migration programs and policies of countries studied

1. POPULATION POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
PRESENTATION ON MIGRATION.
BY: ALFRED
NOMPUMELELO
NTOMBIFIKILE
KEABOKA…

2. Q1. With reference to examples,
explain the various types of
migration. [15]
Q2. Explain the various migration
policies related to the countries
studied. [10]

3. Migration
 According to Hopkins (2006), is a geographic movement of
people across specified boundaries for the purpose of
establishing a new permanent or semi-permanent residence
 It includes the movement of refugees, displaced persons,
economic migrants
 Migration can either be voluntary or involuntary.
 The variety of scales that migration occurs are namely:
• intercontinental
• intra-continental
• inter-regional

4. Causes of migration
Pull factors Push factors
Political stability
Better paying jobs
Conducive climate
Good environmental
conditions.
Tourism
Natural disasters e.g.
floods, volcanoes
Financial crisis
Wars
High living standards
Religious persecution.

5. EFFECTS OF MIGRATION ON:
SOURCE REGION RECEIVING (destination
area)
Brain drain
Shortage of human resources
Break down of families
Culture dilution
Remittances
Improved skills
Infrastructural development
Brain gain
Free labour
Infrastructural development
Overpopulation
Vandalism and terrorism
Emergence of new diseases
Discrimination and racism
Shortage of employment

6. TYPES OF MIGRATION
 Internal migration
 Emigration and Immigration
 Voluntary migration- movement of people out of their own free will.
 Involuntary/ forced migration- refers to forcing a group or entire nation of people to
relocate from their place of origin. A classic example of a forced migration is the
Trail of Tears migration in the US in the 1830s where members of the Cree tribes
were forced from their homelands east of the Mississippi river to Florida by federal
troops.
 Impelled migration-An impelled migration can be caused by natural or man made
circumstances that make continued residence in their homelands difficult or
impossible, eg the Great Famine in Ireland in the 1840s where starvation drove
millions of Irish to migrate to North America

7. CONT’
 Step migration- refers to a series of short distance movement of people e.g from
town to village.
 Chain migration- refers to a series of movement by family members.
 Return/ circular migration- is the voluntary movement of immigrants back to their
place of origin.
 Seasonal migration- refers to the movement of people for a period of time in
response to labour and climatic conditions.
 Gross migration- refers to the volume of migration, the total number of immigrants
and in- migrants and the departure of emigrants.
 Net migration- is the difference between the total emigrants and the total
immigrants.
 Illegal migration- the movement of people from their home country to other
countries without the permission of the country they are entering.
 Human trafficking- refers to the sneaking of people into other countries with the
help of other organized groups to work illegally in the destination country.

8. NB the afore-mentioned types of migration depend on the flow and number of
people involved, the reasons for their movement, the time they spend in the
destination area and the nature of that migration
Q2- MIGRATION POLICIES OF COUNTRIES STUDIED
 Migration policy – refers to any policy of a state that deals with the transit
of people across its borders, concerning those who plan to visit, stay and
move out.
 These either allow or reject migrants or even limit their stay within the
destination area eg North Korea continues to prevent its citizens from
leaving the country.
 Botswana introduced the use of affidavit for migrants with babies, this was
done to reduce human trafficking.
 South Africa grants permits to working immigrants which determine their
length of stay and even grants limited days for the non working immigrants.


9. CONT’
 Germany with the strain caused by increased migration, Germany government
responded in three ways:
1. Required asylum seekers from countries such as Turkey, to obtain visas,
allowing pre-screening.
2. Imposed fines on airlines that brought foreigners to Germany without required
documents and visas.
3. Germany and European Union countries agreed to make it difficult for
foreigners from “safe” countries or transited through safe countries and route
tho Germany to apply for asylum.
4. Botswana introduced the use of affidavit for migrants with children. This was
meant to reduce human trafficking.
5. South Africa requires permits to working immigrants and grants limited days
of one’s stay in there, e.g. gives two weeks for Zimbabweans.
6. All counties require migrants to have passports as a travelling documents.

10. CONT’
 Australia, Canada and New Zealand are considered countries of permanent migration
as these countries have policies that facilitate the long term stay of immigrants. These
countries use point based immigration systems which comprises of the list of
attributes that a migrant should have in order to be accepted.
 Poland adopted its first migration strategy in 2012 that stressed the need for Poland to
be more open to immigrants with needed skills and facilitate their integration.
 Chile is developing a 5 year migration policy with three strategic objectives:
1. Modernize the administrative process of residents applications.
2. Publish a new immigration law.
3. Status of asylum seekers as soon as they arrive in the country.
 Spain is one of the few countries which extend welfare benefits for all migrants
regardless of their legal status in 2000, such as health, education, basic income for
needy families, however, hit by financial crisis the conservative gvt passed an
amendment law in 2012 restricting the health services for undocumented migrants
below 18, pregnant women and people in need of emergency care.

11. END!!