This slides present a knowledge of computer, memory, programming languages etc. That is required before learning C programming language. http://www.learnbywatch.com

1. C Programming
Language
By:
Yogendra Pal
yogendra@learnbywatch.com
Dedicated to My mother and Father

2. t
y
Keep your notebook with you.
Write important point and questions that comes in your mind
Solve Mind band exercise.
C
Rewind when not clear
Ask Questions by call or SMS or by mail
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THIS IS INTRODUCTION
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3. Computer
• Electronic Device
• Store, Manipulate and Transmit data.
• Data can be
– Numeric
– Character (Name, Address etc.)
– Graphics data (Charts, Photographs, Videos)
– Sound (Music, Speech etc.)
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4. Computer…
• Two very important for a programmer
– Numeric
– Character
• Scientific and Engineering Applications
– Numeric
• Business applications
– Numeric and Character
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5. Memory
• Every information is stored in binary code.
• Binary code is the sequence of 0s and 1s.
• 0 and 1 are called bits.
• 0 represents OFF and 1 represents ON.
• 8 bits makes 1 byte.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
• Character takes one byte to store.
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6. Memory…
• Bit is the smallest unit of information storage.
• Bit consists a single binary digit (0 or 1).
• We can interpreted 0 and 1 as:
– 0 : False : Off
– 1 : True : On
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7. Memory…
• 1 bit consists 0 or 1.
• 8 bits makes a byte.
• 210 (1024) byte make a Kilobyte or KB.
• 210 (1024) Kilobyte make a Megabyte or MB.
• 210 (1024) Megabyte make a Gigabyte or GB.
• 210 (1024) Gigabyte make a Terabyte or TB.
Bit < Byte < KB < MB < GB < TB
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8. Machine needs instructions
I o
ć
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9. Programming Language
• Machine Language
• Assembly Language
• High-Level Language
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10. Machine Language
• Strings of numbers giving machine specific
instructions.
• Also known as Machine code.
Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027
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11. Machine Language…
• Very Few programs are written in machine
language because:-
– It is very difficult to work with machine language.
– Program written for one type of computer will not
run on other type of computer (Each type of
computer has it’s own instruction set).
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12. Assembly Language
• English-like abbreviations representing
elementary computer operations.
• Simpler than machine language.
Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
• Translate in machine code before execute.
• Translation is done by assembler.
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13. High-level Languages
• Codes similar to everyday English (Easy to
understand).
• Use mathematical notations.
• Example
– grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
• Translate in machine code before execute.
• Translation is done by compiler or
interpreter.
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14. High level languages…
• The program written in high level language is
known as source code or source program.
• The compiled source code results in machine-
language.
• Machine language code is also known as
object code or object program.
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15. Compiler vs. Interpreter
• Interpreter reads the source code one line at a
time convert it into machine code.
• Compiler reads the entire program and
converts it into machine code.
• machine code is a code that the computer can
run directly.
• machine code also known as object code or
binary code.
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16. Program
• Using programming language we create
instructions or set of instructions.
• This set of instructions is also knows as
computer program or software program or
just program.
• Example programs or softwares:
– Word processing program
– Computer Games or video games
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17. History of C
• Evolved by Dennis Ritchie in 1970 at Bell
Telephone Laboratories from two previous
programming languages, BCPL and B.
• Used to develop UNIX.
• Used to write modern operating systems.
• Hardware independent (portable).
• Standard created in 1989, updated in 1999.
BCPL B C
Martin Richards Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie
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18. C: A Middle Level Language
• Best elements of high level language and
control and flexibility of assembly language.
• C allows the direct manipulation of bits, bytes
and addresses.
• C has several built in data types.
• Permits type conversion.
• No run time error checking.
• Well suited for system-level programming.
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19. The C Standard Library
• C programs consist of pieces/modules called
functions.
– A programmer can create his own functions.
• Advantage: the programmer knows exactly how it works
• Disadvantage: time consuming
– Programmers will often use the C library
functions.
• Use these as building blocks
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20. C Standard Library…
• Avoid re-inventing the wheel
– If a premade function exists, generally best to use it
rather than write your own
– Library functions carefully written, efficient, and
portable
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21. Other High-level Languages
• Other high-level languages
– FORTRAN
• Used for scientific and engineering applications
– COBOL
• Used to manipulate large amounts of data
– Pascal
• Intended for academic use
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22. Structured Programming
• Disciplined approach to writing programs.
• Functions are the building blocks of programs.
• Allow you to code separate tasks in a program,
make your program modular.
• Clear, easy to test and debug and easy to
modify.
• C is a structured programming language.
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23. Library and Linking
• Library : Collection of functions.
• Linker : Combines the called function object
code with the code you written.
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24. Program Development
• Edit : Program is created in the editor and
stored on disk.
• Preprocess: Preprocess program processes the code
• Compile : Compiler creates object code and stores it
on disk.
• Link : Linker links the object code with the
libraries.
• Load : Loader loads program in memory.
• Execute : CPU takes each insruction and executes it.
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25. Form of C program
• The main() function must present in program.
• Keywords can not used as a variable name or a
function name.
• Case sensitive language.
– else  ELSE 
• It may have many functions.
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26. Mind Bend
• Write 4 different data types.
• What is meant by a computer program?
• Differentiate bit & byte?
• What is a machine language? How it is
different from High level language?
• What are the advantages of high level
language? Give some examples of high level
language.
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27. Mind Bend
• Differentiate Compiler and Interpreter.
• What is source program?
• What is object program?
• Who develop the C language and where?
• Can we use uppercase in C program?
• Computer is an __________ device.
• Binary code is the sequence of _ & _.
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NEXT IS C BASICS