Smart and automated control of water level, temperature and purification (1)

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND
INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
B.E 8th SEMESTER PROJECT REPORT
Dissertation Submission in Partial Fulfilment for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in
‘APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING’
SMART AND AUTOMATED CONTROL OF WATER LEVEL,
TEMPERATURE AND PURIFICATION
Under the guidance of:
Er. Faruk Bin Poyen
Assistant Professor, Dept. of AEIE, University Institute of Technology, BU
SUBMITTED By:
1. Koushik Mandal (2016-4007)
2. Upamanyu Ray (2016-4023)
3. Souvik Saha (2016-4025)
4. Debkumar Das (2016-4030)
5. Kunal Adhikari (2016-4036)
6. Asit Baran Roy (L2017-4058)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It’s a great privilege for us to express our profound and sincere gratitude to our revered professors of
Department of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, University Institute of Technology,
University of Burdwan, for all valuable guidance, suggestions, and their constant rebukes and
commendations, throughout our course of study.
This group also thanks our project mentor, Er. Faruk Bin Poyen who has been a constant inspiration to
us young aspiring engineers, without whom this project would have been impossible to complete in time.
Sincerely,
1. Koushik Mandal (2016-4007)
2. Upamanyu Ray (2016-4023)
3. Souvik Saha (2016-4025)
4. Debkumar Das (2016-4030)
5. Kunal Adhikari (2016-4036)
6. Asit Baran Roy (L2017-4058)

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BURDWAN UNIVERSITY
(Department of Applied Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “SMART AND AUTOMATED CONTROL OF WATER
LEVEL, TEMPERATURE AND PURIFICATION” has been submitted by the following students:
NAME ROLL NO.
KOUSHIK MANDAL 2016-4007
UPAMANYU RAY 2016-4023
SOUVIK SAHA 2016-4025
DEBKUMAR DAS 2016-4030
KUNAL ADHIKARI 2016-4036
ASIT BARAN ROY L2017-4058
of AEIE 4th
year 2016-20 batch, under my supervision during the year 2020 in partial fulfilment required
for “Bachelor of Engineering” degree in “Applied Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering”. I put
forward my sincere appreciation for their perseverance and dedication, and the work may be treated as
original and commendable
______________________ ______________________
Project Guide: Er. Faruk Bin Poyen Dr. Apurba Kr. Ghosh
Assistant Professor, Dept. of AEIE H.O.D, Dept. of AEIE
Date: Date:

CONTENTS
Sl. No. CHAPTER PAGES
1. LIST OF COMPONENTS 1-3
2. ABSTRACT 4
3. MOTIVATION FOR THE PROJECT 5-6
4. INTRODUCTION 7-8
5. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 9
6. PROJECT COMPONENTS 10-22
7. DATASHEET OF ELECTRONIC PARTS 23-37
8.
LOGIC CALCULATION AND ARDUINO
DEVELOPMENT BOARD PROGRAM
38-44
9. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM 45
10. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 46
11. SOME SNAPS OF WORK IN PROGRESS 47
12. CONCLUSION 48
13. FUTURE WORK 49
14. REFERENCES 50

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LIST OF COMPONENTS
Sl.
No
Component Quantity Model No.
Maker’s
Name
1 Arduino Mega
16V-TF
355E3F
ATMEL
2 US Sensor HC-SR04 -
3
LCD Display and
Module
RG2004A
PCF8574T
MH
4 Relay Module JQC3F HONG WEI
5 Pump Motor Elegant ZIGMA

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6 Sump - -
7 Tank - -
8 Water Pipe - -
9 Connecting Wires - -
10 Jumper Wires - -
11 Zeolite Solution Zeoline-200
Zeolite (India)
Private
Limited

3
12 Mini Water Pump - -
13
Temperature+Humidity
Sensor
DHT11
AOSONG
Mosong
Electronics
15 Heating Rod ACGIH-IHL102 Crompton
16 Breadboard - -

