1.fundamental

2017
CREATE BY:- MD ARSHAD ALAM
FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER
[FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER]
ONLY ADCA COURSE

INTRODUCTION
The computer is a high speed, automated, programmable electro – mechanical device which
can perform logical as well as arithmetical operation. Dates are feed by user as input and i
given required output after processing. It has must for the survival of business houses whit the
growing information needs. Computer is one of the major an information technology network.
FULL FORM OF COMPUTER
C - Commonly- सामान्य रूप से.
O - Operating – चलाने वाला.
M - Machine- यंत्र
P - Particular– मुख्य रूप से.
U - Use or user- प्रयोग या उपोग करना.
T - Technical - तकनीकी.
E - Educational- शिक्षा.
R - Research- खोज.
1. What is Computer?
A computer is an electronic machine in which we can solve any kinds of mathematical and
logical problems and accept data, according to special rules. A computer is common operating
machine.
2. Who was the father’s of computer?
Charles Babbage was father’s of computer. Launch on 1937.
3. Who was the disk programmerof computer?
Lady ada lovely lak
4. What is components of computer?
There are two components of computer.
1) HARDWARE :- The tangible physical parts (including the input, output devise) of the
computer called hardware.
2) SOFTWARE:- All the data along with the set of in striations called software.

5. Computer System
All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple equations.
COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER
• Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices
All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as
Hardware.
• Software = Programs
Software gives "intelligence" to the computer.
• USER = Person, who operates computer.
TYPE OF COMPUTER (ACCORDING TO USES)
I. Analog Computer :-
Analog computer is a computing device that works on continues range of values. The
results given by the analog computer will only be approximate since they deal with
quantities that continuously. It generally deals with physical variables such as voltage,
pressure, temperature, speed, etc
AS-
1. Multimeter 2. Thermometor
II. Digital Computers:-
On the other hand a digital computer operates on digital data such as numbers. It uses
binary number system in which there are only two digits 0 and 1. Each one is called a
bit.
The digital computer is designed using digital circuits in which there are two levels for an
input or output signal. These two levels are known as logic 0 and logic 1 . Digital
computer can give more accurate and faster results.
EXAMPLE:-
III. Hybrid Computers :-
A hybrid computer combines the desirable features of analog and digital computers. It is
mostly used for automatic operations of complicated physical processes and machines.
Now a days analog to digital and digital to analog converters are used for transforming
the data into suitable from either type of computation.
For example, in hospital’s (I.C.U), analog devices might then be converted into numbers
and supplied to digital components in the system. These components are used to

monitor the patient’s vital sign and send signals if any abnormal readings are detected.
Hybrid computers are mainly used for specialized tasks.
TYPE OF COMPUTER (ACCORFING TO SIZE)
Four type of according to size of computer.
I. Super Computer:-
The most powerful computers in term of performance and data processing are
the super computer. These are specialized and task specific computers used
by large. (e.g in petrochemical prospecting)
II. Mainframe Computers :-
Although mainframe are not as powerful as super computers, but certainly
they are quit expensive nonetheless, and many large firms & government
organizations uses mainframe to run their business operations. Mainframes
can also process & store large amount of data. Normally they are used in
banking, airlines and railways etc for their applications.
III. Mini Computers :-
Mini computers are lower to mainframe computers in terms of speed and
storage capacity. They are also less expensive than mainframe computers.
These computers are used by small business & firms.
IV. Micro Computer :-

Desktop computers, laptops, tablets & Smartphone are all type of
microcomputers. The micro-computers are widely used & fastest growing for
general usage like entertainment education and work purpose.
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
There are five generation of computer.
(i) First generation – (1942 – 1955) – the digital computer using electronic valves. The
first generation are ibm707 ( international business machine), UNIVAC and ECVAC etc.
(ii) Second generation – (1955 – 1964)- in the generation transistors were used for C.P.U
components.
(iii) Third generation – ( 1964 - 1975) – in this generation the IC ( integrated circuit) were
used CPU. The cache (DSI) memory was also used in this memory.
(iv) Fourth generation – (1975 – 1989) – in this generation small chips or VISI ( very large
scale integrated) was used for CPU and memory.
(v) Fifth generation – ( 1989- till now) – in this generation intelligent software is used and
has artificial intelligence which is called ROBOT.
Note:- the year of generation can be varying book to book.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
1. Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it automatically without human
interventions
2. Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs very fast, usually measured in
microseconds(10-6 ), nanoseconds(10-9 ), and picoseconds(10-12 )
3. Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of its accuracy
depends upon its design. Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or unreliable
programs are often referred to as Garbage-In-Garbage-Out (GIGO)
4. Diligence: Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. It can
continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling
5. Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced

