October 13-14, 2014 speaker's slide.

1. Mrs. Allister Lim Rochstad
Mst. Env. Engineer
Water waster water and hazardous waste
TuffChem Environmental Services Pte. Ltd.,
Singapore
The impact of waste discharge on
ecological system in offshore oil and
gas activity
1

2. World of O&G resources

Source: quietmike.org
2

3. WORLD RESOURCES OF
SHALE OIL & GAS

SOURCE: EIA/ARI 2013 3

4. Major oil and gas giant field in
Middle east

4

5. 
Our planet’s population will continue to grown and
between 2010 and 2025, global population will grow by
more than 1.1 Billion people. Now about 6B which
means would expect about 7 billion by 2025.
Global demand for liquid hydrocarbons will continue to
grow annually by 1.2% on average and will , and
estimate, reach 105mb/d by 2025 -fuel and hi-tech
5
Population increase demand of
hydrocarbon will increase

6. 
6
Environment Registration
GLOBAL LEVEL
UNCLOS, 82
(Framework for all activities at sea)
London, 72
(Framework Prev.
Poll. Dumping)
Marpol, 73/78
(Rules Prev. Poll. Ships,
Incl. surveillance)
OPRC, 90 (Framework
Poll. Prep. & Response)
REGIONAL LEVEL
Bonn/Copenhagen
(Rules Poll. Prep. &
Response, Incl. surveillance)
Helsinki/Barcelona
(Rules Prev. Poll.
Prep. & Response)
surveillance)
OSPAR
(Rules Prev. Dumping
& Offshore discharges)
Implementation at national & EU level

7. Arctic circle -example

7

8. API Feb 1,2012 - Spill
response in the arctic
Offshore -01

 reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill
response and environmental assessment in the Arctic region
north of the Bering Strait, with emphasis on the potential
impacts in U.S. waters.
This report describes the unique ecosystems and environment
of the Arctic and makes recommendations to provide an
effective response effort in these challenging conditions.
 According to the report, a full range of proven oil spill response
technologies is needed in order to minimize the impacts on
people and sensitive ecosystems.
This report identifies key oil spill research priorities, critical data
and monitoring needs, mitigation strategies, and important
operational and logistical issues
8

9. 
 U.S. Arctic waters north of the Bering Strait and west
of the Canadian border encompass a vast area that
is usually ice covered for much of the year, but is
increasingly experiencing longer periods and larger
areas of open water due to climate change.
 Sparsely inhabited with a wide variety of
ecosystems found nowhere else, this region is
vulnerable to damage from human activities. As
oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities
increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also
increase. http://www.marineinsight.com/shipping-news/responding-oil-spills-u-s-arctic-marine-environment/
9
API Feb 1,2012 Spill response in the arctic
Offshore -02

10. 
 Spill response on Arctic Offshore –Feb 2, 2012
 Covers response on:
 Airborne particulars
 In-Situ burning control
 Physical and chemical dispersion of oil
 Containment and Recovery
 Shoreline Protections and clean up
10
API Feb 1, 2012 Spill response in the arctic
Offshore -03

11. 
In the nutshell they are talking about:
 Protecting the environment
 Protecting the life of eco-system and endanger
species
 Preventing toxic discharge.
11
Objectives of the document

12. Source of Waste discharge

 Construction –cleaning and commissioning
 Geological and geophysical survey (seismic survey, test
drilling)
 Exploration (rig emplacement, drilling, plugging the well
and others)
 Development and productions Platform emplacement,
pipe laying, drilling, hydrocarbon extraction, separation,
and transportation, well and pipeline maintenance )
 Decommissioning (disassembling, structure removal)
12

13. 
Biosphere – impact to environment, human and species
Atmospheric: -toxic gas emission
Aquatic : - reduce aquatic microorganism, species, and flora
Terrestrial : soil erosion, coastal degradation
Human, socio-economical and Cultural
13
Impact of waste