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CHAPTER I
ABSTRACT
Water is the most important of Nature’s gift to mankind, especially now with endangerment of
freshwater. Without water, there is no life. So, water management should reduce its wastage. As a first
step, this controller will automatically switch ON and OFF the domestic water pump system depending
on the water tank and underground sump levels (to prevent dry run). Along with that, the system purifies
and heats the water (to a soothing lukewarm). In this paperwork, we made an effort to design a cost-
effective and complete system using Arduino, Ultrasonic transducers, Zeolite Solution, Temperature and
Humidity transducers, for water level indication, temperature control and water purification. The
Arduino controls the storage level of water in a tank, its heating and the amount of zeolite mixed through
SPST relays, without any wastage of water or power.
Keywords: Water, Management, Arduino, Ultrasonic, Relay, Temperature, Zeolite, Purification

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CHAPTER II
MOTIVATION FOR THE PROJECT
Water is the most important of Nature’s gift to mankind. Without Water, there is no life. One might think
everybody understands its importance, especially when water is not effortlessly available, but it’s not
always so. In many households and offices, even in industries, it is seen that water spillage is very
common, and tanks which need maintenance are hardly bothered about (it has no direct connection to
the project but it highlights the ignorant attitude of humans that has a direct link to every sort of wastage).
On 19th June, 2019, Chennai, the 6th largest city ran out of water completely (a woman was stabbed due
to one of many conflicts over water). On the other hand, many times during emergencies and inside
bathrooms, water supply suddenly stops, leaving us in a mess. At the same time, the quality of water is
continually degrading due to rapid industrialization and even more, unchecked pollution. Freshwater and
that too pure water outside filters can be said a pipe dream in most cities, towns and even villages.
Still, as a generation, we are careless and apathetic towards water usage at large. As a direct result,
Automatic water controllers came into existence because of gross error and inconsistency that is
associated with a manually operated water pumping machine. This is because it takes time for the
individual who is manually operating the water pump to turn it off and this may cause water spillage
because many times he may not even know whether the tank is full or not; at times the individual might

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not know the water level until the tank is completely empty. Added to it, incessant pollution and wastage
dumping that does not seem to diminish, or slow down even with repeated warnings and knowledge.
This is owing to a few unconcerned devils in the society and some half-hearted officials.
As engineers, we did not feel we can drive a change in society as much as in technology. So, these
problems motivated us to the development of an automatic water level and quality controller.
In addition to it, we have also added a temperature control element that aims to keep the water at
lukewarm levels.
On further research, other reasons found for the requirement of this system are:
1. to prepare for future droughts and rising agricultural demands.
2. to guard against rising costs and potential conflicts
3. to preserve the environment
4. to strengthen communities
5. to conserve enough water for recreational purposes.
6. lukewarm water should be drunk even while Indian summers
7. zeolite solution is rather cheap and a simple purification unavailable to many Indians

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CHAPTER III
INTRODUCTION
Manual switching on of pump when taps go dry and switching off when the overhead tank overflows is
the general approach towards water tank storage in general. This results in the unnecessary wastage and
sometimes non-availability of both water and energy which are increasingly valuable assets of the world
as of now.
“SMART AND AUTOMATED CONTROL OF WATER LEVEL, TEMPERATURE AND
PURIFICATION” is a project that aims to control the level of an overhead tank, according to the already
available water level in the storage tank and underground sump. The water level must be controlled at
these two points. This water level control system controls, monitors and maintains the water level in the
overhead tank and ensures the continuous flow of water round the clock whenever deemed proper by
conditions set by the user, without the stress of going to switch the pump on or off thereby saving time,
energy, water, and prevent the pump from overworking.
The system has an automatic pumping system attached to it to refill the tank once the water is below a
defined minimum sump threshold and above a certain minimum tank threshold when measured from the
top. We used an AC pump for the same. According to the sump depth and tank height respectively (both
manually measured at first), we independently defined the control logic.

