Psychology Memory and Learning Power Point

Psychology
Unit: Memory and Learning
By Timothy D. Bradley, Jr.

Memory
• EQ 1: How do humans encode, store, and retrieve
information from memory?
• EQ 2: How can humans enhance memory?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Sensory memory
Semantic memory
Episodic Memory
Procedural Memory
Recall
Recognition
Vocabulary

Memory
Definition:
The persistence of
learning over time
through the storage and
retrieval of information.

Take out a piece of paper…..
•Name the seven
dwarves…..
Now name them…..

Was it easy or hard?
• It depends on several
things….
• If you like Disney
movies?
• When was the last
time you have seen
the movie?
• Are you having
difficulty
concentrating?

Explicit Memories
• the conscious, intentional recollection of previous
experiences and information.
• People use explicit memory throughout the day,
such as remembering the time of an appointment
or recollecting an event from years ago.
• Episodic Memories
– Specific Life Events
• Semantic Memories
– Facts, Words, Concepts

Implicit Memories
• a type of memory in which previous experiences aid
in the performance of a task without conscious
awareness of these previous experiences
• Procedural Memories
• Conditioned Memories

The Memory Process
Three step process….
1. Encoding: The
processing of
information into the
memory system.
2. Storage: The
retention of encoded
material over time.
3. Retrieval: The
process of getting the
information out of
memory storage.

Encoding
• Encoding is translating sensory information into a
form in which it can be stored.
• Visual coding enables information to be stored as
pictures.
• Acoustic coding enables information to be stored
• as sounds.
• Semantic coding enables information to be stored as
meanings.

Storage
• Storage is the maintenance of encoded information
over time.
• Storage is achieved through two types of rehearsal:
– Maintenance rehearsal uses repetition to aid storage.
– Elaborative rehearsal aids storage by ﬁtting new information
into an organizational system (giving meaning).
– Elaborative rehearsal is generally more secure than
maintenance rehearsal.

Retrieval
• Retrieval is locating stored information and returning
it to conscious thought.
• context-dependent: retrieved more readily when the
person is in a similar situation or environment as
when the information was learned.
• state-dependent: retrieved more readily when the
person is in a similar emotional state as when the
information was learned.
– Mood Congruence Effect

Recall Versus Recognition
Recall
• you must retrieve the
information from your
memory
• fill-in-the blank or essay
tests
Recognition
• you must identify the
target from possible
targets
• multiple-choice tests

Memory Activity
1 2 3 4 5
Nine Swap Cell Ring Lust
Plugs Lamp Apple Table Sway
Army Bank Fire Hold Worm
Clock Horse Color Baby Sword
Desk Hold Find Bird Rock

Assignment: Read for Understanding
• Read page 197 “The Primacy and Recency Effect”
• Complete the Graphic Organizer under Serial Position
Effect.

Recalling Information
• Serial Positioning
Effect
• Primacy Effect
• Recency Effect

Learning Objectives
• EQ 1: How do humans encode, store, and retrieve information from
memory?
• EQ 2: How can humans enhance memory?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Sensory memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
Iconic Memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal
Forgetting
Vocabulary

Sensory Memory
• A split second
holding tank for
ALL sensory
information
• Iconic Memory
• Echoic Memory

Short Term Memory
• The stuff we
encode from the
sensory goes to
STM.
• Events are encoded
visually, acoustically
or semantically.
• Holds about 7 +/- 2
items for about 20
seconds.
• We recall digits
better than letters.
Short Term Memory Activity

Interference Theory
• Retroactive Interference: new information blocks
out old information.
Examples???
• Proactive Interference: old information blocks out
new information.
Examples???

Ways to remember things in
STM…so they go to LTM
• Chunking: Organizing items into familiar,
manageable units.
• Mnemonic devices
• Storage is achieved through two types of rehearsal
• Maintenance rehearsal uses repetition to aid storage.
• Elaborative rehearsal aids storage by ﬁtting new
information into an organizational system (giving meaning).
• Elaborative rehearsal is generally more secure than
maintenance rehearsal.
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless
No Plums."

Long Term Memory
• Unlimited
storehouse of
information.
• Explicit
(declarative)
memories
• Implicit (non-
declarative)
memories

Take out a piece of paper and name
all the Presidents…

Spacing Effect
• DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

Storing Memories
Long Term-Potentiation
• long-lasting enhancement
in signal transmission
between two neurons that
results from stimulating
them synchronously.
• In other words…they learn
to fire together and get
better at it…creating a
memory.

