4. Contents of the presentation
• Introduction
• Problem statements
• Goals of the project
• Objectives of the project
• Literature review
• Methodology
• Mathematical calculation
• Block diagram
• Applications
• Advantages
• conclusion
5. INTRODUCTION
• Single phase induction motor is widely used in many domestic and industry
application.
• It comes from fractional horse power up to thousands of horse power.
• variation of speed is necessary this can be done by various method such as
By changing applied voltage
By Variable frequency Method
Pole Changing Method
Stator frequency control
6. INTRODUCTION
• A variable frequency drive (VFD) is a type of motor controller that drive an
electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage applied to the motor.
• A variable frequency drive is an adjustable speed drive.
• VFDs are available in a number of different low and medium voltage AC-
AC and DC-AC topologies.
• Other names for a VFD are variable speed drive, adjustable speed drive,
adjustable frequency drive, AC drive and micro drive etc.
7. Problem Statements
• High cost of speed control technique of induction motor.
• Efficient speed control of an induction motor.
• Risk of tear and wear during emergency.
• Consuming only the power that’s needed.
8. Goals of the project
• To design a variable frequency drive of the single-phase induction motor.
• To understand the use of power diodes.
• To understand DC to AC convertor design.
• To understand how to remove ripples.
• Power electronic system integration.
• Finished product development.
9. Objectives of the project
Following are main objectives of the project.
• To design a system which provide smooth control along with energy
saving.
• To reduces chances of insulation or winding damage and provides extended
motor life.
• To eliminates the need of additional expensive capacitor banks.
• To save the wasting slip power of induction motor through slip recovery
scheme
• To provide optimal speed variations beyond energy saving.
10. Literature review
The overall project consists on the following main components.
• Single Phase Induction Motor
• Micro-controller (Arduino UNO)
• Inverter Board
• Capacitor Bank
• Tap Changing Transformer (as a Step up and down)
• Power Diodes
• Heat Sinks (For Power diodes)
• DC Motor (6 volts, as a tacho-generator)
11. Induction Motor
• The standard definition for an AC Motor is an electric motor that is driven
by alternating current.
• The AC Motor is used in the conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
• This mechanical energy is made from utilizing the force that is exerted by
the rotating magnetic fields produced by the alternating current that flows
through its coils.
• The AC Motor is made up of two major components: the stationary stator
that is on the outside and has coils supplied with AC current, and the inside
rotor that is attached to the output shaft.
12. Micro-controller (Arduino UNO)
• The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328.
• It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analogy inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection,
a power jack, and a reset button.
• It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller.
• "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of
Arduino 1.0.
• The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving
forward.
13. Invertor board
Invertor Board consist on the following sections
Capacitor Bank:
• The capacitor bank used in our project consists of 9 capacitors each of 100 Volts
and 10000 micro Farad.
Power diodes:
• A power diode is a crystalline semiconductor device used mainly to convert
alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification.
Heat Sink:
• Heat sinks are used for the components which gets heated during their operation. Its
main objective is to keep the components cool during their operation.
Dc motor:
• A permanent magnet DC motor is used to calibrate the speed of the single-phase
induction motor, which generates the DC voltage with the rotation the single-phase
induction motor.
14. Methodology
The main consequence of the design is the programing of the microcontroller (AURDINO).
The programing is totally based how to change the frequency and accordingly to get the
desired speed of the induction motor.
We generate two pulses at 5 and 6 pin of the AURDINO and sent these two pulses to the
inverter input the change in delay between these two pulses is in user’s hands.
All the components are connected in separate four sections and each section is described
below:
Convertor section
Programming section
Interface section
Output section
15. Convertor section
In this section, the step-down transformer is used to convert 220 volt
WAPDA Supply to 12 Volts.
This 12 Volts AC is converted into Pulsating DC through full wave
rectification
In Rectification, the two power diodes are used.
The pulsating DC is fed to the capacitor bank to remove the ripples to get
almost pure DC.
16. Programming section
• This section includes the programing of the microcontroller (AURDINO).
• The programing is totally based how to change the frequency and
accordingly to get the desired speed of the induction motor.
• We generate two pulses at 5 and 6 pin of the AURDINO and sent these two
pulses to the inverter input.
• The change in delay between these two pulses is in user’s hands.
17. Interface section
• This section includes the inverter step up transformer and the motor.
• The output of section 1 and section 3 are fed to the inverter.
• Inverter generates the AC voltage of desired frequency entered by the user.
• This AC is fed to the step-up transformer which converts these 12 volts to
the 220 volts which drives motor.
18. Output section
• This section includes the 6-volt DC motor.
• The DC motor is used as a tacho-generator in this project.
• DC motor is connected to the shaft of the single-phase induction motor.
• The rotor of the DC motor is rotated with the rotation of the shaft of the
motor, and stator generates the DC voltages.
• This DC voltage is calibrated in terms of speed.
19. Mathematical Calculation
Quantity Power (KW) Voltage (V) Current (A) Frequency (HZ) Power factor
Input 39.4 460 55.6 60 0.89
Output 39.4 230 115 30 0.86
• 𝑁𝑠 =
120𝑓
𝑝
r.p.m
• Xl =2πfL
Where Xl is the inductive impedance, f is frequency, L is inductance and 2π
gets us Xl in Ohms
• P=T.w.
Here, P= Generated Mechanical Power, T= Torque and w= Speed in radian/sec.
21. Applications
• They are mostly used in industries for large induction motor (dealing with
variable load) whose power rating ranges from few kW to few MW.
• Variable Frequency Drive is used in traction system.
• They are also used in modern lifts, escalators and pumping systems.
• Nowadays they are being also used in energy efficient refrigerators, AC’s
and Outside-air Economizers.
22. Advantages
• The construction is sample of induction motor and very little maintenance
is required.
• It does not required any complex circuit from starting as compared to three
phase induction motor .
• They can operate in wide range of industrial condition .
• It can provide us efficient speed control in emergency cases.
23. Conclusion
Speed of induction motor can be control.
By this we can reduce human effort.
The design help to reduce wear and tear.
Energy can be saved and reduce energy crises in the country
