Soc 204 Goldberg Chapter 2
•Transferir como PPTX, PDF•
0 gostou•293 visualizações
Drugs Across the Spectrum, 7e Chapter 2 Drugs in Contemporary Society Raymond Goldberg
Recomendados
Mais conteúdo relacionado
Mais procurados
Mais procurados (20)
Destaque
Destaque (20)
Semelhante a Soc 204 Goldberg Chapter 2
Semelhante a Soc 204 Goldberg Chapter 2 (16)
Mais de Michelle Meyer
Mais de Michelle Meyer (20)
Último
Último (20)
Soc 204 Goldberg Chapter 2
- 1. Chapter 2 Drugs in Contemporary Society
- 2. How does drug use cost society? Your thoughts:
- 3. Consequences for Society Deaths Emergency room visits Drugs in the workplace and lost productivity Broken homes, illnesses, shorter lives, etc. Cost of maintaining habit Cost of criminal behavior Cost of treating patients Fetal alcohol syndrome Blood borne illnesses
- 4. Getting Information on Drug Use Surveys Hospital reports Police reports Can show trends over time What’s missing?
- 5. Extent of Drug Use National Survey on Drug Use and Health Door-to-door survey of randomly selected households Measures drug use in adults and adolescents Monitoring the Future Questionnaires given to 8th, 10th and 12th grade students
- 6. Have you used marijuana in the last 30 days? ANONYMOUS A. Yes B. No Yes No 100% 0%
- 8. Have you had 5 or more drinks in one sitting in the last 30 days? ANONYMOUS A. Yes B. No Yes No 83% 17%
- 10. Have you used non-prescribed narcotics in the last 30 days? ANONYMOUS A. Yes B. No Yes No 100% 0%
- 12. Drug Abuse Warning Network DAWN is a reporting system that collects information on the number of times drugs are implicated in both non-lethal and lethal visits to emergency rooms Illicit drugs were responsible for the most emergency room visits, followed by pharmaceutical drugs Data reflect acute drug problems, not chronic drug use
- 13. DAWN gives information on: A. The number of people jailed for drug offenses B. The number of times drugs are implicated in emergency room visits C. The number of people who admit drug use to their doctors Thenum berofpeople jail.. Thenum beroftim esdru.. Thenum berofpeople w .. 0% 33% 67%
- 14. Changing Attitudes What made the government change from the laissez-faire attitude of the 1800s to one of control? Toxicity Dependence Crime
- 15. Society’s perception of drugs: Influenced by social and psychological factors Illegal drugs are condemned more than legal drugs
- 16. What do you think about government regulation of drug use? A. The government should be more involved B. The government should be less involved C. Our government is doing a good job currently Thegovernm entshould .. Thegovernm entshould b... Ourgovernm entisdoing.. 60% 20%20%
- 17. Toxicity Physical toxicity: Danger to the body as a result of taking the drug Behavioral toxicity: Drug interferes with one’s ability to function Acute toxicity: Danger from a single experience with a drug Chronic toxicity: Danger posed by repeated exposure to the drug
- 18. Driving while drunk is an example of: A. Acute physical toxicity B. Chronic physical toxicity C. Acute behavioral toxicity D. Chronic behavioral toxicity Acutephysicaltoxicity Chronicphysicaltoxicity Acutebehavioraltoxicity Chronicbehavioraltoxicity 33% 0% 50% 17%
- 19. Cirrhosis of the liver is an example of: A. Acute physical toxicity B. Chronic physical toxicity C. Acute behavioral toxicity D. Chronic behavioral toxicity Acutephysicaltoxicity Chronicphysicaltoxicity Acutebehavioraltoxicity Chronicbehavioraltoxicity 0% 17% 0% 83%
- 20. Patterns of Use Experimental Use Infrequent use motivated by curiosity Social-Recreational Use Taking drugs to share pleasurable experiences among friends Circumstantial-Situational Use Short-term use to contend with immediate distress or pressure
- 21. Patterns of Use Intensified Use Taking drugs on a steady basis to relieve a problem Chronic Use Indicates some extent of physical or psychological dependence Compulsive Use Acquiring and consuming drugs is the main focus of life
- 22. Changing View on Dependence Early medical model True addiction involves physical dependence; key is treatment of withdrawal symptoms Positive reinforcement model Drugs can reinforce behavior without physical dependence Psychological dependence is increasingly viewed as the driving force behind repeated drug use This refutes the sometimes common belief that drugs that aren’t as strongly physically addicting are less dangerous
- 23. What do you think? Is addiction A. Biological B. Genetic C. Environmental D. Psychological E. Personality Weakness F. A combination of above Biological Genetic Environm ental Psychological PersonalityW eakness A com bination ofabove 0% 0% 100% 0%0%0%
- 24. Substance Use Disorder DSM- 5 Substance use disorders span a wide variety of problems arising from substance use, and cover 11 different criteria: 1. Taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than you meant to 2. Wanting to cut down or stop using the substance but not managing to 3. Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from use of the substance
- 25. 4. Cravings and urges to use the substance (psychological dependence) 5. Not managing to do what you should at work, home or school, because of substance use 6. Continuing to use, even when it causes problems in relationships 7. Giving up important social, occupational or recreational activities because of substance use
