HSC PDHPE Review

1. 12PDHPE
Year in review

2. Core 1
Health of Australians

3. Epidemiology
Tells us: major illnesses and causes of death,
identify areas of need, determine priority areas,
monitor use of health service
Does not tell us: explain why inequities exist,
sociocultural impact on health, provide a holistic
approach, does not focus on all components of
health

4. Health Care Responsibility

5. Medicare
Provides access to free treatment as a public
patient in public hospital
Subsidised treatment by medical practitioners
e.g. GP’s
Increases equity and access to services for
people of low SES
Broad range of high quality health care provided
including emergency health care
Availability of bulk billing
BENEFITS

6. Private Health Insurance
Choice of hospital services
Health cover while overseas
Private rooms in hospital where available
Subsidised ancillary cover e.g. physiotherapy,
chiropractic care
Shorter waiting lists for surgery
Decreased demand on public facilities
Peace of mind BENEFITS

7. Priority Areas
Are selected according to:
• principles of social justice
• priority population groups
• prevalence of condition
• potential for prevention and early intervention
• costs to individuals and the community
SPP PIC

8. Health Priority Areas
Cardiovascular disease
Cancer (Lung, Skin, Breast)
 Injury
Mental health
Diabetes mellitus
 Respiratory Disease: Asthma

10. Health Promotion
Cardiovascular disease: Swap it, don’t stop it
Cancer (Lung, Skin, Breast): Daffodil Day
 Injury (Motor Vehicle) Don’t Rush campaign
Mental health R U OK? Day September 11th
Diabetes mellitus: National Diabetes Week: July
10-16
 Respiratory Disease: Asthma: World Asthma
Day May 1
WHY? Raise awareness. Teach skills. Encourage medical check
ups. Individuals make better decisions

11. Need to know
Why they have been selected?
Risk factors
Protective factors Balanced diet
Regular exercise
No smoking
Limit drinking
Regular check ups

12. Health Priority Populations
Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islanders
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged
 Rural & Remote
Overseas Born People
Elderly
 People with disabilties

13. INEQUITIES
THEY
EXPERIENCE
Need to be able
sociocultural determinants of health, including
family, peers, media, religion and culture
socioeconomic determinants of health, including
employment, education and income
environmental determinants of health, including
geographical location, and access to health
services and technology.
Major issues – illness & diseases
Health promotion

14. Ottawa Charter
Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments for health
Strengthen community action for health
Develop personal skills, and
Reorient health services.
Jarkarta
Declaration?
Used as a checklist for health promotion to
evaluate and monitor
Be able to relate to ANY HP

15. Growing & Ageing
Population
Growing = migration
Ageing = less children, living longer
Need to evaluate and adapt service to meet
needs
RETRAIN, INCREASE INFRASTRUCTURE,
VOLUNTEERS
EXAMPLES??

16. Core 2
Factors Affecting Performance

17. Energy Systems
ATP-PC
LACTIC ACID SYSTEM
AEROBIC WITH
OXYGEN
• Duration
• Fuel Source
• Cause of Fatigue
• By-Product
• Recovery
• Example of activity

18. NRG Extras
Pyruvic Acid: Glycolysis breakdowns
carbohydrates into pyruvic acid and results in a
the production of two ATP molecules.
Krebs Cycle: 2nd phase of aerobic metabolism.
That further breakdown pyruvic acid into acetyl
Cozyme A – a cataylst which produce 2 ATP
molecules and by products C02 (exhaled by
lungs) and Hydrogen which…
Eletctron Transport System a series of chemical
reactions that combines H molecules &
produced sufficient energy to power resynthesis
of ATP.

19. Types of training
4 types of training (and training methods)
• Aerobic (continuous, fartlek, aerobic interval,
circuit)
• Anaerobic (anaerobic interval)
• Flexibility (static, ballistic, PNF, Dynamic)
• Strength (isometric, isotonic, isokinetic)

20. Progressive Overload
The principle of progressive
overload implies that a
training effect is produced
when the system or tissue
is worked at a greater level
Principles of Training
that it is normally
accustomed to working
Principles
of Training
Reversibility
Principal of
training
states that
the effects of
training are
reversible
Warm up & Cool down
Warming up and cooling down
are important components of all
training and performance
sessions. The warm up aims to
prepare the body in readiness
for the activity
Variety
The principle of variety
states that athletes
need to be challenged
by not only the activity
but also by the
implementation of the
activities
Training Threshold
The principle of training
thresholds relates to
levels of exercise
intensity that are
sufficient to produce a
training effect.
Specificity
The principle of specificity
implies that the greatest gains
are made when activity in the
training program replicates the
movements in the game or
activity.

