Current status of health and burden of disease

1. CURRENT STATUS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
BURDEN IN INDIA
PRESENTED BY:
Money Dhingra
M.Sc.(N) 1st Year

2. INTRODUCTION
□ Good health is the fundamental right of an every human
being.
□ Beyond being a personal responsibility, health is a national,
international and also a worldwide social goal.
□ Besides that now a days COVID-19 is major issue of
concern that affects all aspects of development, globally as
well as India.
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3. HEALTH
□ According to WHO,
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well
being, and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”.
OR
□ According to Oxford Dictionary,
“Health is that condition of mental and physical soundness
which enables the body to perform its functions timely and
effectively”.
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4. DISEASE
□ According to Webster,
“ A condition in which body health is impaired , a departure
from a state of health , an alteration of human body
interrupting the performance of vital functions”.
OR
□ Any deviation from physical, mental and social well being
is known as disease.
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5. MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS
Health problem is a state in which we are unable to function
normally (state of illness).
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Communicable
diseases
Non-
communicable
diseases
Environmental
sanitation
problems
Nutritional
problems
Population
problems

6. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
□ These accounted for nearly
half of India’s burden in 1998.
□ It is estimated that currently
there are 51 lakh adults(15-49
years) with HIV are affected,
a little less than 1% of the
total population in this age
group.
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7. Cont….
□ Nearly 40% of the Indian population are affected with
tuberculosis.
□ There are about 85 lakh people and 4 lakh people are
dying each year due to tuberculosis. It is the most
important cause of death in India at present.
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8. □ Malaria, dengue and other vector borne conditions are
estimated to about 1.6% of India’s total disease burden
according to WHO
Fig.: Mortality Rate
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Fig. : Global shift in Disease Burden

10. ASTHMA AND COPD
It is estimated that there
are 1.49 crore chronic
cases of COPD in India
and 2.5 crore cases of
asthma.
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11. COVID-19
The impact of corona virus in India largely disruptive. It
affects the people in different ways. Due to Corona
virus about 94000 people are deceased in India.
As of 22 March 2021, a total of 403,269,879 vaccine
doses have been administered.
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13. NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
□ In India 63% of all death occur
due to non communicable
diseases.
□ It includes cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes, cancer,
mental health disorders,
respiratory conditions such as
asthma and Chronic Pulmonary
Obstructive Disease (COPD).
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14. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
□ According to recent estimates cases of cardiovascular diseases
are about 37 million in 2020 and number of deaths due to
cardiovascular diseases will also more.
□ The death rate is estimated about 272 per one lakh population
in India.
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15. DIABETES
 India has an estimated 77 million people with diabetes.
□ The number is projected to grow by 2045 to become 134
million according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF).
□ The prevalence of diabetes in the population is 8.9%.
□ According to WHO , 2% of all deaths in India are due to
diabetes.
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16. CANCER
India is likely to have over 17.3 lakh new cases of
cancer and over 8.8 lakh death by 2020 with cancer of
breast, lung and cervix topping the list.
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17. MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
□ Without anticipating a corona virus pandemic , the WHO
earlier predicted that by 2020 , 20% of the population will
suffer from mental illness.
□ That means 200 million people in India have mental illness
and the situation likely to be worsen.
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18. ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES
According to WHO, RTIs will be the third leading cause of
mortality and morbidity by 2020.among the total Disability
Adjusted Life Years (DALY) 13% due to injuries.
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19. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
PROBLEMS
□ The main problems are lack of safe water supply and excreta
disposal.
□ Besides these has been a growing concern about the impact
of new problems resulting:
a) Population explosion
b) Urbanization
c) Industrialization
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20. NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
□ It includes malnutrition,
anemia, blindness, low birth
weight.
□ From anemia 60-80% of
pregnant women are anemic.
20-0% of maternal death are
attributed to anemia. About
0/04% of total blindness in
India is attributed to nutritional
deficiency.
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21. POPULATION PROBLEMS
□ The population problem is one of the biggest problems of
country which affects all aspects of development especially
health care, sanitation, housing, education and employment.
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22. BURDEN OF DISEASE
Burden of disease is the burden that a particular disease process
has in a particular area measured by cost, morbidity and
mortality.
The India State level Disease Burden initiative was launched in
October 2015 to address the crucial knowledge gap with support
from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the
Government of India.
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23. Cont….
□ It helps to describe the distribution of diseases and risk factors
for every state of India.
□ The National Health Policy 2017 has recommended disease
burden tracking to monitor health improvements across the
country.
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24. EFFECTS OF BURDEN OF DISEASE
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PERSONAL
• Body
• Relationships
• Work
SOCIAL
• Community
development
• Social
services
• Health care
system
NATIONAL
• Economy
• Productivity
• Education

25. USES OF BURDEN OF DISEASE
It includes:
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To compare population health across
communities
To provide a full picture of which diseases,
injuries and risk factors contribute the most to
poor health.