- 26. 8. Using substances again and again, even when it puts you in danger 9. Continuing to use, even when the you know you have a physical or psychological problem that could have been caused or made worse by the substance 10. Needing more of the substance to get the effect you want (tolerance) 11. Development of withdrawal symptoms, which can be relieved by taking more of the substance. (physical dependence)
- 27. Impacts of Drug Use Family stability Social behavior Education and career aspirations Personal and social maturation
- 28. REMEMBER:
- 29. A correlate is: A. A variable that causes something B. A thing you keep horses in C. A variable that is associated with something A variablethatcausess... A thingyou keep horsesin A variablethatisassocia... 25% 75% 0%
- 30. Family Association between drug use and the likelihood that a couple will separate or divorce Women subjected to violence have higher rates of alcohol dependence and other drug abuse problems Family interventions into adolescent alcohol use reduce the initiation and frequency of alcohol use Marijuana use by young Black males is significantly reduced when both parents are present
- 31. Family Parental substance abuse is a factor for 1/3 to 2/3 of all children involved with the child welfare system Substance abuse is a factor in many cases of child abuse and domestic abuse Alcohol use is associated with the perpetration of sexual aggression, especially toward boys **
- 32. Effects of drug use by pregnant women Women whose babies test positive for drugs such as cocaine are subject to losing custody of their children Risks to the baby: Low birth weight Premature birth Miscarriage Birth defects Difficulty bonding Learning disabilities
- 33. Which of the following is NOT associated with drug use in the family? A. Increased violence B. Higher divorce rates C. Low IQ D. They are all associated Increased violence Higherdivorcerates Low IQ Theyare allassociated 0% 0%0%0%
- 34. Social Behavior Drug users display more independence, rebelliousness, acceptance of deviant behavior, and rejection of moral and social norms than nonusers Children of parents who use drugs are more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors Stimulants such as methamphetamines and cocaine are associated with violence, while marijuana and heroin are more likely to produce a passive response
- 35. Social Behavior Alcohol is the drug involved with the most violent incidents The level of aggression associated with alcohol is dose related Binge drinking is associated with unsafe sex and violence, and with nonconsensual sex
- 36. Drug users show higher levels of acceptance of deviant behavior A. True B. False True False 17% 83%
- 37. Alcohol is associated with 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% A. Higher level of violent incidents B. Dating violence C. Unsafe sex D. Nonconsensual sex E. All of the above
- 38. Education There is a higher dropout rate from school for those who used alcohol, illicit drugs, and cigarettes There is a relationship between academic performance and drug use Drug use is assumed to be a predictor of welfare dependency Higher Education Act of 1965: College students who are convicted of a drug offense are denied federal financial aid
- 39. Do you feel that the regulations about financial aid and drug convictions are fair? 50% 17% 17% 17% A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes D. I’m undecided
- 40. Employment Employed drug users have less stable job histories than nonusers Alcohol abusers earn significantly less money than moderate drinkers and abstainers Drug use is associated with higher accident rates on the job and lower productivity
- 41. Drugs in the Workplace Substance abuse in the workplace results in: Lessened productivity Increased accidents, absenteeism, and health care costs Highest rates of drug use are food service workers and construction workers – identifying drug problems in top-level managers is more difficult Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) help workers deal with problems that affect job performance, including alcohol or drug problems
- 42. Drug Testing In 2011, the federal government earmarked $283.1 million for drug-related activities in schools Random workplace drug testing has effectively identified frequent users of illicit drugs In many jurisdictions, physicians are required to report women who use drugs during pregnancy or infants who test positive for drug use by their mothers
- 43. Types of Drug Testing Immunoassay is fast and less expensive than other methods but may give false positive readings Gas chromatography is more expensive and time- consuming than other methods Thin-layer chromatography is simple and inexpensive, but requires expert interpretation Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is highly sensitive, but is time-consuming and expensive http://www.aa fp.org/afp/201 0/0301/p635. html
- 44. Problems with Drug Testing False positive A person tests positive for a drug even though no drug is present in the person’s urine False negative A person tests negative even though drugs are present in the person’s urine
