L14 emergency preparednes-industrial facility

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5th BAERA Training Course on Radiation Protection for Radiation
Control Officers (RCOs) of Industrial Practices
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority
Agargaon, Dhaka
06-09 November 2017
Lecture 14: Emergency Preparedness in
Industrial Practices

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Content
• Radiological accident
• Causes of accidents
• Types of accidents
• Emergency plan
• Components of emergency planning & preparedness
• Generic response organization
• Specific emergency procedure

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Radiological Accident
A radiological accident is defined as a deviation
from normal conditions which, leads to actual or
potential radiological consequences and which
requires an emergency response.

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Causes of Accidents
ACCIDENT
FAILURE TO USE
SURVEY METER
EQUIPMENT
FAILURE
NOT FOLLOWING
SAFETY POCEDURES
LACK OF
REGULATORY CONTROL
NO SAFETY PROGRAM
POOR OR NO
TRAINING

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Types of Accidents
Events involving gamma exposure devices
• Failing to fully retract source and failure to
properly survey to verify source location
• Damage to guide tube resulting in source stuck
in exposed position in guide tube
• Source disconnected from the control cable
• Theft or loss of source and/or device
• Malfunction or defeat of safety system
• Contamination due to leaking or damage source

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Types of X-Ray Emergencies
Events involving X-ray exposure devices
• Tube remains energized and improper survey
performed
• Tube is energized unintentionally
• Malfunction or deliberate defeat of safety
systems, ie interlocks

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Why Plan & Preparedness ?
• Because accident happens.
• Because it helps saving lives & risk to health and
environment.
• Because response with planning costs less than
response without planning.
• Because response without planning makes it
complex.
• Experience shows that if preparedness and
training is ready quick response is possible.
• It is a safety requirement of NSRC Act and Rules.

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Emergency Plan
A description of the objectives, policy and
concept of operations for the response to an
emergency and of the structure, authorities and
responsibilities for a systematic, coordinated and
effective response.
• The emergency plan serves as the basis for the development of
other plans, procedures and checklists.
• Emergency plans are prepared at several different levels: national,
local and facility. They may include all activities planned to be
carried out by all relevant organizations and authorities, or may be
primarily concerned with the actions to be carried out by a particular
organization.
• Details regarding the accomplishment of specific tasks outlined in an
emergency plan are contained in emergency procedures.

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Emergency Planning and Preparedness
Emergency planning and preparedness has four
major components
• assessment of the hazards
• acquisition of emergency equipment
• development of written procedures
• training

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Assessment of the Hazards
Emergency planning starts with assessment of the
hazards:
• analysis of normal conditions
• changes during an emergency
• possible types of accidents
• possible magnitudes
• consequences on-site & off-site

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Emergency Equipment
• Survey Instruments
• High range dose-rate
instrument (capable of
measuring Sv/h)
• Low range survey
instrument
• Check source for low
range survey instruments
• Contamination monitor or
probe
• Personal Protective
Equipment
• Personal alarm (self-
reading) dosemeters for
all involved
• Permanent (passive)
dosemeters eg film badge
for all involved
• Overalls protective
footwear
• First aid kit

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Emergency Equipment
Communication Equipment
• Portable radios
• Mobile telephones
Supplies
• Shielding sufficient to
attenuate radiation
significantly
• Remote handling tongs
• Shielded container
• Hand tools eg wrench,
pliers, croppers
• Radiation warning labels
& signs
• Rope
• Writing materials

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Emergency Equipment
Remote handling tongs
• Can be home made
or commercially
available
• Provides distance
from radioactive
source

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Emergency Equipment
Prepare tool box with
standard tools for
device maintenance
• Replacement parts
• Specialized tools to
aid in recovery

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Emergency Equipment
Shielding materials
• Allows for reduction of
dose rates so
recovery can occur
with minimal dose
• Additional shielding
can usually be
obtained on site

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Emergency Equipment
Teletector

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Supporting Documents/ Procedures
(a) Equipment operations manuals
(b) Response co-ordination procedures
(c) Procedures for conducting monitoring
(d) Procedures for personal radiation protection
(Responsibilities, organization, identification of an
accident, notification, etc.)

