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- 4. Phonetics is a science of the characteristics of speech sound ,it’s science of HOW we can produce the speech sounds ,it’s start with the air when pushes up from the lungs to tongue and the other parts of the mouth , HOW these sounds are made , from the phonetics we discover the differences between the spoken languages in the way of pronunciation, phonetics is a science includes a lot of facts of the speech sounds production , the phonetics is very important when anyone want to acquire the language , Must know what is the correct pronunciation , we start produce with sounds just then we combine these sounds to produce words then we produce the sentences . In phonetics also we know WHO the human language is totally different from the other creatures language In this presentation we will explain some of the basics to know the process of speech sounds production
- 5. What is the Phonetics? *The symbols used to represent the speech sounds of a language. *The study and systematic classification of the sounds made in spoken utterance. * The system of speech sounds of a language or group of languages *The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds. phonetics has three basic areas of study: Articulatory phonetics: the study of the organs of speech and their use in producing speech sounds by the speaker. Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener. Auditory phonetics: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener.
- 7. The vocal tract is an area consisting of three different sections but all these complements each other’s to create a different sounds These sections are: 1-Supra-laryngeal 2- Larynx 3-Sub-glottal The vocal tract ‘s functions in : 1-Places of articulation 2-Manner of articulation
- 8. Supra-laryngeal tract: The most important parts in supra- laryngeal the contribute to speech sound production : 1-pharynx:is lies between the mouth and articulation in pharyngeal sounds . 2-Nasal cavity :is separated from the oral cavity by the roof of the mouth the palate, additional resonator. 3-oral cavity: valve controlling flow of air, the importance for speech it give the final shaping to make the sounds are different.
- 9. Larynx Consisting of the *vocal folds* and *glottis* Vocal folds : are like a pair of lips placed horizontally from front to back ,joined in the front but can be separated at the back Glottis: it’s a space between the vocal cords considered to be in open state when the folds are apart, and when the folds are pressed together the glottis is considered to be in close state. The main importance for the sound production is converts air into acoustics energy in form of the laryngeal tone.
- 10. Sub -glottal system it’s consisting of *Lungs* and *Trachea* *Lungs* act as a pump ,provide the energy source for the airflow.The lungs are the spongy respiratory organs situated inside the rib cage . *Trachea* commonly called the windpipe, is the main airway to the lungs. It divides into the right and left bronchi at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra, channeling air to the right or left lung. Main important for speech: supplies theair, which is the fuel of speech
- 11. We all know that English language consists of twenty-six litters and forty-four voices ,And all the sounds are either voiced – voiceless.We have two vocal cords sometimes they move with some litters and do not move with others.The two vocal cords have a distance between them , all the litters that go out through the vocal cords be voiceless sounds. In the voiceless sounds no movement and vibration and the voice is off . The voiceless sounds we can call it unvoiced sounds. Examples: [f] fat [k] come [p] pit [s] sip Voiced And Voiceless
- 12. The voiced sounds Be when the two vocal cords close together , and they move .The voice in the voiced sounds is on , and we have movement and vibration. Examples: [v] vat [g] gum [b] bit [d] done Voiced And Voiceless
- 13. :Place of Articulation Where the constriction of airflow takes place.
- 14. 1:bilabial Both lips come together . •E.g. ( P/m/b)
- 15. 2:labiodental Upper teeth and lower lip come together . E.g. (f / v)
- 16. 3: dental tongue in between upper& lower teeth. •(ðθ /E.g.(
- 17. 4: alveolar Tongue at or near the ridge behind the upper front teeth. E.g. (t / d /s)
- 18. 5:palatal front hard palate or roof of the mouth. e.g. (j )
- 19. 6:velar At velum or soft palate . E.g.( k / g )
- 20. 7:glottal At glottis or the space between the vocal folds. •E.g. ( h )
- 21. There are several methods of modifying air when producing a consonant, and these methods are called manners of articulation . 1-Plosives(stop) stop consonants occur when the vocal tract is closed completely But for stops the airflow is not redirected through the nose Instead, the air quickly builds up pressure behind the articulators and then releases in a burst. English language have (6) plosive consonants pb ,td ,kg Example: 1-/p/ purse and rap 2-/t/ tab and rat 3-/k/ kite and back
- 22. 2-fricatives *Sound produced by a near complete stoppage of air.* blocking the air stream with leaving a small opening so that the air pushes through him English language have (9) fricatives consonants:/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/. Example: 1-/f/ fan and calf 2-/z/ zit and jazz 3-h/ happy and hope
- 23. COMPARISON BETWEEN PLOSIVES AND FRICATIVES : Fricatives:Plosives: Close approximation Sound during hold phase. Train of irregular pulses a periodic Complete closure Sound made at release phase .Single pulse of acoustic energy transient.
- 24. 3-Affricatives If you combine a brief stopping of the air stream with an obstructed release which causes some friction, you will be able to produce the sounds. •/ʧ/ and /ʤ/ Example: 1-check 2-gin 4-Nasals Produced when the velum is lowered and the release of the air through the nasal. •/m/,/n/,/ŋ/ Example: 1-/m/ and/ŋ/ and /n/morning 5-Glides Produced with the tongue in motion, from and to a vowel position .*take the shape of the vowel* •/j/and/w/ Example: yet and water
- 25. 6-Liquids: •Partial occlusion, air stream flows around the sides of the tongue as tongue tip makes contact with the alveolar ridge. Example:/l/ light, low •Partial occlusion, tongue tip raised and curled back near the alveolar ridge. .example: /r/ rock, ride 7-Glottal stop [ʔ]: occurs when the space between the vocal cords (the glottis) is closed completely then released. Example :oh ,Batman. 8-flap: represented by [D] or [ɾ]This flap is produced by the tongue tip being thrown against the alveolar ridge for an instant. .Example: butter or Manhattan
- 26. Vowels English has fifteen vowel sounds represented by the letters a, e, i, o, and u. The letters y, w and gh are also commonly used in vowel sound spellings. Vowel sounds are produced with a relatively open vocal tract. Vowel sounds are divided into the following three categories: Long vowels (vowels that sound like the letter name) Short vowels (the most common sound for a single vowel spelling) Other vowels (the remaining vowel sounds) The long vowel sounds are not pronounced for longer time than short vowel sounds! *the terms "long" and "short" are not describing the length of time a vowel sound is said ,They are used here to give a name to a vowel sound so when the sound is discussed, the name and not the sound .
- 27. VOWEL Vowels are commonly described according to the following characteristics: The portion of the tongue that is involved in the articulation: front, central or back. The tongue's position relative to the palate: high, mid or low.
- 28. The shape of the lips(rounded ,spread or neutral)
- 29. Phonteic :The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds. Articulatory Acoustic Auditory Vocal tract’s sections Supra laryngeal larynx Sub-glottal Vocal tract’s functions Places of articulation Manner of articulation When you make a voiced sound,your throat vibrates “v,g,b,z,d,dʒ,ʒ,ð” voiced When you make a voiced sound,your throat doesn’t vibrate “f,k,p,s,t,θ,ʃ,tʃ” voiceless