode of production
Stratification system has great linked withStratification system has great linked with
FeudalismFeudalism
Land is the main source of classifyingLand is the main source of classifying
individual social identity and prestigeindividual social identity and prestige
Social identity and social prestige developedSocial identity and social prestige developed
on your land area.on your land area.
No or little mobility observedNo or little mobility observed
12. Social classSocial class
Modern and different in form and natureModern and different in form and nature
comparing with other stratification systemcomparing with other stratification system
Industrial society practices this type ofIndustrial society practices this type of
stratification systemstratification system
Hierarchical position based on individual’sHierarchical position based on individual’s
income and job statusincome and job status
Blue collar and white collar jobBlue collar and white collar job
One has the access to change his socialOne has the access to change his social
position and identity by his own attainment orposition and identity by his own attainment or
achievementachievement
13. Social ClassSocial Class
Social mobility is high and society isSocial mobility is high and society is
open for accepting one’s changeopen for accepting one’s change
Daniel Rossides class model of industrialDaniel Rossides class model of industrial
societysociety
Upper classUpper class 1-2 percent1-2 percent
Upper middle classUpper middle class 10-15 percent10-15 percent
Lower middle classLower middle class 30-35 percent30-35 percent
Working class, andWorking class, and 40-45 percent40-45 percent
14. Theory of Stratification:Theory of Stratification:
Karl MarxKarl Marx
Why K.Marx is evaluated as not only a socialWhy K.Marx is evaluated as not only a social
scientist but also ascientist but also a revolutionaryrevolutionary thinker?thinker?
Evaluated human history into diff. phasesEvaluated human history into diff. phases
determined by mode of productiondetermined by mode of production
Investigated the nature of relationship betweenInvestigated the nature of relationship between
two classes: Exploitationtwo classes: Exploitation
Feudal societyFeudal society
capitalist societycapitalist society
Why capitalist society special for diff.Why capitalist society special for diff.
nature of exploitation?nature of exploitation?
Development of dominant ideology andDevelopment of dominant ideology and
its relation with Proletariat cultureits relation with Proletariat culture
15. Karl MarxKarl Marx
Class consciousness: Awareness of commonClass consciousness: Awareness of common
vested interestvested interest
Two types:Two types:
False class consciousness: I am beingFalse class consciousness: I am being
exploited by my bossexploited by my boss
True class consciousness: All workers areTrue class consciousness: All workers are
being exploited by the bourgeoisiebeing exploited by the bourgeoisie
The history of all hitherto existing society is theThe history of all hitherto existing society is the
history of class struggles….the proletarianshistory of class struggles….the proletarians
have nothing to lose but their chains.have nothing to lose but their chains.
16. Karl MarxKarl Marx
Different phases of human society:Different phases of human society:
- Primitive communismPrimitive communism
- SlaverySlavery
-- FeudalismFeudalism
-- CapitalismCapitalism
- SocialismSocialism
- CommunismCommunism
What are the ignored area of this view:What are the ignored area of this view:
17. Max Weber’s viewMax Weber’s view
Main focus: Class, status, powerMain focus: Class, status, power
Class: refer to people who have similarClass: refer to people who have similar
level of wealth and incomelevel of wealth and income
Status: refer to group of people who rankStatus: refer to group of people who rank
the same in prestige or lifestylethe same in prestige or lifestyle
Power: ability to exercise one’s will overPower: ability to exercise one’s will over
othersothers
Our position reflected some combinationOur position reflected some combination
of class, status and powerof class, status and power
18. Social mobilitySocial mobility
Refers to movement of individuals or groupRefers to movement of individuals or group
from one position to another within afrom one position to another within a
society’s stratification systemsociety’s stratification system
Related to social ranking or prestigeRelated to social ranking or prestige
rankingranking
Open society and closed societyOpen society and closed society
Types:Types:
Horizontal mobility: change the socialHorizontal mobility: change the social
position but remain the same rankposition but remain the same rank
Vertical mobility: one position to another ofVertical mobility: one position to another of
19. Social mobilitySocial mobility
Types of vertical mobilityTypes of vertical mobility
A. intragenerational mobilityA. intragenerational mobility
B. intergenerational mobilityB. intergenerational mobility
C. stratum or structural mobilityC. stratum or structural mobility
20. Intragenerational mobility, also termed career mobility, refers to a change in anIntragenerational mobility, also termed career mobility, refers to a change in an
individual's social standing, especially in the workforce, such as occurs when anindividual's social standing, especially in the workforce, such as occurs when an
individual works his way up the corporate ladder.individual works his way up the corporate ladder.
Intergenerational mobility refers to a change in social standing across generations,Intergenerational mobility refers to a change in social standing across generations,
such as occurs when a person from a lower class family graduates from medical‐such as occurs when a person from a lower class family graduates from medical‐
school.school.