to a finite series of logical steps.
SOFTWARE
It is a set of instruction related to different types of operation of computer system, which is used to
run the computer system.
1. System Software:-
It is a set of more than one programmer, which is mainly design for control the operation of
computer. Such as- operating system. Language translator etc.
2. Application Software:-
It is a set of programmer, which is mainly design for perform the certain types of work. Such
as word processing software, spreadsheet software, presentation software, financial
accounting software, web – browser etc.
3. Utility Software :-
It is another type of software, which is mainly design for maintenance of computer system.
Such as disk cleanup, defrayment. Antivirus etc.
4. Hardware:-
All physical quantities, which can be touched had and seen in computer, are known as
hardware.
E.g- mother board, processor, floppy disk drive, hard disk drive, memory, power supply, cdd
/ dvd / drive, modem etc.
MEMORY
Computer memory refers to the devices that are used to store data or programs on a temporary or
permanent basis for use in a computer.
RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY):-it is a read/write memory. We can read information
from ram and write into ram. It is a one type of volatile memory. It stores information as long as it
is supplied with power supply. When the power supply is switched off or interrupted stores
information from ram is lost. Ram is available in market with its various capacities……… such as –
ram 256 mb, 512 mb, 2 gb, 4gb, 8gb, etc.
There Are Two Type OfRam
1. Dynamic Ram :- it requires constant refreshing of its contents. It loses
its content in a very short period even though computeris working. It is
cheapen than static ram.

2. Static Ram :- it does not require refreshing.It retains its content till
computeris working. It is fasten than dynamic ram.
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY):- it is read memory . We can read information from rom not
overwrite. It is a one type of non- volatile memory. It stores information & other programs
permanently, which are required to starting a computer system. Such as prom (programmable
read only memory), ep rom (erasable programmable read only memory), eep rom ( electrically
erasable programmable read only memory)etc.
 There are four types of rom.
 Mrom (masked rom): the very first roms were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-
programmed set of data or instructions. These kinds of roms are known as masked roms
which are inexpensive. The mrom cannot be programmed by the user.
 prom (programmable read only memory): prom is read-only memory that can be
modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank prom and enters the desired contents
using a prom program.
 eprom (erasable and programmable read only memory): the eprom is a type of a prom
which can be programmed by the user multiple Times. Eprom is erased by exposing it to
ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually, an eprom eraser achieves this
function.
 eeprom (elastically erasable and programmable read only memory): the eeprom is
programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten
thousand times. Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 milliseconds.
Secondary /Auxiliary Memory:- when we want to save our work permanently in computer
system, then we need secondary memory. Such as hard disk, pen drive etc.
DATA STORAGE MEDIA/ DEVICE
It is used to store the data Information permanently for further use.
There are two types of storage device.
1. Primary storage device – RAM, ROM.
2. Secondary storage device- disks.
TYPES OF DISK
A. FD – Floppy disk
B. HD – Hard disk Fixed disk.
C. CD – Compact Disk Removable Disk.
D. DVD – Digital video Disk Removable Disk.
TYPES OF DISK Drive
There are three types of disk drive.
1. FDD – Floppy Disk Drive – A:/B:
2. HDD – Hard Disk Drive – C:
3. CDD – Compact Disk Drive – O:
MEASUREMENT OF MEMORY
0 and 1 are bit.
A group of 4 bits = one nibble.

A group of 8 bits = one byte.
A character = 1 Bite.
0 and 1 = bit.
1024 bits = 1 byte.
1024 Byte = 1 K.B (Kilo Byte)
1024 K.B = M.B (Mega Byte)
1024 M.B = 1 G.B ( Gage Byte)
1024 G.B = 1 T.B ( Tera byte)
1024 T.B = 1 P.B (PETA byte)
DEVICE
ALL PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER ARE CALLED DEVICE.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF DEVICE :-
DEVICE
INPUT DEVICE OUTPUT DEVICE
1. INPUT DEVICE :- An input device for a computer allows you to enter information. An input
device allows users to communicate and feed instructions and data to computers for
processing, display, storage and/or transmission.
2. OUTPUT DEVICE:- An output device is any device used to send data from a computer to
another device or user. Most computer data output that is meant for humans is in the form
of audio or video.