21. Physiological
Adaptations/Response to
Training
 Heart Rate
 Resting Heart Rate
 Stroke Volume
 Cardiac Output
 Oxygen Uptake
 Lung Capacity
 Haemoglobin Levels
 Muscle Hypertrophy
 Fast vs Slow Twitch Fibres

22. What you need to be able
to do…
Relate
Types of
Training
Principles of
Training
Physiological
Adaptations
GIVE EXAMPLES OF ACTUAL
ACTIVITIES

23. Motivation
Positive vs Negative
Internal vs External
Know examples, definitions

24. Anxiety & Arousal
Trait Anxiety is a person’s general level of anxiety linked
to daily living.
State Anxiety is situational, it relates to how a
person responds to a certain situation.
Arousal is a specific level of anxiety and can be
experienced prior to and during performance.

26. Inverted U
A Under-aroused
Performance may suffer from factors such as lack of
motivation, disinterest, poor concentration and inability to
cope with distractions.
B Optimal arousal
Balance between level of motivation and ability to control
muscular tension, which could be increasing as a result of
the desire to perform well.
C Over-arousal
Feelings characterised by anxiousness and apprehension,
resulting in excessive concern about performance.
Increased muscle tension, possible mental confusion as
individual tries to process messages during skill execution,
resulting in poor performance.
‘Easier’ activities or activities using more muscle groups require a higher
arousal level that needs to be sustained for length of activity

27. Factors that impact arousal
Factors that impact arousal:
• Self-expectation: how the individual expects to perform
• Expectation by others: how a person perceives others,
such as their coach or parents, expects them to perform
• Experience: which determines how the individual handles
the increased pressure at higher levels of competition
• Financial pressures: such as whether the individual's
livelihood depends on their performance
• Level of competition: whether the individual is playing a
round or a final
• Degree of difficulty: with higher levels of arousal generally
being associated with more difficult tasks
• Skills finesse: fine motor skills (for example, shooting and
balancing) generating higher levels of arousal than
produced by gross motor skills (for example, running).

28. Managing Anxiety
Techniques
 Relaxation
 Concentration
 Visualisation
 Self-Talk
Know examples & how they work

29. Nutrition
PRE
•Balanced diet
•Hydration
•Carb loading
•Tapering
DURING
•Hydrate
•Light meals
•Carbs – glycogen
•Avoid salt/high fat
POST
• Proactive
recovery
• Refuel
• Rehydrate
• Active rest
KNOW AMOUNTS & EXAMPLES OF FOODS

30. Supplements
Sufficient amount from a balanced and varied
diet but can IMPROVE PERFORMANCE
Vitamins/Minerals eg. Iron/Calcium – maximises
haemoglobin (energy)/ strengthen bones
Protein – assists recovery/ builds muscle
Creatine – maximises energy for power
movements, improves resynthesises of ATP
Caffeine – increase concentration, metabolises
fat. Improves aerobic & anaerobic function

31. Recovery
 The ability to recover after competition and training is
essential in ensuring that optimal performances can be
maintained.
 Physiological strategies: remove by-products eg. cool-down,
refuel
 Neural Strategies replenish nervous system eg.
hydrotherapy, massage
 Tissue Damage Strategies aim to minmise tissue damage
& promote healing eg. Crynotherapy (ice bath), hot/cold
immersion
 Psychological Strategies disengage the athlete from
performance to reduce anxiety eg. relaxation, meditation

32. Skill Acquisition
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
KNOW CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH & TYPES OF
PRACTICE

33. Nature of Skill
Open vs Closed skills
Gross vs Fine
Discrete, serial, continuous
Self paced vs externally paced
Be able to classify specific sport skills

34. Practice Methods
Massed practice is preferable for:
• highly skilled performers
• highly motivated performers.
FOR TRAINING
SESSIONS
Distributed practice is preferable for:
• the novice
• in situations where energy demands are high
• when the task is difficult or boring.

35. Practice Methods
Whole method
• practising a skill in its entirety
eg. softball serve
FOR TEACHING
SKILLS
Part methodis preferable for:
• breaking the skill in to sub-skills and
teaching parts individually before bringing
it togethers eg. volleyball serve

36. FEEDBACK
Feedback provides information about the
performance that allows the learner to adjust and
improve or continue efficient performance.
PURPOSE
reinforcing the correct or desired response
motivating the performer to improve or maintain
the performance
correcting the action as a result of information
received about the errors.

