kills and Ethics of Writing and Publishing Scientific researches

1. Skills and Ethics of
Writing and Publishing
Scientific Research
Dr. Mohamed Torky,
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Computer and Information Systems
mtorky86@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3229-9794

2. • Part (1) Writing a Scientific
research
• Part (2) Writing Ethics
• Part (3) Authorship
• Part (4) Recomendations
Agenda

3. Part (1) Writing a Scientific
Research

4. • A scientific paper is a written and published
report describing original research results.
• An accepted original scientific publication
containing scientific information
• A scientific experiment is not complete until
the results have been published and
understood
• A scientific paper is a paper organized to
meet the needs of valid publication.
Scientific paper
The well-written scientific paper should report its original data in an
organized fashion and in appropriate language....

5. (3) printing
/publishing
procedures
(2) scientific
ethics
(1)
editorial
practice
A scientific paper is a written
report describing original research
results whose format has been
defined by centuries of developing
tradition, editorial practice,
scientific ethics and the interplay
with printing and digital publishing
services.
Scientific paper format
The result of this process is that virtually every scientific paper has a title, abstract, introduction,
materials and methods, results and discussion – the so-called IMRD structure.

6. Most scientific papers are prepared according
to a format called IMRAD. The term
represents the first letters of the words
Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results,
And, Discussion.
Organization of a Research Paper:
The IMRAD Format
An important point to keep
in mind is that there is no
standard or uniform style
that is followed by all
journals. Each journal has
its own style; but they all
have their own Instructions
to Authors . Once you
select a journal to which
you wish to submit your
manuscript
please
FOLLOWTHE JOURNAL’S INSTRUCTIONSTO AUTHORS

7. I = Introduction,
what problem was studied
M = Methods,
how was the problem studied
R = Results,
what are the findings
A = and
D = Discussion,
what do these findings mean
Organization of a Research Paper:
The IMRAD Format
The most common is the IMRAD: If a
number of methods were used to
achieve directly related results:
M + R = Experimental
section
The results are so complex that they
need to be immediately discussed:
R + D = Results and
Discussion section
It indicates a pattern or format rather than a complete list of headings or components of research
papers; the missing parts of a paper are: Title, Authors, Keywords, Abstract, Conclusions, and
References. Additionally, some papers include Acknowledgments and Appendices.

8. Diagrammatic representation of the IMRAD structure

9. How to Prepare the Title
• Make a list of the most important
keywords
• Think of a title that contains these words
• The title could state the conclusion of the
paper
• The title NEVER contains abbreviations,
chemical formulas, proprietary names or
jargon
• Think, rethink of the title before
submitting the paper
• Be very careful of the grammatical errors
due to faulty word order
• Avoid the use of the word “using”

10. How to Prepare the Introduction
• Establishing the importance of the
topic for the world or society
• Establishing the importance of the
topic for the discipline
• Establishing the importance of the
topic (time frame given)
• Establishing the importance of the
topic as a problem to be addressed
• Referring to previous work to
establish what is already known
• Identifying a knowledge gap in the
field of study and in the previous
studies
• Stating the purpose of the current
research and highlight on the
research method
• Explaining the significance of the
current study
• Describing the limitations of the
current stud
• Giving reasons for personal interest
in the research
• Outlining the structure of the paper
or dissertation
• Referring to previous work to
establish what is already known
• Explaining key terms used in the
current work

11. How to Prepare the Methods
• Describing previously used research
methods
• Giving reasons why a method was
adopted or rejected
• Indicating the use of an established
method
• Describing the characteristics of the
sample
• Indicating criteria for selection or
inclusion
• Describing the process: infinitive of
purpose
• Describing the process: expressing
purpose with 'for'
• Describing the process: verbs used
in the passive
• Describing the process: 'using' +
instruments
• Describing the process: statistical
procedures – close
• Indicating methodological problems
or limitations