14. 
 Mostly localized
 Occasionally oceanic over flow
14
Impact of waste
discharge

15. Common source of waste

 Drilling : - Drilling fluids, cutting and well treatment
chemical
 Produced Water contaminated with oil and chemical (from
production platform)
 Exploration –seismic disturbance
 offshore oil rigs – process, wash and drainage water
 Sanitary waste and refuse.
 Offshore pipelines
 Spill and leakage
 Cooling water
 Accidental discharge (consequence of blowout, damage
of pipelines, discharges due to flaring.
15

16. 
 Oil based -OBM
Water base WBM
 Synthetic (SBM)
16
Drilling Mud/fluids

17. Effect of Drilling fluid -01

Usage :
1. lubrication and cooling of drill bit and pipe.
2. Remove cuttings from bottom of the oil well and help to prevent
blowouts by acting as sealants.
There are different types of drilling muds used in oil drilling
operations, all released toxic chemicals, heavy metals, (mercury,
benzene, arsenic, toluene) that can affect marine life, is just the
limit of toxicity, although current DM are more environmental
friendly.
Drilling muds account to the larges inventory discharge in the
offshore activities.
17

18. Gulf of Mexico Mercury from
drilling mud

 1996 US Dept. Interior Minerals Management
Services:-
 Study of 3 rigs in the Gulf Of Mexico reveal that sediments within a few
hundred feet of the rigs contained mercury level many time higher than
base level in the Gulf of Mexico sediments.
 Data showed indicated shrimps and fish caught beneath and near by the
rigs contained mercury, which scientists attributed to mercury
contamination in and around the rigs to drilling muds .
 Fishes and shrimp could enter the human food supply and threatens public
health.
 Mercury contamination is now on of the most talk about business in
decommissioning and shutdown cleaning process.
18

19. Drilling –drilling fluid discharge -02

NADFs –non-aqueous drilling fluids.
 New technical challenges in offshore drilling have led to the
requirement of drilling fluids which exceed those of water based
fluids. Such as:
 Directional drilling and Extended reach drilling require
higher lubricity, stability at high temp and well-bored stability.
In 2012 companies discharged 20523 tons of NADF
into the sea these include Group 1 (diesel and
conventional mineral oil) and Group 2 (low toxicity
mineral oil) (OGP data series report 2012e Nov, 2013)
19

20. Drilling fluids -03

 G-01 -Earlier NADFs use diesel or crude oil as base
fluid, (more toxic)
 G-02 - Later –mineral oils
 G-03 More recently – use low toxicity mineral oil
based fluids, refined mineral oils and synthetic fluids
(ester, paraffin and olefins)
 These fluid are less toxic due to reduced concentration
of aromatics compounds and are less persistent in the
environment.
20

21. SBM –SYNTHETIC FLUIDS -04 (-01)

 REGULATED BY:
 EPA the discharge WBMs
1. discharge is a lot at the well site provided they pass
the mysid shrimp toxicity test [LC50 for 30,000ppm
suspended particulate phase.
2. Free of crude and diesel oil contaminants
3. Benthic toxicity of muds and crude oil contamination
(API and NOIA(national Ocean industry Ass)
21

22. Synthetic fluid-04 (02)

 Made from:
 alpha olefin [LAOs], isomerized olefins [Ios]
 Polyalphaolefins [PAOs] and ester.
 SBMS is used as invert emulsion based muds.
 Low toxicity provides :
 Improve worker safety
 Reduces environmental hazards
 Lessen fugitive emission of PAH [polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons]
22

23. 
Water Based muds & Cutting
 Affect benthic organisms through smothering to a
distance of 25 meter from discharge
 Affect species diversity to 100 meter from discharge
Oil Based muds & Cutting
 Effect benthic organisms through elevated
hydrocarbon levels up to 800 meter from discharge.
23
Impact Ocean discharge

24. Effect of Production water

 These are fluid trapped underground and brought up with oil and gas,
these contains it own toxic brew of benzene, arsenic, lead, toluene and
other radioactive pollution.
 It is the most significant discharge in E&P operations. It is measure by the
amount of oil in waster.
 2012- average centration of oil in PW was 6.8mg/L onshore and 14.1
mg/L . (expressed in term of oil production : - there are 7 tons of oil in
every 1,00,000 tons of hydrocarbon produced.
 According to OGP report, the average concentration of oil in produced
water discharged increased 14% in 2012 in comparison to 2011
 Average Quantity of discharged per unit of hydrocarbon production
increased by 10%.
24