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Following this, when the tank is full (considering completely automatic working, and no manual action
switches the pump ON/OFF in the middle) the water inside the tank is purified using a Zeolite solution
drum present alongside. A calculated amount of Zeolite is given using a small DC pump for a short
duration (calculations shown later).
While these are going on their own, a heating coil is present in cases of cold and/or dry months and
states. Considering this project can be employed globally, the temperature factor has been admitted.
When the Heat Index or the temperature of the water is below a defined degree, the water is heated to a
soothing lukewarm level according to the control logic. Separate care is taken so that the relay does not
keep switching due to slight decreases and/or variations in temperature after heating.
The control action is performed by interfacing level measuring sensors and SPST relay to Arduino Mega
by various jumper wires, and displaying the output on a Liquid Crystal Display. Similar liquid level
control systems are widely used in the monitoring of liquid levels and atmospheric temperature and
humidity in small to large scale reservoirs, silos, etc., primarily due to its simple control logic coupled
with low cost (cost of this project was <₹2500 with clone Arduino model).

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CHAPTER IV
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The goal or objectives of which the designed device is expected to accomplish is to build a completely
automatic water control system. In this project sensors are placed at both reservoir & overhead tank with
the aid of level measurement sensors and near the tank exposed to the atmosphere. The control board
monitors the level and heat index of the liquid at any particular point in time, some of the objectives are:
 to design an automatic water monitoring, heating and purification system
 to incorporate an interactive medium between the end user and the machine
 to prevent over labour of the pumping machine and prevent it from burning out
 to purify water in low cost
 to consider the heat index and understand ‘how much’ hot it feels
 to maintain a lukewarm temperature in colder times
 to avoid wastage of water
 since the demand of electricity is very high, automatic water level control saves energy, and time

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CHAPTER V
PROJECT COMPONENTS
1. ARDUINO MEGA 2560REV3
Arduino Boards have revitalized the automation industry with their easy to use platform where everyone
with little or no technical background can get started with learning some basic skills to program and run
the board. The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has 54
digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs
(hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega
2560 board is compatible with most shields designed for the Uno. It is as open source platform means
the board and the software are readily available.
There are three ways to power the board. You can either use a USB cable to power the board and transfer
code to the board or you can power it up using Vin of the board or through Power jack or batter. Last two
sources to power the board are required once you already built and compile code into the board through
USB cable.
Technical Specifications:
 Microcontroller: ATmega2560
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limit): 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins: 54 (15 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 16
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 256 KB (8 KB used by bootloader)
 SRAM: 8 KB
 EEPROM: 4 KB
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz

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 LED_BUILTIN: 13
 Length: 101.52 mm
 Width: 53.3 mm
 Weight: 37 g
Pin Specifications:
5V & 3.3V: This pin is used to provide output regulated voltage around 5V. This regulated power supply
powers up the controller and other components on the board. It can be obtained from Vin of the board or
USB cable or another regulated 5V voltage supply. While another voltage regulation is provided by 3.3V
pin. Maximum power it can draw is 50mA.
GND: There are 5 ground pins available on the board which makes it useful when more than one ground
pins are required for the project.
Reset: This pin is used to reset the board. Setting this pin to LOW will reset the board.
Vin: It is the input voltage supplied to the board which ranges from 7V to 20V. The voltage provided by
the power jack can be accessed through this pin. However, the output voltage through this pin to the
board will be automatically set up to 5V.
Serial Communication: RXD and TXD are the serial pins used to transmit and receive serial data i.e. Rx
represents the transmission of data while Tx used to receive data. There are four combinations of these

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serial pins are used where Serial 0 contains RX(0) and TX(1), Serial 1 contains TX(18) and RX(19),
Serial 2 contains TX(16) and RX(17), and Serial 3 contains TX(14) and RX(15).
External Interrupts: Six pins are used for creating external interrupts i.e. interrupt 0(0), interrupt 1(3),
interrupt 2(21), interrupt 3(20), interrupt 4(19), interrupt 5(18). These pins produce interrupts by a
number of ways i.e. providing LOW value, rising or falling edge or changing value to the interrupt pins.
LED: This board comes with built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. HIGH value at this pin will turn
the LED on and LOW value will turn it off. This gives you the change of nursing your programming
skills in real time.
AREF: AREF stands for Analog Reference Voltage which is a reference voltage for analog inputs.
Analog Pins: There are 16 analog pins incorporated on the board labelled as A0 to A15. It is important
to note that all these analog pins can be used as digital I/O pins. Each analog pin comes with 10-bit
resolution. These pins can measure from ground to 5V. However, the upper value can be changed using
AREF and analog Reference () function.
I2C: Two pins 20 and 21 support I2C communication where 20 represents SDA (Serial Data Line mainly
used for holding the data) and 21 represents SCL(Serial Clock Line mainly used for providing data
synchronization between the devices)
SPI Communication: SPI stands for Serial Peripheral Interface used for the transmission of data between
the controller and other peripherals components. Four pins i.e. 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53
(SS) are used for SPI communication.
Programming:
Arduino Mega 2560 can be programmed using Arduino Software called IDE which supports C
programming. The code you make on the software is called sketch which is burned in the software and
then transferred to the board through USB cable. This board comes with a built-in bootloader which
rules out the usage of an external burner for burning the code into the board.
The bootloader communicates using STK500 protocol.
Once you compile and burn the program on the board, you can unplug the USB cable which eventually
removes the power from the board. When you intend to incorporate the board into your project, you can
power it up using power jack or Vin of the board.
Applications:

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 Developing 3D printer
 Controlling and handling more than one motors
 Interfacing of number of sensors
 Sensing and detecting temperature
 Multi-level liquid detection projects
 Home automation and security systems
 Embedded Systems
 IoT applications
 Parallel programming and Multitasking
2. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using ultrasonic sound
waves. It sends and receives ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s proximity.
High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce distinct echo patterns.
Working Principle:
Ultrasonic sound vibrates at a frequency above the range of human hearing. Transducers are the
microphones used to receive and send the ultrasonic sound.
Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others, use a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo.
The sensor determines the distance to a target by measuring time lapses between the sending and
receiving of the ultrasonic pulse. HC-SR04 Ultrasonic (US) sensor is a 4 pin module, whose pin names
are Vcc, Trigger, Echo and Ground respectively. This sensor is a very popular sensor used in many
applications where measuring distance or sensing objects are required. The module has two eyes like
projects in the front which forms the Ultrasonic transmitter and Receiver. The sensor works with the
simple high school formula of Distance = Speed × Time

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The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air and when it gets objected
by any material it gets reflected back toward the sensor this reflected wave is observed by the Ultrasonic
receiver module. Now, to calculate the distance using the above formulae, we should know the Speed
and time. Since we are using the Ultrasonic wave we know the universal speed of US wave at room
conditions which is 340m/s. So using the time taken by the wave to reflect back and be detected by the
receiver one can easily calculate the distance of the object from the point of observation.
Specifications:
 No. of pins: 4 (5V Supply, Trigger Pulse Input, Echo Pulse Output, Ground)
 Operating voltage: +5V
 Theoretical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 450cm
 Practical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 325cm
 Accuracy: 3mm
 Measuring angle covered: <15°
 Operating Current: <15mA
 Operating Frequency: 40Hz
 Trigger Input Signal: 10uS TTL pulse
 Echo Output Signal: Input TTL lever signal and the range in proportion
 Dimension: 45*20*15mm
Applications:
 Used to avoid and detect obstacles with robots like biped robot, obstacle avoider robot, path
finding robot etc.
 Used to measure the distance within a wide range of 2.5cm to 400cm
 Can be used to map the objects surrounding the sensor by rotating it
 Depth of certain places like wells, pits etc. can be measured since the waves can penetrate through
water
3. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (I2C):
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device
that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly,
instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in colour or monochrome. LCDs are available
to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low

15
information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven-segment
displays, as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made
up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be
normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a
character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the colour of
the backlight, and a character Negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the
same colour as the backlight.
Small LCD screens are common in portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches,
calculators, and mobile telephones, including smart phones. LCD screens are also used on consumer
electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced
heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. The LCD screen is more energy-
efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT can. Its low electrical power consumption
enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than CRTs can be. By
2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the
CRT became obsolete for most purposes.
4. RELAY MODULE:
It is a 4-channel SPST Relay module that consists of 4 SPST Relays capable of both NO and NC
connections. The Relay output state is shown by a red LED. It finds applications in any sort of simple
switching.