37. TYPES OF FEEDBACK
Internal (come from individual) vs External
(comes from external source)
Concurrent (during performance) vs Delayed
(after performance)
Knowledge of Results (numbers) vs Knowledge of
Performance (looks)
KNOW EXAMPLES, WHEN TO USE – MOST EFFECTIVE,
TYPES OF LEARNERS

38. Characteristics of skilled
performer
Kinesthetic Sense
Anticipation
Consistency
Technique
Mental Approach/Confidence
TACCK

39. Objective vs Subjective
Performance methods
Objective performance measures are those that
involve an impartial measurement, that is,
without bias or prejudice. Eg. stopwatch, criteria
Subjective performance measures are influenced
by the observer's personal judgment of how the
skill was performed eg. judges
High jump measurements are highly objective
whereas appraising sports like karate require
interpretation of special rules thus subjective
Recognise tests/results/evaluations as either
subjective or objective

40. You can make them more
objective
measurement systems - electronic timers or
touchpads
checklists - that list elements required in the
performance e.g. style and technical
components
rating scales - a degree-of-difficulty sheet that
provides a marking scale for movements
established criteria - a set of rules, procedures or
guidelines of how to assess the performance.

41. TESTS MUST BE…
VALID AND RELIABLE
Validity refers to a test's ability to measure what it is
meant to. The validity of a test can be reinforced
by comparing the results with expected values or
standards tables.
Reliability refers to the ability of a test to reproduce
similar results when conducted in similar situations
and conditions. Reliability in testing can be
improved by the use of similar procedures,
conditions and equipment as originally prescribed
KNOW TYPES OF TESTS & BE ABLE TO JUSTIFY

42. Personal vs Prescribed
Criteria
A personal judging criterion involves the judge
using their ideas, feelings, opinions, expectations
and experiences to make an assessment of a
performance. The assessment is not based on data,
but rather the judges' view and is frequently used
such as when coaches select teams. This method of
assessment is often totally subjective and is open to
discrepancy and criticism.
Prescribed judging criteria uses a set of guidelines
or checklist established by a governing body of that
sport. The more rigorous the criteria, and the more
competent the judges in applying the criteria, the
more objective is the appraisal

43. Option 4
Improving Performance

44. Training to improve
performance
Aerobic: uses aerobic system/endurance
Anaerobic: uses anaerobic system/power
Strength: increase muscle hypertrophy
Flexibility: increase range of movement
Be able to compare TWO
Benefits
How to apply

45. How to prescribe training?
AEROBIC
FITT principle
85% of Max HR
Max HR = 220-age
STRENGTH
Reason for training: develop
strength, tone or rehab
Heavy weight = less reps
Lighter weight = more reps
APPLY PRINCIPLES OF
TRAINING
& SAFETY MEASURES

46. Training adaptation
Formal testing can be used to determine actual
improvements. The multistage fitness test can be used to
assess aerobic fitness. Also the coach will monitor the
athlete in training sessions and compare with previous
results.
The use of cards or charts to record each of the variables
involved. It can be effective to use a heart rate monitor as
the rest periods would allow the work intensity to be
recorded.
KNOW SKILL RELATED TESTS
HEALTH RELATED TESTS
HOW THEY WORK/DESCRIBE

48. Training Year
Phases of competition (pre-season, season and off season
phases
Sub phases (macro and micro cycles)
Peaking
Tapering
Sport-specific sub phases (fitness, components, skill
requirements)
• HOW TO
APPLY
• BENEFITS
• WHY DO IT

49. ELEMENTS WHEN DESIGNING
A TRAINING
SESSION/PROGRAM
Health & Safety Conditions: ensure safety of athlete
Overview of session: Understanding the breakdown/
expectations
Warm up/cool down: Prevent injury
Skill instruction/practice: focus on
specifics/game/strategy
Conditioning: fitness
Evaluation: feedback/ areas to work on
GIVE
EXAMPLES

50. Overtraining
Session too long, too frequent
Too strenuous
Excess competition
Inadequate recovery HOW TO COMBAT
THIS?

51. Physiological Symptoms of Overtraining:
elevated resting pulse/heart rate
frequent minor infections and increased susceptibility to colds and flu's
increases in minor injuries
chronic muscle soreness or joint pain
exhaustion
lethargy
weight loss and appetite loss
insatiable thirst or dehydration
intolerance to exercise
decreased performance
delayed recovery from exercise.
HOW TO COMBAT
THIS?

