2. Climate
Change
Our Planet is in constant flux,
lessoning our impact is vital.
• Great or small human activity has an impact
on our planet, from plastic to air pollution.
• From Kyoto Protocols to Paris Accords the
United Nations has been useless in stemming
the tide of pollution by the worst polluters.
• Reshaping the energy markets and meeting
the needs of the people for clean energy will
be done from the bottom up, not the top
down.
Image Credit nature-earth (2019) to
2
3. 3
UN
Framework
to Kyoto a
failure of
Bureaucracy
Image credit Kyoto_Protocol_Parties (2019)
Green: Annex B parties with binding targets in the second period
Purple: Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period
but not the second
Blue: Non-Annex B parties without binding targets
Yellow: Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period
but which withdrew from the Protocol
Orange: Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified
Red: Other UN member states and observers that are not party to
the Protocol
• United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992
was formed stating their commitment to
reducing greenhouse gases.
• Leading to broad outlines of emission
targets in 1997 in which only a handful of
countries had binding targets and actually
ratified the agreement.
4. Image Credit Doha_Amendment_of_Kyoto (2019)
4
Kyoto Protocol
Extensions
2005 to 2020
2012-2020 Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol
Green: states that ratified
Grey: Kyoto parties that did not ratify
White: Non-parties to Kyoto
A full seven years in 2004 Russia and
Canada ratify Kyoto Protocols
bringing them into effect in 2005.
In 2011 Canada announces it’s
withdraw from the treaty. Effectively
ending the agreement.
It took a total of 19 years to get even a
handful of countries to agree to
slightly binding terms to reduce their
pollution emissions.
5. Image credit CO2_emission_pie_chart(2019)
5
Parris Accord
(2015)
The Paris Accord is a nonbinding
agreement between industrial and
nonindustrial nations that would
seek to limit Greenhouse gases and
pollution as a way to hold off Global
Warming or now Climate Change.
But As Greshko of National
Geographic pointed out in 2017
“existing pledges under the Paris
Agreement won't curb warming to
two degrees Celsius above
preindustrial levels, a new UN
report warns.
Global CO2 emission by jurisdiction
6. 6
And the problems further escalate
when China and India’s pledges
are examined
ADD A FOOTER
According to Jackson of the Guardian
• “Both China and India have committed to emissions targets under the Paris
agreement. China has committed to lower the carbon intensity of its economy by 60 to 65%
below 2005 levels by 2030. India committed to reduce the emissions intensity of its economy by
33-35% below 2005 level over the same period. “
7. 7
China India
Greatest
Polluters
Image Credit Chart of the Day (2018)
USA declines while pulling out of Paris
Accords while nonbinding signatures
increase emissions
• While China and India are the world
leaders in increasing their pollution and
have no way to decrease their emissions
back to pre-2005 levels without destroying
their economies by 2030.
• This is the major flaw of the Paris Accords
and all top down solutions to our
pollution problems.
• The United Nations lets the greatest
polluters on the planet continue polluting
at unsustainable levels.
8. 8
China
Increases
Pollution
Dramatically
Image Credit Coal Plant US Facebook (2019)
• China is even increasing its fossil fuel output
dramatically already years into the Paris
Accord
• Yu from the epochtimes points out
• “China is building hundreds of
new coal-fired power plants
capable of generating a total of
259 gigawatts (GW) of
electricity—that’s equal to the
entire existing U.S. coal fleet of
around 266 GW, findings by
advocacy and research group
CoalSwarm show.”
9. Image Credit Shushmi Times of India (2019)
9
The Worst
Polluters are
Nonbinding Paris
Accord Signatures
50% of total global pollution deaths
come from India and China
India and China registered over 1.2
million deaths from air pollution in
2017.
In India, air pollution ranks higher
than smoking for cause of death.
10. Image Credit Green Energy Green Grass On
10
Bureaucracy
will not solve
our Pollution
Problems
United Nations is a failure at
enforcing any kind of standard on
nations that are the worst polluters.
Solutions will come from passionate
people around the world creating
new technologies.
And local people demanding change
around them to reduce the pollution
from the worst polluters.
11. Solutions Through
TechnologyTechnology must be aggressively leveraged to mitigate the
current rise of Green House Gases with the goal of a 50%
reduction by 2050. This must be done as soon as possible to
insure irreversible effects on climate change does not occur.