COMPUTER DEVICE
MOTHER BOARD / MAIN BOARD
MOTHER BOARD :- A motherboard is one of the most essential parts of a computer system. It
holds together many of the crucial components of a computer, including the central processing unit
(CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices. The motherboard is a printed circuit
board that is the foundation of a computer, located on the back side or at the bottom of the
computer chassis. It allocates power and allows communication to the CPU, RAM, and all other
computer hardware components.
Central processing unit (c.p.u)
The human brain has two parts, one which controls or our action and other which storage all
things that are to remember similar, the computer has a control unit which controls the computer
action all the input from input device and output devices and a memory unit were the computer
storage things to be recomembered. C.P.U is a brain of computer. we see as a response to our
input. Without the CPU, the computer is nothing.

CU ALU MU
(CONTROL UNIT) (ARITHEMATIC LOGIC UNIT) (MEMORY UNIT)
The human is controls all our memory capacity similar the control unit of the computer controls
data and instructions that is to be stored or retried from its memory unit. The computer has and
arithmetic unit and memory unit together from the control processing unit of the computer.
BASIC COMPONENTSOF COMPUTERSYSTEM
 CONTROLS UNIT (C.U)
 ARITHMETICAL LOGICAL UNIT (A.L.U)
 MEMORY UNIT (M.U)
CONTROLS UNIT :- cu is the place of computer’s cpu that acts as the center nervous system
for all other components of computer system. It manages and coordinates the entire computer
system, including input/output units.
ARITHMETICAL AND LOGICAL UNIT (A.L.U):- A.L.U is the place of computer’s cpu
here actual execution of instructions takes please during data processing operations.
MEMORY UNIT (M.U):- mu is the place of computer’s cpu that stores intermediate steps and
final output also.
U.P.S (UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY):- Sudden power cut eraser any present
data. So a ups can be use to provide uninterrupted power supply to the computer system and
save the data typically for 5 to 15 minutes until an auxiliary power supply can be turned on an
utility power restored, or equipment is safely shut down. It is also know as a battery backup.
SPEED OF C.P.U
THE SPEED OF CPU CHIP IS MESURED IN MEGAHEARTZ (MHz) OR GIGAHERTZ (GHz).
THE FASTER SPEED OF CPU CHIP, THE FASTER COMPUTER CAN OPERATE. COMMON
SPEED FOR CPU IN TODAY’S COMPUTER IS 500 GHz, 933 MHz, 2.0 GHz AND 3.0 GHz.
THESE SPEEDS ARE INCREASING DAY BY DAY.

GENERATION OF CPU
Year Event
1823 Baron Jons Jackob Berzelius discovers silicon (Si), which today is the basic component of
processors.
1903 Nikola Tesla patents electrical logic circuits called "gates" or "switches".
1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the first transistor at the Bell
Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley patent the first transistor.
1956 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley are awarded the Nobel Prize in
physics for their work on the transistor.
1958 The first integrated circuit is first developed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor
and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. The first IC was demonstrated on September 12,
1958.
1960 IBM develops the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors in New York.
1968 Intel Corporation is founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore.
1969 Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) is founded on May 1, 1969.
1971 Intel with the help of Ted Hoff introduces the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on
November 15, 1971. The 4004 had 2,300 transistors, performed 60,000 operations per
second (OPS), addressed 640 bytes of memory, and cost $200.00.
1972 Intel introduces the 8008 processor on April 1, 1972.
1974 Intel's improved microprocessor chip is introduced April 1, 1974, the 8080 becomes a
standard in the computer industry.
1976 Intel introduces the 8085 processor on March 1976.
1976 The Intel 8086 is introduced June 8, 1976.
1979 The Intel 8088 is released on June 1, 1979.
1979 The Motorola 68000, a 16/32-bit processor is released and is later chosen as the processor
for the Apple Macintosh and Amiga computers.
1982 The Intel 80286 is introduced February 1, 1982.
1985 Intel introduces the first 80386 in October 1985.
1987 The SPARC processor is first introduced by Sun.
1988 Intel 80386SX is introduced.
1991 AMD introduces the AM386 microprocessor family in March.