52. Ethical Issues: Drugs

53. Benefits Limitations
Drug-testing procedures are highly sophisticated and
reliable
People who manufacture and use banned
substances or practices are often able to stay ahead
of testing procedures by authorities
Drug testing involves the testing of urine of athletes.
This can be done:
• randomly
• in bulk (large number of athletes at once)
• according to their finishing positions
Athletes may suggest a test is unfair because the
athletes themselves are responsible for knowing
what is banned, despite the fact
that additions are made almost daily to the list of
banned substances.
The drug tests are designed to detect and deter
abuse of performance enhancing drugs by
competitors.
For many people, being observed while giving a urine
sample is not a comfortable situation. The testing
procedure can be further
complicated if the athlete involved has been taking
part in an endurance sport and is dehydrated and
therefore unable to comply.
Benefits the athletes by promoting good health
above the desire to win at all costs
Drug manufacturers are constantly researching new
and improved drugs that are less detectable
Drug testing is no longer restricted to being done at
competitions but is now carried out year round, with
random tests occurring any time, any place
Other drugs occur as natural substances in the body
and so tests for them may lack validity
Recent developments in terms of blood testing and
the requirement that manufacturers place certain
markers in drugs may prove to
be of benefit to sporting authorities. Testing

54. Ethical Issues: Drugs
Know types of drugs and
purpose
Be able to criticise
Give solutions

55. Ethical Issues: Technology
USES
Training innovation – can assist in performance at
training, and also competition. Tackle suits in football
training: decreased impact in tackles at training. Sprinting
sleds: resistance behind the athlete, which helps to
increase stride length (key component of sprinting).
Video analysis of performance – applied in a range of
coaching, viewing, and performance appraisal situations.
Video allows analysis of player movements, strategies, and
techniques, which can be used to: improve performance,
improve visualization, establish biomechanical efficiency,
and analyses strategy.
Data gathering and analysis – increased professionalism
has made this important to both performance and
improvement. Biomechanical analysis

56. Ethical Issues: Technology
Cost – unfair playing field, access
Diminishes competition – is it the
technology or the individual
Constantly developing – hard to
keep up
Training for coaches to keep up-to-
date, understand

57. Option 3
Sports Medicine

58. Classify & Manage
Soft Tissue Injuries
Tears, Sprains, Contusion,
Skin Abrasion, Lacerations, Blisters
Inflammatory Response
RICER: immediate treatment
Assessment of Injuries
TOTAPS
For both hard or soft tissue
injury, the decided on action
 Direct vs Indirect
 Soft vs Hard
Overuse
Hard Tissue Injuries
Fractures
Dislocation
Immobilisation & DRABCD

59. Responses
RICER
Reduce swelling, prevent
further damage & ease pain
aka RICED
DRABCD
Immobilise area!!
 first then follow DRABCD
Inflammatory response
Your body’s initial
mechanism of tissue repair
Blood & fluid flood to the
injured site, causing pain &
inflammation but starts repair
process
Managed by RICER

60. Specific Athletes
Children & Young
Athletes
ASTHMA..diabetes,
epilepsy
Overuse injury
Thermoregulation
Resistance training
(strength training)
Know how to
•Recognise signs &
symptoms
•Management strategies
Aged Athletes
Heart Conditions
Fractures/Bone
density
Flexibility/Joint
Mobility
Female Athletes
Eating disorders
Iron deficiency
Bone density
Pregnancy
IF YOU GO BLANK – SEEK MEDICAL CLEARANCE & MONITOR ATHLETE

61. Enhancing wellbeing of athlete
Environmental Considerations
Temperature regulation (biological response &
support methods)
Climatic considerations
Guidelines for fluid intake
Acclimatisation
Taping and Bandaging
Preventative taping
Taping for isolation of injury
Immediate treatment
Physical Preparation
Prescreening
Skill & Technique
Physical fitness
Warm up, stretching & cool down
Sports Policy & Environment
Rules
Modified rules
Matching opponents
Protective equipment
Safe grounds, facilities & equipment
Know how to
apply/justify &
examples

62. Tape it
Preventative taping
Reduce severity
Overuse injury
Thermoregulation
Resistance training
(strength training)
Example:
Most common - knee
Isolation
Post Injury
Limit movement
Prevent further
damage
Restrict swelling
Ease pain
Example: Most
common – Thumb &
wrist
Treatment
Reduce swelling
Support a
joint/muscle
Restrict movement
Example:
Most common -
ankle

63. Injury Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation Procedures
 Progressive mobilisation
 Graduated exercise
 Training
 Use of heat and cold
Be able to justify use
& apply.
Return to play
 Indicators (pain free,
mobility)
Monitoring (pre & post test)
 Psychological readiness
 Specific warm up
 Ethical considerations

64. Ethical considerations
Pressure to participate
 Athlete as a commodity
 Financial pressure
 Team/Coach pressure
 Take a huge risk to return
before ready
Use of painkillers
Only mask pain
 Cause further damage
 Use of drugs in sport