12. Technologies built to
Improving Energy Efficiency
We have the ability to change with already developed
technology:
Buildings
Transportation
Industry
Electric Systems
13. Renewable Energy
Renewable technology is improving and the pathways and opportunities
are expanding:
Solar (PV and Thermal)
Wind (Onshore and Offshore):
Biomass and Biofuels:
Storage, Small Scale Nuclear, Carbon Capture Systems:=
14. Getting the Energy Producers to
See the Profits Bio Mass and Bio
FuelsHyper advancement of second and third generation Biofuels, (BF):
Algae BF is one lower emission fuels of tomorrow that actually cleans the air
(Carbon Capture Process):
Using waste from the agricultural industry such as biomass and the extraction
of fermenting cellulosic sugars:
15. What Power Sectors Must Achieve New
Emission Technologies
Key areas for Emissions
Technologies:
This graphic demonstrates what
Are highest GHG emitters
and what ones are available for
change
16. Carbon Dioxide Removal
What is it? Carbon Dioxide Removal or CDR refers to different techniques
for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, reducing
warming
17. Stratospheric Aerosol
Injection
What is it? SAI is the main type of solar radiation management (SRM) considered
in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report. This is where
geo-engineering gets more controversial.
18. Marine Cloud Brightening
(MCB)
What is it? Like all forms of SRM, MCB involves reflecting sunlight away
from the earth in some way. In this case, sea salt or other particles are sprayed
into marine clouds to make them thicker and more reflective.
19. Cirrus Cloud Thinning
What is it? CCT is almost the opposite of marine cloud brightening. High-altitude
Cirrus clouds are thin and wispy, so they don't reflect much solar radiation back into
space, and instead trap long-wave radiation on earth.
20. Ground-based Albedo
Modification
What is it? The word albedo refers to how much solar radiation a planet reflects
from its surface. Modifying earth's albedo from the ground could come from small
architectural measures, like whitening roofs and land-use management.
30. Works Cited Slides 1-10
• DepositPhotos.com. (2019). Green Energy Green Grass On [Image]. Retrieved from
static5.depositphotos.com/1000451/481/i/950/depositphotos_4819928-Green-energy-green-grass-on.jpg
•
• Dey, Shushmi. (April 3, 2019). At 2.5m, India & China had 50% of world foul air deaths [Article]. Retrieved from
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68696545.cms?utm_ source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
• Familyfriendpoems.com. (2019). Nature-Earth [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.familyfriendpoems.com/images/hero/large/nature-earth.jpg
•
• Greshko, Michael. (October 31, 2017). Current Climate Pledges Aren’t enough to stop sever warming [Article]. Retrieved from
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/10/paris-agreement-climate-change-usa-nicaragua-policy-environment/
•
• HuffingtonPost. (2019). Coal Plant US Facebook [Image]. Retrieved from http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1466044/images/o-COAL-PLANT-US-
facebook.jpg
•
• Kyoto Protocol Wikipedia. (2019). Doha_Amendment_of_Kyoto [Image]. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol
• Kyoto Protocol Wikipedia. (2019). Kyoto_Protocol_parties [Image]. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol
ADD A FOOTER
30
31. 31
Works Cited Slides 1-10
ADD A FOOTER
• Ly, Mimi Nguyen. (October 7, 2018). China Building New Coal Plants Equal to Entire US Capacity [Article].
Retrieved from https://www.theepochtimes.com/china-building-new-coal-plants-equal-to-entire-us-
capacity_2679901.html
•
• Jackson, Erwin. (August 15, 2018). Enough with the fairy tales about the Paris agreement. It's time for facts
[Article]. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/15/enough-with-the-
fairy-tales-about-the-paris-agreement-its-time-for-facts
•
• Paris Agreement. (2019). CO2_emission_pie_chart [Image]. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement
•
• Perry, Mark J. (July 12, 2018). Chart of the day: In 2017, US had largest decline in CO2 emissions in the world
for 9th time this century [Article]. Retrieved from http://www.aei.org/publication/chart-of-the-day-in-2017-
us-had-largest-decline-in-co2-emissions-in-the-world-for-9th-time-this-century/
32. References• Capatides, C. (2017, January 24). Badlands National Park Twitter account goes rogue, starts tweeting scientific facts.