25. 
Constituents may include: inorganic salts, heavy metals,
solids, production chemicals, hydrocarbons, benzene, PAHs
and sometime radioactive material (NORM).
Impact is highly depend on quantity, the components, the
receiving environment and its dispersion characteristics.
An average oil and gas exploration well spews roughly 50
tons of nitrogen oxides, 13 tons of carbon monoxide, 6 tons
of sulfur oxides and 5 tons of VOC (Volatile organic
compound)
25
Impact – produced water

26. Seismic
surveys/exploration

 Surveys require ship tow with air gun that emit
thousands of high-DB explosive impulses to map the
seafloor.
1. Sounds, vibrations have killed fish eggs and larvae, and
impair hearing of fishes –
2. Making them vulnerable to predators, disrupt the displace
important migratory patterns, pushing marine life away from
suitable habitats such as foraging, mating, spawning, and
migratory corridors (MMS.2008, Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea Planning Areas: Oil & Gas
leads sales)
3. It also implicated in whale beaching and stranding incidents.
(Heldebrand,JohnA :Impacts of anthropogenic Sound”)
26

27. Gaseous emissions

 Sources
 Flaring, venting, and purging gases
 Combustion process - turbine and engine operation
 Fluids processing and fugitive losses (from pumps,
pipe etcs).
 Type of gas: Sulfur dioxide, Nitric oxide, Nitrogen
dioxide, Volatile organic compound, Green house gas
–CO2, Methane, carbon monoxide
27

28. Flaring, venting and combustion

 Flaring and oil leaks are dangerous to birds. Birds
may incinerated by the flare and bird killed from the
oil pollution.
 These are the primary sources of CO2 emission from
production operation.
28

29. World resource Institute
“gas emission from E&P”

 Methane -1991 – 26 x 106 tons = 10% of global emission
 Nox, CO, Sox from North sea – less then 1% of the emission
generated within EU.
 VOC =less then 2% of the total EU emissions.
29

30. Ecological impact -01

 change of habitation, food, nutrient supplies,
breeding areas
 Migration routes
 Vulnerability to predator or changes in herbivore
grazing pattern
 Soil disturbance and removal of vegetation
 Erosion and siltation will impact on ecological
integrity, may lead to indirect effects by upsetting
nutrient balances and microbial activity in the soil.
30

31. 
 If not controlled, a potential long-term effect is loss of
habitat which affects both fauna and flora.
 Reduces food chain for all involved including
humans.
 Toxicity of fisheries will in parallel pass on to human
when consumed.
 May induce changes in species composition and
primary production cycles.
31
Ecological impact -02

32. SUMMARY
Typical waste management
options

 Reduce , Reuse , and recycle
 Offshore discharge
 Re-injection
 Onshore treatment and/or disposal.
32

33. Reduce, reuse and recycle

33
recycle
Source ; Offshore drilling and Env Protection : Gaurina=medimurec Nediljka et al

34. 
34
Offshore disposal options
Offshore Disposal
Explore Discharge Options
Explore Offshore Injection
Disposal Options
Onshore Facillities Avaible?
YES NO
Commercial Disposal
Appropriate?
Build Infrastructure
YES NO
Explore Commercial Disposal Option

35. 
35
Framework of parameter for disposal options
ECONOMIC OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
Immediate costs Safety Air emissions from drilling and
supporting operations
$/m3 for disposal Human health
issues/chemical exposure
Power requirements
Energy cost Processing rate Reduction in volume of waste
Maintenance cost Mechanical reliability By-products of process
Labor cost Size and portability of
unit (s)
Compliance with regulations
Equipment cost Space availability Receiving physical environment
Transportation costs Energy requirements Marine species potentially at risk
Disposal costs of end
Condition of end
products
products
Potential environmental stressors
Future liabilities Method of disposal after
processing
Removal of hydrocarbons, heavy
metals and salts from solids and water
Weather conditions Risk for spills
Availability of
appropriate
facilities/infrastructure
Environmental issues at onshore site
including potential impact to ground
and surface water