- 46. Legality of Drug Testing Debated in two cases before the U.S. Supreme Court: Skinner v. Railway Labor Executive Association National Treasury Employees Union v. von Raab In both cases, the Supreme Court ruled that the testing program was justified http://www.nolo.com/legal- encyclopedia/free-books/employee- rights-book/chapter5-3.html
- 47. How is drug use related to crime? Intoxication causes behavior and personality change Crimes may be committed while intoxicated Drug use/possession is a crime Crimes to fund cost of drug use Society tries to protect itself through regulation Current laws may not be part of a logical plan, ineffective or unrealistic
- 48. Crime: Drug Business Drug trade is a big business with no signs of slowing down Tactics for stopping drug flow into the US – military force, reducing aid to drug- producing countries, and promoting crop substitution – are ineffective Results in thousands needing medical care for drug overdoses, and has an economic impact on the criminal justice system and environment
- 50. Crime: Drug Business Colombia is the leading producer of cocaine In Laos, Burma, and Thailand, opium production has largely been replaced by methamphetamines In addition to domestic production, marijuana is grown in Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico – Colombia is the largest exporter
- 51. US National Drug Control Budget
- 52. Crime: Drug Enforcement • The narcotics trade is tremendously profitable • Even after billions of dollars were spent on curbing drug production, coca growth in Colombia rose 27% • Preventing drugs from entering the United States or reducing the amount of drugs grown in the country is a matter of demand, not supply
- 53. How should we deal with drug problems? 50% 0% 17% 33% 0% 0% A. Legalize drugs B. Stop drugs at borders C. Reduce demand (treatment/education) D. Prevent production in other countries E. End the “War on Drugs” F. I’m not sure
- 54. How should we deal with drug problems?
Notas do Editor
- Deaths Emergency room visits Drugs in the workplace and lost productivity Broken homes, illnesses, shorter lives, etc. Cost of maintaining habit Cost of criminal behavior Cost of treating patients Fetal alcohol syndrome Others?
- Survey questionnaires Easy to use– inexpensive, efficient Drawbacks Bias in student population (e.g., dropouts not counted) Potential inaccuracy of self-reports (among both users and non-users) National Survey on Drug Use and Health Face-to-face, computer-assisted interviews 68,000 individuals; carefully sampled households across the United States Broken down into different age groups Results published annually Marijuana use among persons ages 12-25, by age group: 1971-2006 (National Survey on Drug Use and Health) In 2008 the percentage use for the age groups of 18-25 and 12-17 remained the same as they were in 2005; 16.5% and 6.7% respectively. Finding similar patterns in two different studies, using different sampling techniques, is a stronger indication that these trends are real and reflect broad changes in American society over time II. How Did We Get Here? A. Have Things Really Changed? 1. Humans have used psychoactive drugs for thousands of years for therapeutic and recreational purposes. 2. Drug use has affected society in many areas: religion, law, government, economics, language, and education. III. Drugs and Drug Use Today A. Extent of Drug Use 1. Current information on drug use comes from several sources, including survey questionnaires done in junior highs, high schools, and colleges, but accurate statistics are hard to attain. 2. Self-reports may include a biased sample and be inaccurate or dishonest. 3. The Monitoring the Future Project follows nationwide trends over time in drug use among young people.
- National Survey on Drug Use and Health 22.6 million Americans used illicit drugs 7 million used psychotherapeutic drugs non-medically 1.5 million were current cocaine users 28.8 million drove a car under the influence of alcohol 695,000 Ecstasy users, and 353,000 meth users 16.3% of pregnant women smoked cigarettes 2.5 million received substance abuse treatment for alcohol 69.6 million Americans smoked cigarettes B. Trends in Drug Use 1. The perceived risk decreases as drug use increases; as drug use decreases the perceived risk increases. 2. The perceived availability of marijuana has changed little over time and, therefore, does not appear to explain differences in rates of use. 3. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health is a door-to-door survey estimating drug use in adolescents and adults in the United States. 4. Alcohol and cocaine use in 18- to 25-year-olds stays fairly consistent over time. 5. Drug use patterns seen in multiple surveys are most likely to be accurate. 6. Decreases or increases in drug use are not related to changes in government legislation, but are related to social trends. Have Things Really Changed? 1. Humans have used psychoactive drugs for thousands of years for therapeutic and recreational purposes. 2. Drug use has affected society in many areas: religion, law, government, economics, language, and education.