Retrieved from CBS News: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/badlands-national-park-twitter-goes-rogue-starts-tweeting-
facts-about-the-environment/
• Eliza Barclay, K. A. (2019, March 17). Photos: Kids in 12 Countries went on strike to protect the climate. Retrieved
from VOX: https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/3/15/18267156/youth-climate-strike-march-15-photos
• Gen Z and Millennials see bigger role for government. (2019, January 14). Retrieved from Pew Research Center:
https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/01/17/generation-z-looks-a-lot-like-millennials-on-key-social-and-political-
issues/psdt_1-17-19_generations-04/
• Global Carbon Budget. (2018). Retrieved from Global Carbon Project:
https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/18/infographics.htm
• Harvey, C. (2018, December 6). CO2 Emissions Reached an All-Time High in 2018. Retrieved from Scientific America:
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/co2-emissions-reached-an-all-time-high-in-2018/
• Hywel T.P. Williams, J. R. (2015). Network analysis reveals open forums and echo chambers in social media
discussions of climate change. Global Environmental Change, 126-138.
• Irfan, U. (2019, March 14). Playing hooky to save the climate: why students are striking on March 15. Retrieved from
VOX: https://www.vox.com/2019/2/21/18233206/march-15-climate-strike
• School Strike Against Climate Change. (2019, February 15). BBC London.
• Social Media use by age. (2017, January 11). Retrieved from Pew Research Center:
https://www.pewinternet.org/chart/social-media-use-by-age/
33. Works CitedSlide 11: Photo from: UC San Diego
The solution to climate change might be right under our feet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2019, from https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/technology/quest-capture-store-carbon-dioxide-
turning-point-n759861
Slide 12: Photos from: Google images
Piccirilli Dorsey, Inc. (n.d.). Addressing Climate Change with Energy Efficient Buildings: Best Practices from Switzerland. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from
https://www.eesi.org/briefings/view/addressing-climate-change-with-energy-efficient-buildings-best-practices-fr?/addressing-climate-change-energy-efficient-buildings-best-practices-
switzerland-07-oct-2009
Gray, A. (n.d.). 5 tech innovations that could save us from climate change. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/tech-innovations-save-us-from-
climate-change/
Worrell, E., Bernstein, L., Roy, J., Price, L., & Harnisch, J. (2008, November 30). Industrial energy efficiency and climate change mitigation. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12053-008-9032-8
(n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2019, from http://powerscorecard.org/issue_detail.cfm?issue_id=
Slide 13: Photos from: Google Images
Climate Change . Sirens and Solutions. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ases.org/climate-change-sirens-and-solutions
Climate Change. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2019, from http://www.windenergy.org.nz/wind-energy/climate-change
Climate Change Connection. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2019, from https://climatechangeconnection.org/solutions/alternative-heat-energy/biomass-energy/ J
Slide 14:(n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2019, from http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/clean-coal-technologies.aspx
34. Works Cited Cont.Slide 15: Photos From : Environmental Protection Agency
Princiotta, F., Director. (2013, September 10). Global Climate Change -the Mitigation Challenge. Lecture presented at AWMA Global Climate Conference in Environmental
Protection Agency headquarters, Washington D.C. From the Director of Air Pollution for the Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Office of Research and Development
(Power Point)
Slide 16: Photos From: Google Images
Aouf, R. S., & Aouf, R. S. (2018, November 12). Five geoengineering solutions proposed to fight climate change. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/18/five-geoengineering-solutions-climate-change-un-ipcc-technology/
Slide 17: Photos from
Aouf, R. S., & Aouf, R. S. (2018, November 12). Five geoengineering solutions proposed to fight climate change. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/18/five-geoengineering-solutions-climate-change-un-ipcc-technology/
Slide 18: photos From: Google Images
Aouf, R. S., & Aouf, R. S. (2018, November 12). Five geoengineering solutions proposed to fight climate change. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/18/five-geoengineering-solutions-climate-change-un-ipcc-technology/
Slide 19: photos From: Google Images
Aouf, R. S., & Aouf, R. S. (2018, November 12). Five geoengineering solutions proposed to fight climate change. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/18/five-geoengineering-solutions-climate-change-un-ipcc-technology/
Slide 20: Photos From: Google Images
Aouf, R. S., & Aouf, R. S. (2018, November 12). Five geoengineering solutions proposed to fight climate change. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/18/five-geoengineering-solutions-climate-change-un-ipcc-technology/
Notas do Editor
Slide 1:
Photo from: UC San Diego
Link :100 Million Tons: https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/technology/quest-capture-store-carbon-dioxide-turning-point-n759861
The solution to climate change might be right under our feet. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2019, from https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/technology/quest-capture-store-carbon-dioxide-turning-point-n759861
Slide 2: Photos courtesy of: Google images
Link : https://www.eesi.org/briefings/view/addressing-climate-change-with-energy-efficient-buildings-best-practices-fr?/addressing-climate-change-energy-efficient-buildings-best-practices-switzerland-07-oct-2009
Piccirilli Dorsey, Inc. (n.d.). Addressing Climate Change with Energy Efficient Buildings: Best Practices from Switzerland. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from https://www.eesi.org/briefings/view/addressing-climate-change-with-energy-efficient-buildings-best-practices-fr?/addressing-climate-change-energy-efficient-buildings-best-practices-switzerland-07-oct-2009
Buildings are responsible for at least 40 percent of our energy use and greenhouse gas emissions but also offer some of the fastest and least expensive solution by featuring high quality building envelopes and systematic air renewal, MINERGIE buildings consume at least 60 percent less energy than conventional buildings and ensure comfortable indoor environments. Only the final energy consumed is relevant for MINERGIE certification, and additional costs to meet the standard must not exceed 10 percent of construction costss for reducing their environmental impact..
