This document discusses the evolution and development of the English language through processes like borrowing, construction, compounding, and affixing words from other languages over time. It notes that English has incorporated words from languages like Arabic, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, and others. The document also examines different types of words in English like new words, current words, archaic words, and obsolete words. Additionally, it explores how linguists study various aspects of the language through different fields like etymology, grammar, journalism, lexicography, linguistics, morphology, and others. Finally, the document outlines several ways that new words are created in English, such as through acronyms, back formation, blending,

1. Reading into Writing Speaking and Listening
Republic of the Philippines
SAMAR COLLEGE, Inc.
College of Graduate Studies
Catbalogan City
DE GUIA, Lemar C.
Reporter

3. • Assimilation of the words in
English takes place by
borrowing, construction,
compounding and affixing at
varying rates at different times.
All These thing made English
perverse and difficult to learn.
These, also enhance clarity and
effectiveness of ideas, that
raised English to international
Status.

4. • The term Anglo Saxon and
Old English were unified into
English, but, in the process of
development, again diffused
into old English, Middle
English and modern English.

5. • English is highly a tonal
language, utilizing three types
of stress juncture. These are
the pith shapes that
characterized phonological
sentences.

6. • English has many quirks due to
many loan words. Sensitivity to
English language can be
developed through much
reading listening, speaking, and
even writing. Many barriers can
be clarified through the
combine views of English
specialist;

7. • Etymologist in the history of the words
• Grammarians in grammar rules
• Journalist in scholarly magazine articles.
• Lexicographers in dictionary works
• Linguist in Science of the language
• Morphologist in word functions
• Neologists in word coinage
• Orthographists in correct spelling
• Phonologist in correct spelling
• Rhetoricans in effective communication
• Semanticists in signs,symbols and their
meanings
• Structuralist in sentences stuctures
• Syntacticist in word order and forms.

8. • AFFIXING- the use base word in
conversion from one part of
speech to another. There are
also positive and negative
affixes. These affixes give clues
on the meaning of the words, if
the prefix in function ; suffixes
give the clues as to what part of
the speech words belong.

9. • BORROWING- the direct use
of the foreign words for clarity
of thoughts and for
convenience.

10. • COMPOUNDING- the joining
of two or more words to form
new ones. This also called
blending , and results in
portmanteaus.

11. • CONSTRUCTION- the
formation of new words called
coined words in any
conceivable way as imitation
of sound, derivation from
names of persons and places.

12. • NEW WORDS- Words
encountered in some reading
materials, but not yet entered
in dictionaries, because no
dictionary is made up to date;
it takes sometimes before a
new words is entered therein.

13. • CURRENT WORDS- the great
bulk of commonly used words
found in dictionaries of
meaning.

14. • ARCHAIC WORDS- rare and
outmoded words encountered
in old pieces of literature.

15. • OBSOLETE WORDS- words
no longer used.

16. • Traces of origin of some
words are discernible in their
ending; the part of speech
where they belong are
reflected in their ending too.
However, affixes give clues to
the meaning of words.

17. •
• ARABIC- Words beginning with al.
• BRITISH-words ending in en/ren
• FRENCH- words used in cooking and
words in al/able
• GERMAN-words ending in ism
• GREEK- words ending in um
• ITALIAN- word pertaining to music,
and those that end in que and letter i.
• LATIN- words ending in our/ee
• NORWEGIAN-words in fishing.

18. • Is the use of inoffensive words
for a seemingly offensive one,
barber-tonsorial artist;
canteen- food technology
center; dollar- green money;
acne-skin problem; aged-
senior citizen.

19. • a word composed of parts of two or
more words, such as chortle from
chuckle and snort and motel from
motor and hotel. The term was first
used by Lewis Carroll to describe
many of the unusual words in his
Through the Looking-Glass (1871),
particularly in the poem
“Jabberwocky.” Other authors who
have experimented with such words
are James Joyce and Gerard Manley
Hopkins.

20. • the blending, combining of
words to form new ones, for
example almost-all/most;
agri-business to
agricultural/business .

21. • Apocopate words are
shortening without end
punctuation. They are called
by such names as special
abbreviation, journalistic
words, colloquialisms, and
clipped words. Some are
considered slangs. Example
ads-advertisements; auto-
automobile; demo-
demonstration.

22. • The words are created by the
neologist in a number of ways.
The process is called
neologism.

23. • ACRONYM- forming new words from initials of several
related words, as SOP for standard operation procedure; VIP
for very important person; COLA for cost of living allowance.
• BACK FORMATION-deriving a word from another word as
most nicknames do, Ben from Benjamin; Jun from Junior;
Lucy from Lucila.
• BLENDING-making portmanteaus as medicare from medical
care; urinalysis from urine analysis; telecast from television
broadcast.
• Compounding-joining words; may be solid, hyphenated or
separated.
• CONVERSION- changing one part of speech to another as
noun to adjective (child to childish); adjective to verb (dark to
darken); adjective to adverb (equal to equally).
• DERIVATION-common words from proper names as
pasteurized from Louis Pasteur; boycott from Capt. Boycott;
doily from Margaret Doily of England.
• FOLK ETYMOLOGY- use of unrelated words which do not
justify the real meaning, such as pink of health for best of
health; blue stocking for intelligent woman; blue revolution
for fish production.
• LITERARY COINAGE- writers’ creation as Maharnilad for
Manila City Hall by the former Mayor of Manila, Antonio
Vellegas; orb by Shakespear in referring to orbit and morn
for morning.
• ROOT CREATION-deriving echoic words from sounds of
animals or things as tick-tak, cring-cring,, whiz-whiz.