1991 Intel introduces the Intel 486SX chip in April in efforts to help bring a lower-cost processor to
the PC market selling for $258.00.
1992 Intel releases the 486DX2 chip March 2 with a clock doubling ability that generates higher
operating speeds.
1993 Intel releases the Pentium processor on March 22 1993. The processor is a
60 MHz processor, incorporates 3.1 million transistors and sells for $878.00.
1994 Intel releases the second generation of Intel Pentium processors on March 7, 1994.
1995 Intel introduces the Intel Pentium Pro in November of 1995.
1996 Intel announces the availability of the Pentium 150 MHz with 60MHz bus and 166 MHz with
66 MHz bus on January 4th.
1996 AMD introduces the K5 processor on March 27, 1996, with speeds of 75 MHz to 133 MHz
and bus speeds of 50 MHz, 60 MHz, or 66 MHz. The K5 is the first processor developed
completely in-house by AMD.
1997 AMD releases their K6 processor line in April of 1997, with speeds of 166 MHz to 300 MHz
and a 66 MHz bus speed.
1997 Intel Pentium II is introduced on May 7, 1997.
1998 AMD introduces their new K6-2 processor line on May 28, 1998, with speeds of 266 MHz to
550 MHz and bus speeds of 66 MHz to 100 MHz. The K6-2 processor is an enhanced
version of AMD's K6 processor.
1998 Intel releases the first Xeon processor, the Pentium II Xeon 400 (512K or 1M Cache, 400
MHz, 100 MHz FSB) in June of 1998.
1999 Intel releases the Celeron 366 MHz and 400 MHz processors on January 4, 1999.
1999 AMD released its K6-III processors on February 22, 1999, with speeds of 400 MHz or 450
MHz and bus speeds of 66MHz to 100 MHz. It also featured an on-die L2 cache.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 500 MHz is released on February 26, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 550 MHz is released on May 17, 1999.
1999 AMD introduced the Athlon processor series on June 23, 1999. The Athlon would be
produced for the next 6 years in speeds ranging from 500 MHz up to 2.33 GHz.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 600 MHz is released on August 2, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 533B and 600B MHz is released on September 27, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III Coppermine series is first introduced on October 25, 1999.
2000 On January 5, AMD releases the 800 MHz Athlon processor.
2000 Intel releases the Celeron 533 MHz with a 66 MHz bus processor on January 4th.
2000 AMD first released the Duron processor on June 19, 2000, with speeds of 600 MHz to 1.8

GHz and bus speeds of 200 MHz to 266 MHz. The Duron was built on the same K7
architecture as the Athlon processor.
2000 Intel announces on August 28th that it will recall its 1.3 GHz Pentium III processors due to a
glitch. Users with these processors should contact their vendors for additional information
about the recall.
2001 On January 3, Intel releases the 800 MHz Celeron processor with a 100 MHz bus.
2001 On January 3 Intel releases the 1.3 GHz Pentium 4 processor.
2001 AMD announces a new branding scheme on October 9, 2001. Instead of identifying
processors by their clock speed, the AMD Athlon XP processors will bear monikers of
1500+, 1600+, 1700+, 1800+, 1900+, 2000+, etc., with each higher model number
representing a higher clock speed.
2002 Intel releases the Celeron 1.3 GHz with a 100 MHz bus and 256 kB of level 2 cache.
2003 Intel Pentium M is introduced in March.
2003 AMD releases the first single-core Opteron processors, with speeds of 1.4 GHz to 2.4 GHz
and 1024 KB L2 cache, on April 22, 2003.
2003 AMD releases the first Athlon 64 processors, the 3200+ (2.0 GHz, 1024 KB L2 cache), and
the first Athlon 64 FX processor, the FX-51 (2.2 GHz, 1024 KB L2 cache), on September 23,
2003.
2004 AMD releases the first Sempron processor on July 28, 2004, with a 1.5 GHz to 2.0 GHz
clock speed and 166 MHz bus speed.
2005 AMD releases their first dual-core processor, the Athlon 64 X2 3800+ (2.0 GHz, 512 KB L2
cache per core), on April 21, 2005.
2006 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E6320 (4M Cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) April
22, 2006.
2006 Intel introduces the Intel Core 2 Duo processors with the Core 2 Duo processor E6300 (2M
Cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) July 27, 2006.
2006 Intel introduces the Intel Core 2 Duo processor for the laptop computer with the Core 2
Duo processor T5500 (2M Cache, 1.67 GHz, 667 MHz FSB), as well as other Core 2 Duo T
series processors, in August 2006.
2007 Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q6600 (8M Cache, 2.40 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) in
January 2007.
2007 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4300 (2M Cache, 1.80 GHz, 800 MHz FSB)
January 21, 2007.
April 2007.