26. MEASUREMNET OF BURDEN OF
DISEASE
□ The burden of disease is measured by Health Adjusted Life
Years (HALY). It helps in estimate the burden of disease.
□ They measure the combined effects of mortality and morbidity
in population, allowing for comparisons between illness and
interventions.
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27. COMMON APPROACHES TO
MEASURE HALY
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Disability
Adjusted Life
Years
(DALY)
Quality
Adjusted Life
Years
(QALY)

28. BASIC FACTS REGARDING
DALY AND QALY
□ Both DALY and QALY are based on the latest
epidemiological data.
□ The data must be assessed for diagnostic accuracy.
□ The data collected from:
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Reportable disease registers
Healthcare administration databases
Census
National and local surveillance data

30. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DALY AND QALY
DALY
□ Measure disease burden in
population
□ The goal of DALY is to
minimize the bad gap in
health.
QALY
□ Analyze clinical
interventions.
□ The goal of QALY is to
maximize the good quality
of life.
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31. RECAPTUALIZATION
 What is Health?
 What are the major health problems?
 What is Burden of Disease?
 What are the effects of Burden of Disease?
 What are the uses of Burden of Disease?
 What is the difference between QALY and DALY?
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32. RESEARCH ARTICLE
1. ABSTRACT:
Title of the study :The present health scenario in India.
The present health scenario in India presents the general health status of
the Indian population. Indicators for health status include mortality rates,
causes of death, morbidity patterns, disease profiles and increasing
epidemics. According to the report by the Registrar General of India, the
leading causes of death are senility (23.5%), circulatory diseases
(10.8%), causes peculiar to infancy (9.6%), and fevers (7.7%). In terms
of morbidity, it is estimated that about 2-3% of the population suffers
from some kind of illness every day. 32

33. RESEARCH ARTICLE
These common communicable diseases include cholera, diarrhea, acute
respiratory infections, malaria, tuberculosis, blindness, malnutrition,
deficiency anemia, worm infestations, and water-borne diseases.
Incidence and prevalence of such diseases are aggravated by an apparent
neglect of preventive medicine in the country. Moreover, the danger of
epidemics is noted to be increasing in some parts of India. Hence, it is
recommended that all future planning on health and development should
focus on the prevailing conditions of the country.
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34. RESEARCH ARTICLE
2. ABSTRACT:
Title of the study: Global, regional and national disability-
adjusted life years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and
healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and
territories 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global
Burden of Disease Study 2017.
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35. RESEARCH ARTICLE
Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in
good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and
leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for
policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed
the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which
quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health,
and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life-years
(DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both
premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359
diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over past 28 years.
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36. RESEARCH ARTICLE
Methods:
We used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature
mortality and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases,
Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990
to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita
for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum
of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country
and sex from expected trends based on Socio-demographic Index. We also analyzed
HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor
health, between 1990 and 2017 and extra years lived by females compared with males.
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37. RESEARCH ARTICLE
Findings:
Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years, from 65
years in 1990 to 73 years in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years in
high SDI countries to 12 years in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life
expected at birth, 26·3% were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries
compared with 11·7% in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3
years, from 57years in 1990 to 63 years in 2017. The increase varied from 3years in
high SDI countries to 10 years in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE
than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1 year in Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines (62·4 years in 1990 to 63 years in 2017) to 23 years in Eritrea (30 years
in 1990 to 54 years in 2017).
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38. RESEARCH ARTICLE
In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life
expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. Of the extra years gained, the
proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries. In 2017, the highest
estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75 years) and males (72
years) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47 years for females
and 42 years for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were
neonatal disorders, ischemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardized
DALY rates decreased by 41·3% for communicable diseases and by 49·8% for neonatal
disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1%,
although age-standardized DALY rates decreased by 18·1%
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39. CONCLUSION
The result show that the burden due to communicable and non-
communicable diseases and injuries has overtaken the burden. In India,
26% of all deaths occur due to cardiovascular diseases. More than 1.73
million new cancer cases are likely to be recorded each year by 2020 in
India. The contribution of specific diseases and risk factors to the overall
heath loss can be a useful guide for state when they develop their project
for health.
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40. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Textbook:
□ Swarnkar Keshav. Community Health Nursing. 2nd ed. N.R.Brothers Publishing:1
Internet sources:
□ Sourav goswami, Burden of Disease Analysis. Available from:
https://www.slideshare.net/burdenofdiseaseanalysis [Accessed 26th October 2020]
□ Hari OM Mehta, Health problems in India. Available from:
https://www.slideshare.net/health-problems-in-india [Accessed 26th October]
□ National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, Burden of Disease in India.
Available from:
https://www.who.int/macrohealth/action/NCMH_Burden%20of%20disease
[Accessed 26th October 2020]
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