Transportation: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/tech-innovations-save-us-from-climate-change/
Gray, A. (n.d.). 5 tech innovations that could save us from climate change. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/tech-innovations-save-us-from-climate-change/
Transport represents 23% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. But the demand for transport is only going to increase.
We have already found alternative ways of powering vehicles, such as with electricity, but in order to do it on a wide scale, we need much more efficient batteries and much more efficient battery-charging technology.
Researchers at the University of Surrey say they have made a scientific breakthrough in this regard. They say they have discovered new materials offering an alternative to battery power and proven to be between 1,000-10,000 times more powerful than the existing battery alternative, a supercapacitor. “The new technology is believed to have the potential for electric cars to travel to similar distances as petrol cars without the need to stop for lengthy recharging breaks of between 6 and 8 hours, and instead recharge fully in the time it takes to fill a regular car with petrol,” says the university.
Industry: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12053-008-9032-8
Industry contributes directly and indirectly (through consumed electricity) about 37% of the global greenhouse gas emissions, of which over 80% is from energy use. Total energy-related emissions, which were 9.9 GtCO2 in 2004, have grown by 65% since 1971. Even so, industry has almost continuously improved its energy efficiency over the past decades. In the near future, energy efficiency is potentially the most important and cost-effective means for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from industry.
Worrell, E., Bernstein, L., Roy, J., Price, L., & Harnisch, J. (2008, November 30). Industrial energy efficiency and climate change mitigation. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12053-008-9032-8
Electric Systems: http://powerscorecard.org/issue_detail.cfm?issue_id=1
Some methods of electricity production produce no or few CO2 emissions - solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and nuclear systems particularly. Power plants fueled by wood, agricultural crop wastes, livestock wastes, and methane collected from municipal landfills release CO2 emissions but may contribute little to global climate change since they also can prevent even greater releases of both CO2 and methane.
Biomass fuels that depend on forest resources must be evaluated carefully since the stock of forests world wide represent a storehouse for CO2. If forests are harvested for fuel to generate electricity, and are not replaced, global climate change could be accelerated. If electricity generators use forest or other plant stocks that are being regrown in a closed cycle of growth, combustion and regrowth, the CO2 emissions may be offset by plant and animal growth that withdraws CO2 from the atmosphere. Closed cycle systems such as this one are carbon "neutral." These neutral biomass systems represent progress since they displace the fossil fuel combustion that would otherwise increase the CO2 linked to rising temperatures.
(n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2019, from http://powerscorecard.org/issue_detail.cfm?issue_id=
Pictures copyright: Google Images
References:
https://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Climate-Science-Energy-Solutions-foundational-slideshow.pdf
Solar (PV and Thermal): https://www.ases.org/climate-change-sirens-and-solutions/
CLIMATE CHANGE: Sirens and Solutions. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ases.org/climate-change-sirens-and-solutions/
Photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation depends on solar irradiance, named surface-downwelling shortwave (that is, wavelength interval 0.2–4.0 μm) radiation (RSDS) by climate models, and other atmospheric variables affecting panel efficiency, namely surface air temperature (TAS) and surface wind velocity (VWS).