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It has the following terminals:
COIL A - This is one end of the coil.
COIL B- This is the other end of the coil. These are the terminals where we apply voltage to in order to
give power to the coils (which then will close the switch). The polarity does not matter. One side gets
positive voltage and the other side gets negative voltage.
NO - This is Normally Open switch. This is the terminal where the device is connected that we want the
relay to activate when the relay is powered. The device connected to NO terminal will be deactivated
when the relay has no power and will turn on when the relay receives power. We will use this terminal
for powering the pump.
NC - This is the Normally Closed Switch. This is the terminal where we connect the device that we want
powered when the relay receives no power. The device connected to NC will be active when the relay
has no power and will deactivate when the relay receives power.
COM - This is the common terminal of the relay. When the relay is powered and the switch is closed,
COM and NO will be shorted. If the relay isn't powered and the switch is open, COM and NC get shorted.
Specifications:
 4-Channel Relay interface board, and each one needs 15-20mA Driver Current
 Both controlled by 12V and 5V input Voltage
 Equipped with high-current relay, AC250V 10A ; DC30V 10A
 Standard interface that can be controlled directly by microcontroller (Arduino , 8051, AVR,
 PIC, DSP, ARM, ARM, MSP430, TTL logic active low
 Dimension: 50mm*70mm*15mm
 Opto-isolated inputs

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 Indication LED’s for Relay output status.
5. AC PUMP MOTOR:
The pump motor for the project level working is taken as a submersible pump, made by the company
Zigma (picture attached). The shell is made of high quality stronger ABS. It is water proof and has good
performance of insulation.
It is of compact size, easy to install and has multiple usage. It is easy to clean and runs on supply power
(230VAC, 50Hz).
Specifications:
 Voltage supply: 165-230V/50Hz
 Power: 19W
 Max. head: 1.9m
 Output: 1100Lph
Applications: Cooler, aquarium, garden and other small to medium household/office applications.

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6. DC PUMP MOTOR:
Micro DC 3-6V Micro Submersible Pump Mini water pump For Fountain Garden Mini water circulation
System DIY project. This is a low cost, small size Submersible Pump Motor which can be operated from
a 3 ~ 6V power supply. It can take up to 120 litres per hour with very low current consumption of 220mA.
Just connect tube pipe to the motor outlet, submerge it in water and power it. Make sure that the water
level is always higher than the motor. The dry run may damage the motor due to heating and it will also
produce noise.
Specification:
 Operating Voltage : 3 ~ 6V
 Operating Current : 130 ~ 220mA
 Flow Rate : ~ 120 L/H
 Maximum Lift : 40 ~ 110 mm
 Continuous Working Life: 500 hours
 Driving Mode: DC, Magnetic Driving
 Material: Engineering Plastic
 Outlet Outside Diameter: 7.5 mm
 Outlet Inside Diameter: 5 mm
Applications: They are used for pond filters, gardening and household or office applications. Also,
widely used in aquariums.

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7. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR (DHT11):
DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and humidity. This sensor can be easily
interfaced with any microcontroller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure humidity and
temperature instantaneously.
This DHT11 Digital Relative Humidity & Temperature Sensor Module is pre-calibrated with resistive
sense technology coupled with NTC thermistor, for the precise reading of the relative humidity and
surrounding temperature.
Specification:
 23 to 5V power and I/O
 2.5 mA max current use during conversion
 Good for 20 - 80% humidity reading with 5% accuracy
 Good for 0 - 50°C temperature readings ±2°C accuracy
 No more than 1 Hz sampling rate (once every second)
 Body Size 15.5mm x 12mm x 5.5mm
 4 pins with 0.1° spacing
Application: This sensor is used in various applications such as measuring humidity and temperature
values in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. Weather stations also use these sensors to
predict weather conditions. The humidity sensor is used as a preventive measure in homes where people
are affected by humidity. Offices, cars, museums, greenhouses and industries use this sensor for
measuring humidity values and as a safety measure.