12. How to Prepare the Results
• Referring back to the research aims
or procedures
• Referring to data in a table or chart
• Highlighting significant data in a
table or chart
• Stating a positive result
• Stating a negative result
• Reporting positive and negative
reactions
• Highlighting interesting or
surprising results
• Reporting rates of result and Themes
• Transition: moving to the next result
• Summarising the results section

13. How to Prepare the Discussion
• Providing background information:
reference to the literature
• Providing background information:
reference to the question
• Restating the result or one of several
results
• Indicating an unexpected outcome
• Comparing the result: supporting
previous findings
• Offering an explanation for the
findings
• Advising cautious interpretation of
the findings – close
• Suggesting general hypotheses -
close
• Noting implications of the findings –
close
• Commenting on the findings – close
• Giving suggestions for future work

14. How to Prepare the Conclusion
• Restating the aims of the study
• Summarising main research findings
• Suggesting implications for the field
of knowledge
• Explaining the significance of the
findings or contribution of the study
• Recognising the limitations of the
current study
• Making recommendations for further
research work

15. How to Prepare the Abstract
• Identify your problem domain
and the purpose of this study
• Explain the problem at hand.
• Explain your methods
• Describe your results
(informative abstract only)
• Give your conclusion.
• Abstract should be written as
one paragraph (no more than
120 words)
• Abstract shouldn’t contain
citations , figures, or tables

16. Part (2) Ethics of Scientific
Research

17. Not republishing the same findings
(except under special circumstances,
with the original source cited)
Not submitting the same manuscript to
two or more journals at once
Not dividing one research project into
many little papers (“salami science”)
Originality

18. the use of honest and verifiable
methods in proposing,
performing, and evaluating
research
reporting research results with
particular attention to adherence
to rules, regulations, guidelines,
Research integrity
Includes:

19. What can happen when research
lacks integrity?
Debarment from receipt of
agency funding
Supervision & certification of
future research
Stop research
Termination
Cancel the degree
Formal reprimand and
apology
Ethical training
Withholding pay ‫حجب‬
High Crimes
Research Misconduct
• Plagiarism
• Fabrication of data
• Falsification of data

20. Plagiarism is the act of
stealing someone else's work
and attempting to "pass it off"
as your own. This can apply to
anything, from term papers to
photographs to songs, even
ideas!
Plagiarism
http://www.ulm.edu/~lowe

21. Plagiarism of Self
1. Plagiarism of copying
2. Patchwork Plagiarism
3. Paraphrasing
4. Unintentional
• Plagiarism of Self
• Plagiarism of Authorship
• Plagiarism of Ideas
• Plagiarism of Words
• Plagiarism of Structure
Types of
Plagiarism:
• The use of previous work for
a separate assignment
• Although these were you
original words and thoughts,
receiving credit for a previous
assignment is considered
cheating

22. • Take careful notes
• Always credit the work of others
• Be sure to cite sources
• Include all cited sources in the
reference list and vice versa
• If exact text is used, use
quotation marks “ ...”
• Keep track of all bibliographic
information and the date you
retrieved the information if
from the Web.
Avoiding Plagiarism

23. Part (3) Paper Submission,
Publication, and Peer-
Review

24. • After writing the academic paper, the researchers submit it to
a journal.
• Typically you start with the most regarded journal and then
work yourself down the list, until a journal accepts the article.
• Scientific journals use peer review process, which is a panel of
other researchers (most likely in the same field) who review the
work, to ensure that the quality of the paper Publication bias is
a well known phenomenon, as the peer review process often
rejects "null results".
• A journal rejection does not necessarily mean that you do not have a
chance to resubmit the journal though.
Submit and Publish Articles
* Publication of your article can be a very time-consuming process.