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Elements of Emergency Plan
(Preparedness and Response Requirements)
A) Infrastructure Element
(requirements for emergency preparedness)
B) Functional Element
(requirements for emergency response)

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Emergency preparedness
The capability to take actions that will effectively
mitigate the consequences of an emergency for
human health and safety, quality of life, property
and the environment.
Emergency preparedness helps to build
confidence that an emergency response would
be managed, controlled & co-ordinated
effectively.

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Emergency response
The performance of actions to mitigate the
consequences of an emergency for human
health and safety, quality of life, property and the
environment. It may also provide a basis for the
resumption of normal social and economic
activity.

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Emergency preparedness should be
established considering
• Classification of accident
• Treat Categories
• Planning areas

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Classification of accident
According to geographical extent of the
consequences
• Level-1 - Limited to a single room
• Level-2 - Limited to perimeter of the facility
• Level-3 - Have significance outside the
perimeter of the facility
• Level-4 - Have a transboundary effect

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Threat categories
Five threat categories establish the basis for
developing generically optimized arrangements
for emergency preparedness
• Threat Category- I
• Threat Category- II
• Threat Category- III
• Threat Category- IV
• Threat category- V

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Threat Category-I
Facility or practice
• Reactors with power levels greater than 100
MW(th) (power reactor, nuclear ship and
research reactor)
• Spent fuel pools containing more than the
equivalent of a 3000 MW(th) reactor core
• Inventories of unsealed radioactive material in
large amounts.

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Threat Category-II
Facility or practice:
• Reactors with power levels>2 MW(th) and less
than 100 MW(th) (power reactor, nuclear ship
and research reactor)
• Spent fuel pools containing between the
equivalent of a 10 to 3000 MW(th) reactor core
• Inventories of unsealed radioactive material in
medium amounts.

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Threat Category-III
Facility or practice
• Potential of unshielded dose rates more than 10
Sv/h at 30 cm
• Industrial irradiation facility
• Reactors with power levels of less than or equal
to 2 MW(th)
• Inventories of unsealed radioactive material

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Threat Category-IV
Accidents involving lost or stolen sources or the
transportation of radioactive material (mobile
sources: industrial radiography sources, nuclear
power satellites, radiothermal generators, etc.)
• Areas with little or no known threat
• Minimum level of threat

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Threat Category-V
Activities not normally involving sources of
ionizing radiation, but which yield products with
a significant likelihood (conditional on the
occurrence of a significant release of radioactive
material from a facility in threat category I or II)
of becoming contaminated as a result of events
at facilities in threat category I or II

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Planning Area
• On-site area: the area surrounding the facility
within the security perimeter, fence or other
properly marker
• Off-site area: the area beyond that under control
of the facility or user

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Planning Levels and Responsibilities
Effective emergency response requires mutually
supportive and integrated emergency planning
at three levels:
 User
 Off-site
 International

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Generic
Response
Organization
RESPONSE INITIATOR
First official being informed of an
emergency with authority to initiate a
response plan
FIRST RESPONDER
First person or team to arrive
at the scene of an accident
with an official role to play in
the accident response
EMERGENCY MANAGER
Appointed official in charge of
overall emergency response
RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSOR
Usually senior member of a
radiological assessment team
sent to the scene of an
accident
Police
Fire service
Emergency medical responder
Facility responder
Radiological assessment
teams and laboratories
ON-SCENE
CONTROLLER
Usually senior member
of First Responder
team
Police
Fire Service
Emergency medical responder
Facility responder
Radiological assessment
teams and laboratories

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Responsibilities- User Level
• To mitigate the emergency
• To protect people on-site
• To notify off-site officials and providing them with
recommendations on protective actions and
technical assistance
• To provide initial radiological monitoring

