The document discusses building construction materials and methods. It begins by outlining different building materials like mud, bricks, timber, and their traditional uses. It then focuses on bricks, describing how the large-scale production of conventional fired bricks causes significant pollution. The document introduces an alternative "bio-engineered brick" made through a natural process involving bacteria, urine, and sand that could reduce emissions. However, this method currently takes longer and releases ammonia during production, though developing a closed-loop system may help address these issues.

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION

2. S. No. Description
Mud wall construction and works of architect such as Hassan Fathy
1
Application of brick in construction, Brick laying tools, equipment and Material calculation, material and labour
rates, Brick terms, Cut bricks, special shape bricks.
2
Principle of brick bonding. Works of architect such as Laurie Baker. Stretcher Bond, Flemish Bond and English
Bond
3
Brick facade and brick jali, works of architect such as Laurie Baker, Mario Botta, Total Environment, Brick Piers
4
Brick arches, Vaults and domes, works of architect such as LI Kahn, Auroville.
5
MTE
Timber Sections, joinery and the way its functions (End, Angle, Lap, Dovetail)
6
Door and window joinery detail (Mortise and Tenon, Tongue and Groove, Lipping, Beading etc).
7
Construction detail in flush door. Types of timber and their application, material and labour rates.
8
Draft a Ledge- batten- braced door. Plywood and its application.
9
Finishes in timber-polish-laminate, veneer. Casement window with Wooden panel.
10

3. A building must satisfy several
general requirements. It must
be:
• safe in respect of structure, fire
and health
• economical in initial cost and
operating cost -aesthetically
pleasing,
• inoffensive to the senses and
an aid in sensory tasks.
Dutch branch of the World Wildlife Fund

17. roof
ceiling
floor Internal walls
Exterior wall
windows
structur
foundation
e

18. BUILDING MATERIALS
clay

20. Great Mosque,yemen
Cob House on Mayne Island, Canada

21. Chapel of Reconciliation in Berlin

22. New York City Apartment
Shibam in Yemen

23. Rammed Earth Home by Paul Weiner
Mali ‘Ginna’ Earthen Dwelling for
Spiritual Leaders

24. People’s Co-op, Portland, Oregon
Sustainable Hobbit House

25. Gobirau Minaret - mosque - built in 11th
century - made with a combination of clay,
straw, animal blood and 'karite', a
vegetable butter

27. BRICK

38. Bricks have built much of our modern world, but how often do we consider the origins of these
common building blocks?
Brick production – involving a coal-fired kiln – causes a staggering amount of pollution.
In fact, the 1.23 trillion bricks manufactured every year produce more pollution than all
of the world’s airplanes combined. What can be done to reduce harmful emissions
while maintaining the usefulness of the ultra-useful brick? According to one architect,
the answer is to grow bricks rather than baking them.

39. Bio-Engineered Bricks Grown from Urine, Bacteria & Sand
The method for making Better Bricks is rather simple, but the chemical process
that takes place is less so. Using a simple form, sand is packed into a brick
shape and doused with bacteria and the urea solution. After leaving the brick to
harden for a week at room temperature, you have a building block that required
only simple, renewable materials to build. When building a wall or other structure
with the Better Bricks, the same binding method is used to hold them together,
making mortar unnecessary. Eventually – when the formula is just right – Dosier
says she can even program 3D printers to build the bricks layer by layer to her
exact specifications, even in funky shapes.

40. Like many new green technologies, however, there are some slight snags.
The process currently takes roughly three times longer to make bricks than
the conventional method, which will mean that the entire building process
would be significantly slowed down. But even more troubling is the fact that
the process releases massive amounts of ammonia, which is eventually
converted to nitrates and can poison groundwater. Dosier’s answer to this
problem is to look more closely at developing a closed-loop system where
the waste products are recycled to be used in the manufacturing process
rather than released into the environment.