Wind (Onshore and Offshore):http://www.windenergy.org.nz/wind-energy/climate-change
Climate Change. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2019, from http://www.windenergy.org.nz/wind-energy/climate-change
One way we can reduce our greenhouse gas emissions – as well as our dependency on fossil fuels – is by increasing the proportion of electricity that is generated from wind and other renewable energy resources. Wind farms don’t emit greenhouse gases as they generate electricity, whereas coal and gas stations do.
Both coal and gas generation also create a lot of waste heat that cannot be easily used for generating electricity. Over 50% of the energy used to produce electricity from gas and coal is lost through the production process, which is not the case with wind energy.
Biomass: https://climatechangeconnection.org/solutions/alternative-heat-energy/biomass-energy/
Biomass can come from wood, agricultural crops, and other organic residues like straw, oat hulls and flax shives. It can also come from wood, woodchips, livestock waste, and switch grass. And algae.
Storage, CCS, Small Scale Nuclear: http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/clean-coal-technologies.aspx
Some 27% of primary energy needs are met by coal and 38% of electricity is generated from coal. About 70% of world steel production depends on coal feedstock. Coal is the world's most abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel source. However, each year burning coal produces over 14 billion tones of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released to the atmosphere, most of this being from power generation.
Development of new 'clean coal' technologies is attempting to address this problem so that the world's enormous resources of coal can be utilized for future generations without contributing to global warming. Much of the challenge is in commercializing the technology so that coal use would remain economically competitive despite the cost of achieving low, and eventually 'near-zero', emissions. The technologies are both costly and energy-intensive.
https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/Research-and-innovation/Research-and-development-highlights#algaeAndOtherAdvancedBiofuels
Hyper advancement of second and third generation Biofuels, (BF), offer the potential for significant green house gas reductions (GHG). Fuels with minimal to zero impacts on the environment. Algae has triple the yield of palm oil and forty times the yield of soybeans.
Algae BF is one lower emission fuels of tomorrow that actually cleans the air (Carbon Capture Process) as part of the production process potentially leading to a zero footprint. Algae is renewable fuel source that does not compete with supplies for food or fresh water.
Using waste from the agricultural industry such as biomass and the extraction of fermenting cellulosic sugars. This form of turning waste into energy is a proven form of reducing and re-using.
Here are some other benefits:
Year-round harvest Unlike other feedstock's, such as corn, which is harvested only once a year, algae can be harvested repeatedly throughout the year.
Food production
Algae can be cultivated on land unsuitable for other purposes with water that can’t be used for food production.
Water purifier
Algae can be grown in wastewater and industrial effluent, and can actually purify polluted water while simultaneously producing energy-rich Biofuels.
Engine ready
Algae-derived diesel can be pumped into existing diesel automobiles without making major changes to car engines and infrastructure.
Photo Courtesy of : https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=2ahUKEwj525qRhsvhAhVDSK0KHcynCfwQFjADegQIBRAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcfpub.epa.gov%2Fsi%2Fsi_public_file_download.cfm%3Fp_download_id%3D522257&usg=AOvVaw1-gPDBc1Ki0TFRvtp5OVqQ
There are two major components of emission reductions from the power sector: 10 Gt end use efficiency enhancement and the 14 Gt of reductions associated with penetration of the technologies illustrated in the graphic. Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CSS) for coal and natural gas, nuclear, wind and solar (concentrated and photovoltaic) are the key technologies
Photos From: Google Images
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/18/five-geoengineering-solutions-climate-change-un-ipcc-technology/
What is it? CDR refers to different techniques for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, reducing warming. The most established of these processes is bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which the IPCC has already incorporated into its modelling.
This involves burning biomass for energy, and capturing and storing the emissions underground. Alternative forms of CDR include direct air carbon dioxide capture and storage (DACCS). This was used in a commercial operation by ClimeWorks that opened last year. Soil carbon sequestration (SCS), afforestation and ocean fertilisation, where added nutrients cause CO2 to be trapped in the deep ocean, are also methods of CDR.
Is it feasible? BECCS works, though the IPCC has doubts about whether it could be upscaled in time. There is disagreement on the availability of land for biomass plantations, and the project is expensive and energy-intensive. Regardless, the IPCC considers some CDR a given in its modelling for safe pathways forward.
Is it safe? The chemical capture and storage of CO2 deep underground is seen as generally secure for thousands of years. Natural carbon sinks like soil and trees reverse earlier, so they need to be used with care.