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Responsibilities- Off-site Level
Local officials
 to provide immediate support to the user and
prompt protection to the public in the vicinity
National and regional officials
 to plan and response on the national level
 to plan longer term protective actions
 to support local officials in the event their
capabilities are exceeded

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Responsibilities- International Level
• IAEA -implementation of the “Convention on
Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident” & “
Convention on Assistance in the Case of a
Nuclear or Radiological Emergency”.
• UNDHA (United Nations Department of
Humanitarian Affairs), WHO (World Health
Organization), others- to provide technical,
humanitarian or medical assistance

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Elements of Emergency Plan
A) Infrastructural Elements/Requirements
• Authority, Command and Control
• Organizational Responsibilities
• Response coordination
• Plans and Procedures
• Logistic support, Emergency supplies, Equipment
Communication and Facilities
• Training, Drills and Exercise

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Infrastructure requirements must be
fulfilled to ensure that functional
requirements of response can be
performed when needed

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B) Functional Requirements/Elements
• Establishing emergency management and
operations
• Identifying, notifying and activating
• Performing mitigatory actions
• Taking urgent protective actions
• Providing information and issuing instructions
and warnings to the public
• Protecting emergency workers

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B) Functional Requirements/Elements (cont.)
• Assessing the initial phase
• Managing the medical response
• Keeping the public informed/ media relations
• Taking agricultural countermeasures,
countermeasures against ingestion and longer-
term protective actions
• Mitigating the non-radiological consequences of
the emergency and the response
• Conducting recovery operations

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Plans for an emergency
• Plans and procedures for responding to a
radiological accident should be established in
writing.
• Each participating organization should receive a
copy of the relevant parts of the plan
• The specificity of the plan depends on the level of
organization and on the type of accident envisaged
• The competent authority may issue guidance to
prepare emergency plan and require that approval of
the plan be part of any licensing procedure that is
necessary.

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Specific Emergency Procedure
Missing or Stolen Sources
Can be a significant hazard if members of the public who are not
aware of the danger of radiation find it. Priority-
* identify the location of the source
* people who may have unknowingly handled it
* type of source, its activity, physical & chemical characteristics
* track of the source normally start at the last known location

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Missing or Stolen Sources
If a source is missing or stolen the following steps are to be
performed:
Response Initiator (Radiographer)
(a)Initiate a search immediately, using a radiation monitoring
instrument. If the source has been lost in transit, retrace the planned
route taken by the device and source and search visually and with
the aid of radiation monitoring instruments.
(b) If it is concluded that the source is lost or stolen, notify the RCO
and/or the Regulatory Authority immediately.

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Missing or Stolen Sources
(cont.)
Radiation Control Officer (RCO)
(a) Initiate emergency plan;
(b) When the source is found, inspect it for evidence of
tampering and monitor it for shielding damage;
(c) Perform a wipe test for leakage of radioactive material;
(d) If the test results are satisfactory, the source is returned
to the manufacturer or qualified expert for detailed
testing;
(e) If test results are not satisfactory, initiate emergency
plan.

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Missing or Stolen Sources
(cont.)
Emergency Manager
Communicate with hospitals, the media and the
public, when necessary, to help locate the
missing source and, if necessary, warn of
potential health effects.

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Missing or Stolen Sources
(cont.)
If indications are that the source is damaged, see the following item.
Radiographer
(a) Immediately inform the RCO, who may require assistance from a
qualified expert, manufacturer or Regulatory Authority;
(b) If instructed to do so, and wearing protective clothing (gloves), place
the device and ancillary equipment in strong plastic bags to prevent
spread of contamination;
(c) Place the protective clothing in a plastic bag and seal all bags used
and keep the bags in a controlled area.

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IAEA-TECDOC-1092 IAEA-TECDOC-1162
References

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IAEA-TECDOC-953 IAEA-TECDOC-1432
References

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References
IAEA-GSG-2 IAEA-GS-G-2.1

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References
IAEA-GS-R-2

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