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8. CROMPTON 1000W IMMERSION ROD:
The immersion heating rod from Crompton is easy to use. One of a kind immersion water heater, totally
shock proof. Dropping it into the water bucket will steadily heat it up. This is an ideal option for heating
up water during winters.
Specification:
 Power Consumption: 1000 W
 Heating Substances: Water
 Heating Element Type: Hairpin Tubular Element
 Heater Material: Copper Tube
 Height: 1.40208 cm
 Thermostat
Application: Heating the water.
9. ZEOLITE SOLUTION
Zeolites are crystalline solids structures made of silicon, aluminium and oxygen that form a framework
with cavities and channels inside where cations, water and/or small molecules may reside. They are often
also referred to as molecular sieves. A solution is created by dipping recommended quantity into water.
Application: The properties of the porous materials depend both on the pore structures and the
chemistry of the framework. The continuously increasing demands for materials with highly specific

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chemical and physical properties as zeolites have inspired scientists to make new porous materials with
unique structures.
10. JUMPER WIRES:
A jump wire (also known as jumper wire, or jumper) is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable,
with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally
used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with
other equipment or components, without soldering.
Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in a
breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.
There are different types of jumper wires. Some have the same type of electrical connector at both ends,
while others have different connectors. Some common connectors are:
Solid tips – are used to connect on/with a breadboard or female header connector. The arrangement of
the elements and ease of insertion on a breadboard allows increasing the mounting density of both
components and jump wires without fear of short-circuits. The jump wires vary in size and colour to
distinguish the different working signals.
Crocodile clips – are used, among other applications, to temporarily bridge sensors, buttons and other
elements of prototypes with components or equipment that have arbitrary connectors, wires, screw
terminals, etc.
Banana connectors – are commonly used on test equipment for DC and low-frequency AC signals.
Registered jack (RJnn) – are commonly used in telephone (RJ11) and computer networking (RJ45).

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RCA connectors – are often used for audio, low-resolution composite video signals, or other low-
frequency applications requiring a shielded cable.
RF connectors – are used to carry radio frequency signals between circuits, test equipment, and antennas.
11. BREADBOARD:
A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally the word referred to a
literal bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. Nowadays the term "breadboard" is
commonly used to refer to these because the solder less breadboard does not require soldering, it is
reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit
design. For this reason, solder less breadboards are also popular with students and in technological
education. Older breadboard types did not have this property.
A "full size" terminal breadboard strip typically consists of around 56 to 65 rows of connectors, each
row containing the above-mentioned two sets of connected clips. Together with bus strips on each side
this makes up a typical 784 to 910 tie point solder less breadboard. "Small size" strips typically come
with around 30 rows. Miniature solder less breadboards as small as 17 rows can be found, but these are
only suitable for small and simple designs.
Due to relatively large parasitic capacitance compared to a properly laid out PCB (approx. 2pF between
adjacent contact columns), high inductance of some connections and a relatively high and not very
reproducible contact resistance, solder less breadboards are limited to operation at relatively low
frequencies, usually less than 10 MHz, depending on the nature of the circuit. The relatively high contact
resistance can already be a problem for some DC and very low frequency circuits. Solder less
breadboards are further limited by their voltage and current ratings.

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CHAPTER VI
DATASHEET OF ELECTRONIC PARTS
1. SPST RELAY JQC3F:

26
3. ULTRASONIC SENSOR MODULE HCSR04

29
4. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR DHT11

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CHAPTER VII
LOGIC CALCULATION AND ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT BOARD
PROGRAM
OVERHEAD TANK PUMPING LOGIC
Distance1- Sump water depth level
Distance 2- Overhead Tank water height level
DISTANCE1 (cm) DISTANCE2 (cm)
WATER PUMP
STATUS
LOW (>=23) LOW (>=15) LOW (OFF)
LOW (>=23) HIGH (<=3) LOW (OFF)
HIGH (<23) LOW (>=15) HIGH (ON)
HIGH (<23) HIGH (<=3) LOW (OFF)
ZEOLITE SOLUTION PUMPING LOGIC
Distance1- Sump water depth level
Distance 2- Overhead Tank water height level
DISTANCE1 (cm) DISTANCE2 (cm)
ZEOLITE PUMP
STATUS
LOW (>=23) LOW (>=15) LOW (OFF)
LOW (>=23) HIGH (<=3) LOW (OFF)
HIGH (<23) LOW (>=15) LOW (OFF)
HIGH (<23) HIGH (<=3) HIGH (ON)
4ml of Zeolite can purify 2L of Tap Water.
The total volume of the tank taken in modelling the project work was measured as 9L. Thus, by
calculation (unitary method) 18ml of Zeolite is to be pumped in when the tank is full.
Since the DC Mini Pump is kept close to the tank and inside the Zeolite solution, and it does not have to
cover significant head, we consider that the pump works in its full capacity.
The maximum rate of discharge from the DC Mini Pump is 120L/hr.

