Adaptive immunity

Proff M.I. Matee Department of Microbiology and Immunology RM 19 Ph: 0713-081162 Email: mmatee@muchs.ac.tz Immunology Principles of the Adaptive Immune Response

Objectives: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What are the hallmarks of the innate immune system? Why adaptive immunity? Discussion

Why adaptive immunity? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The enemies are different….. FUNGUS - Epidermophyton floccosum (causes athlete’s foot) VIRUS- Polio BACTERIA - Clostridium difficile (causes antibiotic-associated colitis & diarrhea ) PARASITE - Tapeworm

… .therefore the responses must be tailored to specific enemies. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Specific (Adaptive) Immunity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Principles of Adaptive Immune Responses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Clonal Selection of Lymphocytes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Summary of clonal selection

Self/non-self discrimination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Self Tolerance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Significance of Self/non-self discrimination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mediators of Adaptive Immune Response ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of Adaptive immunity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Division of Labor, yet cooperative!! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

T cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The thymus is important for T cell development ,[object Object]

MHC Molecules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

MHC Restriction: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of T cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

CD4+ T cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Th1 and Th2 cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Differences b/w Th1 and Th2 cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Th1 cell Th2 cell

CD4+ Th1 vs. Th2 cells Intracellular pathogens Antibodies for extracellular pathogens and allergy

Cytotoxic T cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Humoral immunity

Humoral response: B cells ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Antibody-mediated effector mechanisms

COMPARISON OF T CELLS AND B CELLS Reproduced from Brock et al, Biology of microorganisms, 4 th ed. Bone marrow. Bone marrow; Bursa in birds Short-lived/long-lived Fairly mobile/stationary Complement receptors Surface immunoglobulins Antibody synthesis Effector: humoral only Origin: Bone marrow Maturation: Thymus Long-lived Highly mobile No complement receptors No surface Ig No antibody synthesis Effector: cellular & humoral B CELLS T CELLS

Antigen presenting cells (APC) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Dendritic Cell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Only mature DC activates T cells Activation/Proliferation T cell Mature DC Anergy/Apoptosis/Deletion T cell Immature DC

Functions of APCs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

T Cell Activation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

B Cell Activation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

B Cell Activation contd: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ACTIVATION Repeating epitopes e.g. LPG

Immunological Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Schematic representation of memory response (B cell)

Effectiveness of memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Maintenance of Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Innate versus Adaptive immunity Highly specific (T and B cell receptors) Primitive and broad Receptors ++++ - Memory Long (months/yrs) Short (days) Duration ++++ - Self discrimination Yes No (insignificant) Amplification ++++ +/- Regulation Slow (days-wks) Fast (hours-days) Kinetics Adaptive Innate

Innate immunity shapes adaptive immunity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The big picture…Integration of innate and adaptive immunity Courtesy: Abbas and Litchman; Basic Immunology

Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Adaptive immunity

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