25. Electronic submission of papers for publication: the
days of a complicated, hard-copy paper trail are gone
... good riddance!
After deciding on the appropriate journal for
publication of your paper, carefully READ the
“Instructions to Authors” for that particular journal.
Pay attention to formatting requirements,
manuscript structure, literature citation style, and
allowable file types for figures, illustrations, and
tables.
Ignoring the specific requirements for manuscript
formatting and organizational style can result in your
paper being returned for correction or put reviewers
and editors in a bad mood even before they judge the
quality of the science – not a good move!
Manuscript submission

26. • Avoid misrepresentation in publications
• Publish accurate, complete, clear, and unbiased
work
• Avoid fragmentary publication
• Publish manuscripts that represent substantial
findings
• Avoid duplicate manuscript submission &
publication
• Publish research that will add new contributions to
the field
•
Good Publication
Practices

27. PUBLICATION OF A RESEARCH article
represents the final stage of a scientific
project. It is the culmination of many
months and sometimes years of
meticulous planning, execution, and
analyses of hundreds of experiments
Publication of a
research

28. Society
Author
Editor
Reviewer
publisher
Parties involved in the act of publishing

29. Duties of Authors
• Reporting standards
• Data Access and Retention
• Originality and Plagiarism
• Multiple, Redundant or
Concurrent Publication
Duties
• Acknowledgement of Sources
• Authorship of the Paper
• Hazards and Human or Animal
Subjects
• Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest
• Fundamental errors in published
works

30. Duties of Editors Duties of Reviewers
• Contribution to Editorial
• Decision
• Promptness
• Confidentiality
• Standards of Objectivity
• Acknowledgement of
Source
• Disclosure and Conflicts
of Interest
• Publication decision
• Fair play
• Confidentiality
• Disclosure and Conflicts
of interest
• Involvement and
cooperation in
investigations
Duties

31. Process of peer review
Once a paper has been
submitted for consideration
of publication, the editor
will select 1-2 or 3 scholars
from a pool of volunteers to
read and evaluate the
paper.
Typically it is a double blind process: the reviewers do not know who the author is and
the author does not know who the reviewers are. That way only the merits of the paper
are evaluated.

32. Process of peer review: Big image

33. 1 Previous rejection
2 Slicing & Duplication
3 Plagiarism (= copying)
4 Unready work
5 English so bad it’s
ambiguous
1 Unoriginal work
2 Unsound work
3 Incorrect journal
4 Incorrect format
5 Incorrect type allocation
Ten common reasons for rejection
Scientific papers
* Incorrect type allocation
 Experimental set-up flawed
 Statistical analysis flawed
 suggestion of scientific fraud or
data manipulation!
*Unsound work
 Case Report submitted as
Letter to the Editor

34. Part (4) Authorship

35. Authorship
Authorship should be defined early in the research
project before writing the manuscript
Be aware of and avoid publication abuses
Know the institutional, organizational and journal
requirements for publication
Always obtain permission before acknowledging
someone in a submitted manuscript.

36. How to avoid problems with authorship?
 Agree with your collaborators that you will follow the
international guidelines
 Agree on the tentative order of authors and on who will be
corresponding author.
 Agree before starting the research who will be an author, and if
necessary discuss why each person should be an author. (Clarify
the requirements)
 Don’t add a senior author to improve the chances of publication

37. • Authors are ranked in order of
magnitudes of their input into the
research:
• ◦ First Author conducts and/or
supervises the data analysis and the
proper presentation and interpretation
of the results
• ◦ Puts paper together and submits the
paper to journal
Authorship order

38. Part (5)
Recommendations

39. Lie (fabrications)
Cheat (falsifications)
Steal (plagiarism)
Do not
An easy to remember scientific moral code

40. • Be a good academic citizen
• Know what you’re doing
• Keep track of what you’ve done
• Back everything up
• Don’t Lie (fabrications)
• Don’t Cheat (falsifications)
• Don’t Steal (plagiarism)
• Publish your discoveries
Finally…

41. Dr. Mohamed Torky
mtorky86@gmail.com