2007 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4400 (2M Cache, 2.00 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) April
22, 2007.
2007 AMD renames the Athlon 64 X2 processor line to just Athlon X2 and releases the first in that
line, the Brisbane series (1.9 to 2.6 GHz, 512KB L2 Cache) on June 1, 2007.
2007 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E4500 (2M Cache, 2.20 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) July
22, 2007.
October 21, 2007.
2007 AMD releases the first Phenom X4 processors (2M Cache, 1.8 GHz to 2.6 GHz, 1066 MHz
FSB) on November 19, 2007.
2008 Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processor Q9300 (6M Cache, 2.50 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB)
and the Core 2 Quad processor Q9450 (12M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in March
2008.
March 2, 2008.
2008 AMD releases the first Phenom X3 processors (2M Cache, 2.1 GHz to 2.5 GHz, 1066 MHz
FSB) on March 27, 2008.
2008 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7200 (3M Cache, 2.53 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on
April 20, 2008.
August 10, 2008.
2008 Intel releases several Core 2 Quad processors in August 2008: the Q8200 (4M Cache, 2.33
GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), the Q9400 (6M Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), and the Q9650
(12M Cache, 3.00 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB)
October 19, 2008.
2008 Intel releases the first Core i7 Desktop processors in November 2008: the i7-920 (8M
Cache, 2.67 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB), the i7-940 (8M Cache, 2.93 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB), and
the i7-965 Extreme Edition (8M Cache, 3.2 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB).
2009 AMD releases the first Phenom II X4 (quad core) processors (6M Cache, 2.5 to 3.7 GHz,
1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) on January 8, 2009.
January 18, 2009
2009 AMD releases the first Phenom II X3 (triple core) processors (6M Cache, 2.5 to 3.0 GHz,
1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) on February 9, 2009.

April 2009
2009 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processor E7600 (3M Cache, 3.06 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) May
31, 2009
2009 AMD releases the first Athlon II X2 (dual core) processors (1024KB L2 Cache, 1.6 to 3.5
GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) in June 2009.
2009 AMD releases the first Phenom II X2 (dual core) processors (6M Cache, 3.0 to 3.5 GHz,
1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) on June 1, 2009.
2009 AMD releases the first Athlon II X4 (quad core) processors (512KB L2 Cache, 2.2 to 3.1
GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) in September 2009.
2009 Intel releases the first Core i5 Desktop processor with 4 cores, the i5-750 (8M Cache, 2.67
GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), on September 8, 2009
2009 AMD releases the first Athlon II X3 (triple core) processors (512KB L2 Cache, 2.2 to 3.4
GHz, 1066 MHZ or 1333 MHz FSB) in October 2009.
January 2010
2010 Intel releases the first Core i5 Mobile processors, the i5-430M (3M Cache, 2.27 GHz, 1066
MHz FSB) and the i5-520E (3M Cache, 2.4 GHZ, 1066 MHz FSB) in January 2010
2010 Intel releases the first Core i5 Desktop processor over 3.0 GHz, the i5-650 (4M Cache, 3.20
GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in January 2010
2010 Intel releases the first Core i3 Desktop processors, the i3-530 (4M Cache, 2.93 GHz, 1333
MHz FSB) and the i3-540 (4M Cache, 3.06 GHz, 1333 MHz FS), on January 7, 2010
2010 Intel releases the first Core i3 Mobile processors, the i3-330M (3M Cache, 2.13 GHz, 1066
MHz FSB) and the i3-350M (3M Cache, 2.27 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB), on January 7, 2010
2010 AMD releases the first Phenom II X6 (hex/six core) processors (6M Cache, 2.6 to 3.3 GHz...
or 3.7 GHz with Turbo Core) on April 27, 2010.
2011 Intel releases seven new Core i5 processors with 4 cores, the i5-2xxx series (6M Cache, 2.3
GHz to 3.3 GHz) in January 2011
2011 AMD releases the first mobile processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300M (2M L2 Cache, 1.9
GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) and the A4-3310MX (2M L2 Cache, 2.1 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) on
June 14, 2011.
GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) and the A6-3410MX (4M L2 Cache, 1.6 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB) on
June 14, 2011.

GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), the A8-3510MX (4M L2 Cache, 1.8 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB), and the
A8-3530MX (4M L2 Cache, 1.9 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB) on June 14, 2011.
2011 AMD releases the first desktop processor in their A6 line, the A6-3650 (4M L2 Cache, 2.6
GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011.
2011 AMD releases the first desktop processor in their A8 line, the A8-3850 (4M L2 Cache, 2.9
GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011.
2011 AMD releases the first desktop processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300 (1024KB L2 Cache,
2.5 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB) and the A4-3400 (1024KB L2 Cache, 2.7 GHz, 1600 MHz FSB)
on September 7, 2011.
2012 AMD releases the first desktop processors in their A10 line, the A10-5700 (4M L2 Cache,
3.4 GHz or 4.0 GHz in Turbo mode, 1866 MHz FSB) and the A10-5800K (4M L2 Cache, 3.8
GHz or 4.2 GHz in Turbo mode, 1866 MHz FSB) on October 1, 2012.
 How to Shutdown (Turn Off) the Computer?
Before shutting down the Computer, close all opened windows at first. Then,
1. Click on Start button.
2. Click on Shutdown (Turn Off Computer).
Then, Computer asks you:
What do you want the Computer to do?
• Standby
• Shutdown (Turn Off)
• Restart
• Restart in MS-DOS mode.
Note: The options will be different from one OS to another.
3. Choose 2nd option (i.e. Shutdown/Turn Off).
4. Click on OK.
Then, wait until the message “It’s now safe to turn off your Computer”.
5. Then, Switch Off the screen.
6. Switch Off the CPU.
7. At last, Switch Off the power supply.
 MOUSE
Mouse is the most popular pointing device and cursor-control device having a small palm size box
with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding
signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

 THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF MOUSE.
i. OPTICAL MOUSE.
ii. SCROLL MOUSE.
iii. ZOOM MOUSE.
iv. WIRELESS MOUSE.
 KEYBOARD
The most common and very popular input device which helps in inputting data to the computer. It
consists of keys that are capable of inputting alphabets, numbers and special characters. You can
also navigate using the keyboard and perform shortcut functions. A computer keyboard is defined
as the set of typewriter-like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer or other devices.
Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriters but contain additional typing keys.
Generally keyboard have 101 to 108 keys.

There are seven types of keys.
I. Alphabet key (a - z)
II. Numeric key (0 - 9)
III. Function key (f1 – f12)
IV. Symbolic key.
SL.
NO.
SYMBOL NAME
1 & AMPERSAND OR AND
2 ‘ APOSTROPHE OR SINGLE QUOTE
3 * ASTERISK
4 @ AT THE RATE OF
5 ` BACK QUOTE

6 BACK SLASH
7 { } BRACES OR CURLY BRACES
8 [ ] BRACKETS
9 ^ CARAT
10 } CLOSE BRACE
11 ] CLOSE BRACKET
12 ) CLOSE PARENTHESIS
13 : COLON
14 , COMMA
15 $ DOLLAR
16 = EQUAL
17 ! EXCLAMATION MARK
18 > GREATER THAN
19 < LESS THAN
20 – MINUS OR HYPHEN
21 { OPEN BRACE
22 [ OPEN BRACKET
23 ( OPEN PARENTHESIS
24 ( ) PARENTHESIS
25 % PERCENT
26 | PIPE OR BAR
27 + PLUS
28 # POUND OR NUMBER SIGN OR SHARP OR HASH
29 “ QUOTE
30 ; SEMI-COLON

31 / SLASH OR FORWARD SLASH
32 ~ TILDE
33 _ UNDERSCORE
34 ? QUESTION MARK
35 . PERIOD, DOT OR FULL STOP
V. Multimedia key.
VI. Arrow key.
 MONITORS
Monitors, commonly called as visual display unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer.
It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The
sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels. The monitor is the piece of computer
hardware that displays the video and graphics information generated by the computer through
the video card. Monitors are very similar to televisions but usually display information at a much
higher resolution. Also unlike televisions, monitors are not usually mounted on a wall but instead
sit atop a desk.
SUCH AS:-
LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
CRT ( CATHODE RAY TUBE)
LED ( LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
 PRINTER
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.
1. Mainly two types of printer.