39
By calculation (unitary method), when a maximum of 18ml of Zeolite has to pumped from a pump with
discharge rate 100ml/3secs (converted from 120000 ml/3600 secs), the pump needs to flow for 0.54 secs,
or 540 msecs. In the program, this delay between zeolite pump on and off is inserted.
IMMERSION ROD ON/OFF LOGIC
TEMP (C) HEAT INDEX (C) ROD STATUS
LOW (<=30) LOW (<=25) HIGH (ON)
LOW (<=30) HIGH (>28) HIGH (ON)
HIGH (>35) LOW (<=25) LOW (OFF)
HIGH (>35) HIGH (>28) LOW (OFF)
Notice that only if Temperature is low, the water is heated. This is because in high temperatures, the
water is already heated up and a cooling mechanism will significantly increase the cost and bulkiness of
the project. The Heat Index is a measure of how hot it feels, but from our point of view lukewarm water
should be consumed even during high heat index.
ARDUINO CODE
#include <DHT.h>
#include <DHT_U.h>
#include <Adafruit_Sensor.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#define DHTPIN 8 //humidity+temp
#define trigger 9
#define echotank 10 //tank
#define echosump 12 //sump
#define DHTTYPE DHT11

40
DHT dht = DHT(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,20,4);
float time1=0.00, distance1=0.00, time2=0.00, distance2=0.00, tankp=0.00;
float low=3, h, t, htin;
const int PMOTOR = 7;
const int ZMOTOR = 5;
const int HEATER = 6;
String buf;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
dht.begin();
pinMode(trigger,OUTPUT);
pinMode(echosump,INPUT);
pinMode(echotank,INPUT);
pinMode(PMOTOR, OUTPUT);
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("TANK CONTROL SYSTEM");

41
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
delay(1000);
lcd.print(" Dept of AEIE ");
delay(3000);
}//setup
void loop()
{
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
digitalWrite(trigger,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigger,HIGH);
digitalWrite(trigger,LOW);
time1=pulseIn(echosump,HIGH);
distance1=time1*0.034/2; //SUMP_HEIGHT
time2=pulseIn(echotank,HIGH);
distance2=time2*0.034/2; //TANK_HEIGHT
Serial.print("Sump: ");
Serial.println(distance1);
Serial.print("Tank: ");

42
Serial.println(distance2);
if(distance1>=23) //sump level critically low
{
digitalWrite(PMOTOR, LOW); //NO Relay
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.print("SUMP: CRITICALLY LOW");
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print("PUMP : OFF");
delay(250);
}//00_01
else if(distance1<23) //sump level okay
{
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.print("SUMP : NOT EMPTY");
if(distance2<low) //tank level is sufficient
{
digitalWrite(PMOTOR, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print("PUMP : OFF");
low=15.00;
digitalWrite(ZMOTOR, HIGH); //NO Relay
delay(540); //Calculated by discharge rate and tank volume

43
digitalWrite(ZMOTOR, LOW);
}//11
else if(distance2>=low) //tank level not sufficient
{
digitalWrite(PMOTOR, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print("PUMP : ON");
delay(100);
}//10
}
tankp=(1-distance2/9.52)*100;
buf = String(tankp, 2);
lcd.setCursor(1,2);
lcd.print("TANK LEVEL: ");
lcd.print(buf); //tank level percentage
lcd.print("%");
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
htin=0.0;
h = dht.readHumidity();
t = dht.readTemperature();
if (isnan(h) || isnan(t)) {
lcd.print("Failed read frm DHT!");