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/18/five-geoengineering-solutions-climate-change-un-ipcc-technology/
Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI)
What is it? SAI is the main type of solar radiation management (SRM) considered in the IPCC report. This is where geoengineering gets more controversial. Whereas CDR addresses the cause of global warming, reducing greenhouse gases, SRM only masks it or offsets it. In the case of SAI, gases are pumped into the stratosphere to reflect some of the sun's heat, mimicking an effect that happens naturally in a strong volcanic eruption.
Is it feasible? The IPCC says there is high agreement that SAI could work to limit warming to below 1.5 degrees celsius, and the technology exists to carry out the task. But the scale of SAI makes its governance difficult — implementing it in one country can trigger rain and extreme weather across borders. Lack of public support might be the biggest hurdle.
Is it safe? There are concerns over unforeseen consequences with using geoengineering on this scale. Another key issue is what happens when the SAI is discontinued — the "termination shock" would cause a spike in temperatures, creating huge problems for future generations who did not consent to the practice.
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/18/five-geoengineering-solutions-climate-change-un-ipcc-technology/
Marine cloud brightening (MCB)
What is it? Like all forms of SRM, MCB involves reflecting sunlight away from the earth in some way. In this case, sea salt or other particles are sprayed into marine clouds to make them thicker and more reflective.
Is it feasible? Several simulations have confirmed the mechanism works, and the IPCC says MCB has potential to lower temperatures on a regional level.
Is it safe? There are similar concerns with unforeseen consequences as with SAI, but on a more localised scale.
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/18/five-geoengineering-solutions-climate-change-un-ipcc-technology/
Cirrus cloud thinning (CCT)
What is it? CCT is almost the opposite of marine cloud brightening. High-altitude Cirrus clouds are thin and wispy, so they don't reflect much solar radiation back into space, and instead trap long-wave radiation on earth. CCT proposes thinning them further through cloud seeding, letting more long-wave radiation escape.
Is it feasible? The problem with CCT is that the cloud seeding can have the exact opposite effect, thickening the Cirrus formations. It's among the least understood of geo engineering proposals at this stage so can't be considered feasible.
Is it safe? It's uncertain.
https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/18/five-geoengineering-solutions-climate-change-un-ipcc-technology/
Ground-based albedo modification (GBAM)
What is it? The word albedo refers to how much solar radiation a planet reflects from its surface. Modifying earth's albedo from the ground could come from small architectural measures, like whitening roofs and land-use management. It could also take on a much larger scale; ideas mentioned in the IPCC report include covering glaciers or deserts with reflective sheeting.
Is it feasible? The IPCC concludes that GBAM has real potential to lower temperatures — but on a regional rather than global level. It is based on natural analogues that have been observed to work, and simulations have so far confirmed the mechanism.
Is it safe? No major safety concerns are noted.
The future of climate change rest on the shoulders of our younger generations and the impact that social media has on us all.
As conducted by students at the University of Exeter, they have established the distribution of attitudes across interaction networks of Twitter users communicating about climate change. Twitter is among the top medias used for discussions. (Hywel T.P. Williams, 2015)
Badlands National Park used Twitter to get a message directed at Trumps Administration across, which resulted in them stating “He’s going to meet with his team and figure out what policies are best for the environment.” (Capatides, 2017)
In 2015 it was established through the multiple government agencies that the emissions would decrease in the coming years. However, in the U.S. alone emissions were projected to grow by about 2.5 percent in 2018. This confirms that the climate action pledged by nations is “inadequate to bridge the emissions gap”. (Harvey, 2018)
The range in users of social medias varies, however it is shown that the younger generations tend to use more. With just this knowledge, reaching the younger generations, such as Generation Z, will effect the impact that social media continues to grow with.
This year students across the world have protested climate change demanding action be taken. The government focused on the issue of the students missing school rather than the bigger message they were trying to convey.
“Soon these schoolchildren will be old enough to vote, and public officials will have to answer to a highly-motivated bloc for what they did or didn’t do to address a foundational problem for the next generation.” (Irfan, 2019)
Teaching students the importance of their voice, when it comes time for them to be at the age of voting they will take control over the results. What is to stop them from accomplishing more?
The age of relying on the government to accomplish the planets need is over, everyone starting with children are taking a stand to protect the Earth. The conversations through social media’s, schools and the impact those students will have in the future is endless.