36. 
36
Enviroment. registration
GLOBAL LEVEL
UNCLOS, 82
(Framework for all activities at sea)
London, 72
(Framework Prev.
Poll. Dumping)
Marpol, 73/78
(Rules Prev. Poll. Ships,
Incl. surveillance)
OPRC, 90 (Framework
Poll. Prep. & Response)
REGIONAL LEVEL
Bonn/Copenhagen
(Rules Poll. Prep. &
Response, Incl. surveillance)
Helsinki/Barcelona
(Rules Prev. Poll.
Prep. & Response)
surveillance)
OSPAR
(Rules Prev. Dumping
& Offshore discharges)
Implementation at national & EU level

37. 
 Appropriate international and national laws,
regulations and guidelines
 Legislation with clearly defined responsibilities and
appropriate liabilities
 Enforceable standards for operations
 Appropriate monitoring procedures and protocol
 Performance reporting's
 Adequately funded and motivated enforcement
authorities.
37
Regulatory frame work-02

38. 
 Existence of adequate consultation and appeal
procedures and
 Appropriate sanctions and political will for their
enforcement.
38
Regulatory frame work-02

39. International and regional

 Montreal Protocol of the Vienna convention
 Basel convention
 Convention of Migratory Species
 Framework Convention on Climate Change
 Bio diversity Convention
 UN Law of the Sea
 MARPOL
 Regional Sea Conventions (Barcelona, OSPAR,
Kuwait, etcs.
frame works
39
Some important international environmental conventions

40. 
40
Governance from Int’l bodies, convention
Legal basis
Discharge in Sea
WBF & Cuttings
SBF
Cuttings
Oily Cuttings
Produced Water
(Oil in Water
Limit)
OSPAR
Convention[8]
(North Sea countries)
Discharge allowed
under PARCOM
1 mg/kg 1 mg/kg
40 mg/l now
30 mg/l by 2006
Baltic Sea
Convention and
HELCOM[4]
standards
Discharge allowed
based on
HELCOM
Recommendation
No. 95/1
Not
determined
HELCOM
Recommendation
No. 95/1
15 mg/l max;
40 mg/l if BAT
cannot achieve 15
mg/l
KUWAIT
Convention and
Protocols
(Red Sea region)
Discharge allowed
based on UNEP:
Kuwait Protocol
on protection from
Pollution[6]
Not
determined
Discharge
allowed under
Kuwait Protocol
on a case by case
basis
40 mg/l
100 mg/l max
Barcelona
Convention and
Protocols
(Mediterranean
countries)
Discharge allowed
under Barcelona
Protocol[2]
Not
determined
100 g/kg
40 mg/l
100 mg/l max

41. 
 Industry guidelines on environment
 Common legislation that may apply.
 Infrastructures needed for environmental protection
 EMS
41
others

42. Ingredients for Success
The success of our industry as whole more than ever
will require:
• Investment in people and technology
• Superior management and deployment of capital
• Highest standards of Health, Safety and Environment
• Social Responsibility and Ethics as part of the
Business Model
25
MILLS Increasing
demand for steel, rigs,
supplies
MONEY
$20 trillion until 2030
IEA Energy Outlook
MINDS
Rapidly aging HR base,
42

43. UN Global Compact Principles
TheWPC supports the 10 principles for business sustainability of the United Nations
Global Compact. There are 183 oil and gas participants, including most majors, large
independents, national companies and services companies.
The WPC supports the 10 principles for business sustainability of the United Nations Global Compact.
Human Rights
•Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human
rights; and
•Principle 2: make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses.
Labour
•Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the
right to collective bargaining;
•Principle 4: the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labour;
•Principle 5: the effective abolition of child labour; and
•Principle 6: the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.
Environment
•Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges;
•Principle 8: undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility; and
•Principle 9: encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.
Anti-Corruption
•Principle 10: Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery4.3