Constructive Memory
• Memories are not always what they seem.
• Elizabeth Loftus
• A constructed memory is a created memory.
• Misinformation effect

Classical Conditioning
• EQ: How is behavior affected by classical and
operant conditioning?
• Learning
• Unconditioned
• Conditioned
• Stimulus
• Response
• Generalization
• Extinction
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Higher-Order
Conditioning
• Taste Aversion
Vocabulary

Learning The modification through experience of
preexisting behavior and understanding
Habituation The process of adapting to stimuli that do
not change.
Dishabituation The reappearance of your original
response when a stimulus changes
Sensitization Increase in responsiveness to a stimuli

Define the Terms
Unconditioned Stimuli
Unconditioned Response
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli
Conditioned Response

Pavlov’s Experiment
(Identify the Parts)
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli

Watson’s Experiment (Identify the Parts)
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli

Generalization and Discrimination
• Stimulus Generalization: A phenomenon in which a conditioned
response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to
the conditioned stimulus
• Stimulus Discrimination: A process through which individuals learn
to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to
each one

In pairs,completeCTA-Stepsin ClassicalCond.
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli

Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

Garcia and Koelling Study
NS UCS Learned (CR)
Food, Light, & Clicker Shock Avoid Light (CS) and
Clicker (CS)
Food, Light, & Clicker Radiation (nausea) Avoid Food (CS)
• Biological preparedness: tendency of animals to learn
certain associations, such as taste and nausea with only a few
pairings due to the survival value of the learning
• Disproved Pavlov’s ideas concerning one trial learning &
equipotentiality.

Learned Taste Aversions
• When it comes to food
being paired with
sickness, the
conditioning is
incredible strong.
• Even when food and
sickness are hours apart.
• Food must be salient
(noticeable.)
Are there any foods that you cannot eat or could
not eat at one time due to food poisoning or
some other sickness that you had at the time?

Operant Conditioning
• EQ: How is behavior affected by classical and
operant conditioning?
• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Discrimination
• Shaping
• Chaining
• Fixed Ratio
• Variable Ratio
• Fixed Interval
• Variable Interval
Vocabulary

Edward Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
Law of Effect: If an action is followed by a pleasurable
consequence , it will be repeated, and if followed by an
unpleasant consequence, it will not be repeated.
Instrumental Conditioning: Responses are strengthened when
they are instrumental in producing a reward

B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning: The focus is on the effect of
consequences on voluntary (operant) behavior.

Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer
(Token Economy)

Partial Reinforcement Schedule
FIXED VARIABLE
RATIO
(# of Occurrences)
INTERVAL
(Passage of Time)

Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Shaping and Chaining
• Shaping: the
reinforcement of
successive
approximation (steps) to
teach a specific behavior
• Chaining: Linking two
learned behaviors
together in a specific
order.

Cognitive Factors in Learning
• EQ: How is behavior affected by cognitive
learning?
• EQ: What impact does the cognitive process have
on learning?
• Latent learning
• Cognitive Map
• (Mental Map)
• Insight
• Learned Helplessness
• Observational Learning
• Albert Bandura
• Edward Tolman
• Wolfgang Kohler
• Martin Seligman
Vocabulary

Activator
Other that through classical and operant
conditioning, how else does one learn?

Cognitive Maps and Latent
Learning
• Edward Tolman’s Maze Study
• Latent Learning: learning that remains hidden until its
application becomes useful
• Challenged Skinner’s Theory (How?)
• Cognitive/Mental Maps: Mental representations people
rely on to understand complex patters.
• Examples???

Kohler’s Insight Learning
• How were the
chimpanzees able to
demonstrate insight?
• Insight: a sudden
“coming together” of all
elements of a problem
in a kin of “aha”
moment
• Example of insight
learning

CognitiveDifferences:Humans and Chimpanzees
According to the video, how does the learning behavior
differ between human children and chimpanzees?

Learned Helplessness
• Martin Seligman’s (founder of positive psychology)
• Dog Study: Original intent was to study escape or
avoidance learning
• Related it to Depression
Definition: Failure to continue
exerting effort for an outcome
because all previous attempts
have failed

Albert Bandura and
Observational Learning
Observational Learning: learning new behavior by
watching a model perform that behavior
Modeled: imitated the behavior that was observed

Study for the
Learning and Memory Exam

Lesson Activator
Any questions prior to the Learning and
Memory Exam?

Psychology Memory and Learning Power Point

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