 impact printers: the impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon
which is then pressed on the paper.
 non-impact printers: non-impact printers print the characters without using ribbon. These
printers print a complete page at a time so they are also called as page printers. Laser
printers, inkjet printers.
 THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF PRINTER:-
A. Dot matrix printer.
B. Ink-jet printer.
C. Thermal printer.
D. Daisy wheel printer.
E. Laser printer.
F. Chain printer.
G. Drum printer.
 JOY STICK
It is a device used to move cursor position on a monitor screen. It is mainly used in computer
aided designing (cad) and playing computer games.
 SCANNER
A scanner allows you to scan printed material and convert it into a file format that may be used
within the pc. A computer scanner is an input device because it takes information from the real
world (e.g. a document or picture) and converts it into digital information for a computer to store or
manipulate. A scanner is only able to send information to the computer and cannot receive
information from the computer like a printer (which is an output device).
How is a scanner connected?
A scanner can be connected to a computer using many different interfaces although today is most
commonly connected to a computer using a USB cable.
 Firewire
 Parallel
 SCSI
 USB
 THERE ARE SOME TYPES OF SCANNER.

1) Optical character reader (OCR) :- it is use to scan text only from and
documents or pages.
2) Optical mark reader (OMR) :- it is use to only marked character by black or
Dark pen. This device is used to check answer- sheet of different
examination.
3) Magnetic ink character reader (MICR):- this device is used to read any text
writing by magnetic ink. Ink bank it is used to read draft number.
4) Bar – code reader:- this scanner is performed by a light pen which is linked to
a computer. It is used to reader pattern of bars, sequences of bits is
generated and information recorded.
COMPUTER VIRUS
 What is a Computer Virus?
Understanding computer viruses requires examining other, related threats. A computer
virus is a special case of malicious logic (programs that act in violation of the security
policy). The Trojan horse is the most general form of malicious logic. It is an
appropriate starting point.
 Trojan Horses :- A Trojan horse is a program with an overt function and a covert function.
The over function is a documented result or effect that the user expects the program to
perform. The covert function is an undocumented result or effect that the user does not
intend to occur.
 Computer Viruses :- According to Ferbrache, the first virus-like programs ran on Apple II
computers. One wrote itself to the boot sectors whenever the catalog command was
executed. A secondinfected a game program. The game stopped working. The author
rewrote the game to
locate, and delete, the infected copies of the game.
Types
There are different types of computer viruses with different techniques. Let's take a look at a few of
them:
 Trojan viruses are downloaded and spread other malicious programs and can remotely
control the computer it is downloaded on.
 Botnets put infected computers into a network where they can be remotely controlled.
 Scareware uses a disguise to infect a person's computer. It usually looks like a safe anti-
virus program.
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
Languages are a means of communication. Normally people
interact with each other through a language. On the same
pattern, communication with computers is carried out
through a language. This language is understood both by
user and the machine. Just as every language like English,
Hindi has its grammatical rules; every computer language is
bound by rules known as SYNTAX of that language. The user is

bound by that syntax while communicating with the computer
system.
Computer languages are broadly classified as:
1. Low Level Language:
The term low level means closeness to the way in which machine understand. The low level
languages are:
 Machine Language: This is the language (in the form of 0’s and 1’s, called binary
numbers) understood directly by the computer. It is machine dependent. It is difficult to
learn and even more difficult to write programs.
 Assembly Language: This is the language where the machine codes comprising of 0’s and
1’s are substituted by symbolic codes (called mnemonics) to improve their understanding.
It is the first step to improve programming structure.Assembly language programming
is simpler and less time consuming than machine level programming, it is easier to locate
and correct errors in assembly language than in machine language programs. It is
also machine dependent. Programmers must have knowledge of the machine on which the
program will run.
2. High Level Language
You know that low level language requires extensive knowledge of the hardware since it is
machine dependent. To overcome the limitation, high level language has been evolved which
uses normal English like, easy to understand statements to solve any problem. Higher level
languages are computer independent and programming becomes quite easy and simple.Various
high level languages are given below:
BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): It is widely used, easy to learn general
purpose language. Mainly used in microcomputers in earlier days.
COBOL (Common Business Oriented language): A standardized language used for
commercial applications.
FORTRAN (Formula Translation): Developed for solving
mathematical and scientific problems. One of the most popular
languages among scientific community.
C. Structured Programming Language used for all purpose
such as scientific application, commercial application,
developing games etc.
C++: Popular object oriented programming language, used for
general purpose.

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