1. Theme 1 History, Science, and Trade Lindsey Miller History 140

3. logical possibility,

5. How world works

6. What things are

7. Why events occurred

9. Used DNA samples from groups all over the world to trace a common ancestor for Homo sapiens

10. Ancestor goes back 60,000 years to Africa

11. Blood samples from many groups all have common marker – genetic similarity

12. Wells looked for changes in DNA sequence

13. “If two people share a change, then they are likely to share an ancestor”

14. This study impossible to do without current technologyPictured, a San matriarch of the San Bushmen in Africa is the oldest genetically distinct population of humans

16. Writings he discovered told of weird climatic changes:

17. Times of dim sunlight

18. Time of only four hours of sunlight

19. Unordinary weather

20. Used various sources to find proof, and evidence for his theory

21. Used a mix of modern science, and primary sourcesThe study of tree rings, as pictured, were used in Keyes research.

23. Studies of polar icecaps- similarly contains information about climatic change throughout history

24. Study of primary and secondary writings from around 535 discuss times of little sunlight – further evidence

26. Disease – plague possibly tied to catastrophe

27. Temperature affects how bacteria form

28. Crops

29. Affected dry and wet cycles

30. Temperature changed

31. Less crops – less food

32. Communications

33. satellites would not work

35. Modern studies may prove otherwise

36. Jesuit records of births and deaths of the time show many more deaths than birth

37. Sudden surge in death rate most likely caused by disease:

38. Europeans brought diseases unseen by the natives

39. In coastal New England killed 90% of population

40. Population estimated after reviewing the records by 90-112 million

41. Estimated population before was 1.15 millionArt depicting Spanish interacting with natives

43. Many did not believe this was possible and saw little evidence

44. Modern science and researching has brought forward potential proof otherwisePictured here, a modern Kuikuro village provides insight into the past

45. Source Four- Lost Cities of Amazon Evidence Conclusion Artifacts discovered Old pottery – 1500 years old and very sophisticated Possible implication of more civilized group Could indicate settled society – versus nomadic one Soil Management Black soil – terra preta discovered around Amazon Very fertile – could support large cities Man-made mixture, required soil management Currently no one knows how to make it Kuikuro Natives Studying the residential natives gives insight into the past Natives use similar techniques their ancestors used Made dams to capture fish Large permanent houses, with storage for food Orchards, gardens, and fields all hundred to thousands years old still exists Wooden Roads and Structures After modern research clear evidence of possible large cities and populations living in the Amazon Without the discover and use of various sources this conclusion could not have been made

47. Exchange of animals and plants affected world

48. Europeans brought horses over to Americas

49. Changed how natives hunted

50. Gave plains Indians mastery over their environment

51. Crops

52. Potatoes

53. Helped feed Europe

54. Easy to plant and cultivate

55. Sugar Cane

56. Resulted in slaves being brought from Africa to harvest

57. Columbus helped unite the world and carried a major impact