44
return;
}
htin=dht.computeHeatIndex(t, h, false);
byte f;
if(t<=30.0 || htin<=25.0)
{
if(t<35.0)
digitalWrite(HEATER, HIGH); //NO relay
else
f=1;
}
if(f==1)
digitalWrite(HEATER, LOW);
lcd.print("T:");
lcd.print(t); //temperature in celsius
lcd.print("C");
lcd.print(" HTIN:");
lcd.print(htin); //heat index in celsius
lcd.print("C");
}//ENDOFPROGRAM

45
CHAPTER VIII
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

47
CHAPTER X
SOME SNAPS OF WORK IN PROGRESS

48
CHAPTER XI
CONCLUSION
With the help of the code in the Arduino and interfacing with the sensors and LCD, we have successfully
assembled a circuit which allows the pump to fill the water tank within upper and lower heights, 15 and
3 cm respectively, depending upon water presence in sump. Following that, when the sump level is
sufficient and tank is full, appropriate amount of Zeolite is pumped into the water for purification. And,
all along the process, whenever the logic of temperature and heat index deemed it fit, an immersion hot
heated the water upto lukewarm level.
As an added practical application, we provided a tap to remove the water, which signifies the usage of
water through taps and showers in household and offices. With a purified and lukewarm water, it should
be delight as well as cost-effective product for the household and offices.
The circuitry works perfectly and has been tested various times under varying conditions and
sump/tanks.

49
CHAPTER XII
FUTURE WORK
The water level controller designed in this project can be used to control water level, temperature and
purity, as per normally occurring logic (provided earlier). We have already taken care that the pump will
not perform dry run and the tank will start filling again only after it reaches a low height, and that the
water will be heated only when it is cold enough.
In future work, we think of adding the final piece of our idea, a sensor (not decided which) that will
detect whether the tap has been made running by mistake or purpose, and if it so, immediately cut-off
the main supply through a solenoid valve.
Also, the rate of water filling the sump must always be equal to or greater than the rate of water output.
To make this happen we could use a speed regulator.
Another aspect of the project that irked us was the cost of Arduino Mega which itself accounts for a
major chunk of the project cost. In fact, majority of the pins were not used, whereas the 5V DC supply
was facing shortage. So, any future work could focus on designing a dedicated circuitry or PCB for this
application, which will drastically lower the project cost, and make it market competitive.

50
CHAPTER XIII
REFERENCES
1. A Course In Electrical And Electronic Measurements And Instrumentation A. K. Sawhney
2. Katsuhiko Ogata, “Modern control engineering”, Pearson education 2011, 5th edition
3. Pal, Jai. “Distance Measurement of Object by Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR 04 Manpreet Kaur.”
(2015).
4. Tod A. OblakDaniel F. DudekJohn R. Smith (1992), U.S. Patent No. 963,892. Washington, DC:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
5. Orimoloye Israel Ropo*, Mazinyo Sonwabo Perez, Nel Werner and Iortyom Enoch T., "Climate
Variability and Heat Stress Index have Increasing Potential Ill-health and Environmental Impacts
in the East London, South Africa" International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN
0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 17 (2017).
6. Desai, M.S., Dhorde, A.G. Trends in thermal discomfort indices over western coastal cities of
India. Theor Appl Climatol 131, 1305–1321 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2042-8
7. Eng. Zaid Abed Aljasim Muhasain, "Analysis and Design of Controller for Level Process Control
without Sensor", Nahrain University, College of Engineering Journal (NUCEJ) Vol.13 No.1,
2010 pp.84-97
8. Huang Xiaodong,Xi Youbao(School of Electronics Engineering,University of Electronic Science
and Technology of China,Chengdu 611731,China);Wireless Temperature and Humidity Detector
Based on AT32UC3A0512[J];Microcontrollers & Embedded Systems;2012-03
9. Ibrahim, S. Noorjannah; Asnawi, A. L.; Abdul Malik, N.; Mohd Azmin, N. F.; Jusoh, A. Z.;
Mohd Isa, F. N. "Web based Water Turbidity Monitoring and Automated Filtration System: IoT
Application in Water Management"
10. Naruka Tarun, Singh Abhishek, Janu Anmol, Gocher Anurag, Sharma Arpit, "Automatic
Regulation of Water Level through Automatic Relay Switching Operation." (2017).

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