- https://nsduhweb.rti.org/respweb/homepage.cfm Survey questionnaires Easy to use– inexpensive, efficient Drawbacks Bias in student population (e.g., dropouts not counted) Potential inaccuracy of self-reports (among both users and non-users) National Survey on Drug Use and Health Face-to-face, computer-assisted interviews 68,000 individuals; carefully sampled households across the United States Broken down into different age groups Results published annually Marijuana use among persons ages 12-25, by age group: 1971-2006 (National Survey on Drug Use and Health) In 2008 the percentage use for the age groups of 18-25 and 12-17 remained the same as they were in 2005; 16.5% and 6.7% respectively. Finding similar patterns in two different studies, using different sampling techniques, is a stronger indication that these trends are real and reflect broad changes in American society over time II. How Did We Get Here? A. Have Things Really Changed? 1. Humans have used psychoactive drugs for thousands of years for therapeutic and recreational purposes. 2. Drug use has affected society in many areas: religion, law, government, economics, language, and education. III. Drugs and Drug Use Today A. Extent of Drug Use 1. Current information on drug use comes from several sources, including survey questionnaires done in junior highs, high schools, and colleges, but accurate statistics are hard to attain. 2. Self-reports may include a biased sample and be inaccurate or dishonest. The Monitoring the Future Project follows nationwide trends over time in drug use among young people. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) provides national and state-level data on the use of tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs (including non-medical use of prescription drugs) and mental health in the United States. NSDUH is sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), an agency of the U.S. Public Health Service in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).
- Monitoring the Future is an ongoing study of the behaviors, attitudes, and values of American secondary school students, college students, and young adults. Each year, a total of approximately 50,000 8th, 10th and 12th grade students are surveyed (12th graders since 1975, and 8th and 10th graders since 1991). In addition, annual follow-up questionnaires are mailed to a sample of each graduating class for a number of years after their initial participation. The Monitoring the Future Study has been funded under a series of investigator-initiated competing research grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, a part of the National Institutes of Health. MTF is conducted at the Survey Research Center in the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/
- Current laws trace back to two pieces of legislation from the early 1900s Racist fears about deviant behavior, including drug misuse, played a role in the development of drug regulation Laws were developed to regulate undesirable behaviors Fraud in patent medicines that were sold directly to the public False therapeutic claims Habit-forming drug content In the early 1900s, Collier’s magazine ran a series of articles attacking patent medicines— “Great American Fraud” Opium and the Chinese U.S. was involved in international drug trade Opium smoking brought to U.S. by Chinese workers Laws passed against the importation, manufacture, and use of opium– racism involved? Cocaine Present in many patent medicines (and, yes, Coca-Cola!) Viewed as a cause of increasing crime Racist connections
- Toxic = poisonous, deadly, or dangerous What makes a drug toxic? Amount used How it is used What the user did while on the drug Specific toxicity for users who inject drugs AIDS, HIV infection, and hepatitis B and C Sharing needles passes infectious agents directly into the bloodstream Some states, cities prohibit needle purchase without Rx Syringe exchange programs Examples of acute toxicity Behavioral: “Intoxication” that impairs the actions of drug users and increases the danger to themselves and others Physiological: Overdose that causes the user to stop breathing Examples of chronic toxicity Behavioral Personality and lifestyle changes Effects on relationships with friends and family Physiological Heart disease Lung cancer Cirrhosis Other health effects
- What do “addicts” look like? What drug do they take or what behavior do they engage in (alcohol, cigarettes, illicit drugs, food, sex, gambling, shopping, computer time)? How much time do they spend on their habit? How much of a drug do they take? How do you decide on the definition of dependence? Three basic processes Tolerance Physical dependence Psychological dependence Diminished effect on the body after repeated use of the same drug The body develops ways to compensate for the chemical imbalance caused by the drug Regular drug users may build up tolerance to the extent that their dosage would kill a novice user Physical dependence is defined by the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome Tolerance typically precedes physical dependence If drug use is stopped suddenly, withdrawal symptoms occur, ranging from mild to severe Physical dependence means the body has adapted to the drug’s presence Psychological or behavioral dependence High frequency of drug use Craving for the drug Tendency to relapse after stopping use Behavior is reinforced by the consequences Over time, this becomes the biggest reason users report they continue to use Early medical model = true addiction involves physical dependence; key is treatment of withdrawal symptoms Positive reinforcement model = drugs can reinforce behavior without physical dependence Psychological dependence is increasingly viewed as the driving force behind repeated drug use This refutes the sometimes common belief that drugs that aren’t as strongly physically addicting are less dangerous Some drugs are more likely than others to lead to dependence Method of use, as well as other factors, influences risk of dependence The “war on drugs” reflects the perspective that drugs are themselves evil Is dependence due to biochemical or physiological actions in the brain? Still no way to scan the brain and know if a person has/had developed dependence Genetic physiological or biochemical markers have been sought as well, but none has proven reliable No way to know if the drug or the drug use changes a person’s personality Many other factors affect personality Sensation-seeking = a personality characteristic statistically associated with early substance use and abuse Alcohol dependence often exists within a dysfunctional family Evidence suggests that dysfunctional relationships play a role in dependence, but they aren’t the only factor Founders of AA characterized alcohol dependence as a disease Others argue that dependence doesn’t have all the characteristics of a disease There are ways to test and treat the effects of alcoholism but not the disease itself There is some disagreement over how to define disease as well Dependence is related to dysfunctions of: Biology Personality Social interactions
- Antecedent = a factor that occurs before an event such as the initiation of drug use Still not labeled “causes” Examples of antecedents Aggressiveness Conduct problems Poor academic performance Attachment to a drug-using peer group Parental and community norms that support drug use Alcohol and tobacco are sometimes considered gateways to the use of illicit drugs Kandel & Faust’s 1975 study Gateway substances are perhaps best thought of as early indicators of a basic pattern of deviant behavior resulting from a variety of risk factors
- Correlate = a variable that is statistically related to another variable, such as drug use IMPORTANT: Correlates are not causes Socioeconomic status does not correlate well with drug use Personality problems are poor predictors of drug use IV. Correlates of Drug Use A. What Factors Are Considered? 1. Surveyors look for common characteristics in those who use drugs, as compared with those who do not use drugs. 2. Study limitations can make it difficult to determine the effects of some factors. B. Risk and Protective Factors 1. Risk factors are correlated with higher rates of drug use. 2. Risk factors for drug use include having friends who use drugs, engaging in fighting or stealing, perceiving that substance use is prevalent at school, knowing adults who use drugs, and having a positive attitude towards drugs. 3. The kids most likely to use marijuana frequently live in a rough neighborhood, have little parental monitoring, steal and get into fights, may not be involved in religious activities, and do poorly in school. 4. Protective factors are correlated with lower rates of drug use. 5. Protective factors for drug use include perceiving strong sanctions against drug use at school, having supportive parents, being committed to school, being involved in religious activities, and participating in two or more extracurricular activities. 6. Overall, studies of risk and protective factors suggest that adolescents who are more likely to smoke cigarettes, drink heavily, and smoke marijuana are also more likely to engage in other deviant behaviors, such as stealing, fighting, and early sexual behaviors. C. Gender 1. Males are more likely to use alcohol, use tobacco, smoke marijuana, and use cocaine than are females. D. Race 1. Stereotypes regarding drug use by different races may not be supported by findings from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. E. Level of Education 1. Those with more education (college degrees, compared with those who completed high school only) are much more likely to drink alcohol and somewhat less likely to use tobacco, marijuana, or cocaine. F. Personality Variables 1. Evidence for correlations between traditional personality traits and drug use is somewhat weak and inconsistent. 2. Several studies focus on “impulsivity” as correlating with rates of substance use. 3. Personality factors may play a small role in whether someone decides to try alcohol or marijuana, but they may play a large role in whether drug use develops into a serious problem. G. Genetics 1. Genetic studies are beginning to show clear association with substance-use disorders.
- Having low-birthweight babies is a side effect of drug use by pregnant women.
- How is drug use related to crime? Intoxication causes behavior and personality change Crimes may be committed while intoxicated Drug use/possession is a crime Crimes to fund cost of drug use Society tries to protect itself through regulation Current laws may not be part of a logical plan, ineffective or unrealistic Drug use may change a person’s personality People under the influence may commit crimes (e.g., many cases of homicide, domestic violence, etc.) Crimes may be carried out to obtain money for drugs Drug use is a crime We want to protect society from the dangers of some types of drug use = legitimate social purpose Some laws are not developed as part of a rationally devised plan and may not be realistic or effective Current laws
- These “Pot-Tarts,” seized by law enforcement in 2006, demonstrate the ingenuity of some illicit drug distributors. Upon raiding this facility, investigators found hundreds of marijuana-laced candies and soft drinks, including “Stoney Ranchers,” “Munchy Way,” “Rasta Reece’s,” and “Buddafingers.”
- The benefit to farmers makes it hard to combat illegal drug production.
- Figure 2.1 U.S. National Drug Control Budget—FY 2012 Funding Highlights
- The federal government has steadily increased funding to interdict drugs.
- Figure 2.4 Poll Responses to the Question: “Which of the Following Do You Feel Is the Single Best Way to Handle the War on Drugs?” (n = 4,730)