Food waste and food processing waste for renewable energy production
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Full proceedings at: http://www.extension.org/72790 This high efficient and low-cost eggshell catalyst could make the process of biodiesel production economic and fully ecologically friendly. The ecologically friendly and economic process could effectively reduce the processing cost of biodiesel, making it competitive with petroleum diesel.
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Food waste and food processing waste for renewable energy production
- 1. Food waste and food processing waste for renewable energy production Syu-Ruei Jhang, Yuan-Chung Lin*, Kang-Shin Chen, Chin-En Chen Po-Ming Yang, Shang-Cyuan Chen, I-Wei Wang Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung , Taiwan 1
- 2. Introduction Outline 1 Experimental setup2 Results and discussion3 Conclusion4 2
- 3. Introduction Due to the fossil fuel depletion and increasing global price, developing new alternative fuels has become a pressing issue nowadays. More and more concern on the impact of environmental issues. Biodiesel, a renewable biofuel has been considered as an alternative diesel fuel. 3 carbonyl compounds
- 4. Introduction 4 the advantages of heavy duty diesel engine (HDDE) high fuel efficiency high power output high fuel economy PM, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Odor
- 5. Introduction 5 What is biodiesel? • Biodegradable • Used in any compression ignition engine. • Usually done by base‐catalyzed transesterification of fats/oils.
- 6. Introduction 6 Commercial biodiesel is sold as a “blend” with regular ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD). Example: B2 (2% biodiesel, 98% petroleum diesel) (CPC corporation, Taiwan) Pure biodiesel is known as B100 (100%) or neat biodiesel -Normally B100 is not used in vehicle engines due to engine warranty concerns.
- 7. Introduction 7 Why biodiesel is so advantage using as additive to use in engine? The cetane number of biodiesel is higher than that of diesel which results in a shorter ignition delay time. (Raslavicius et al., 2010) Biodiesel seems very promising because it can directly replace petroleum diesel and be used in diesel engines without any major modifications. (Rajasekar et al., 2010) Biodiesel is used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines reduce emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxide (SO2), PM (particle matter), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). (Salamanca et al., 2012) 【US EPA, 2002】 1.Low sulfur content 2.Higher flash point 3.Higher oxygen content 4.Higher cetane number 5.Biodegradable 6.No PAH content 7.No Pb content 8.No halogens
- 8. Introduction Catalysts The heterogeneous catalysts of alkaline earth metal oxides, have been investigated for biodiesel production (Carrero et al., 2011). CaO have been shown to possess good performance (Khemthong et al., 2012). Because of sources for the preparation of Ca-based catalysts are mainly commercial precursors, and hence would increase the cost of biodiesel production. 8 The major obstacle to biodiesel commercialization is its high cost.
- 9. Experimental section 9 In our work, we have investigated the transesterification of waste cooking oil and jatropha oil with methanol catalyzed by CaO derived from the food wastes of Eggshell and Oystershell. Our work Eggshell Oystershell
- 10. Experimental secti 10 TAIWANChiayi Dongshin Fishing Harbor Dongshin fishing harbor includes pond fish culture , marine fish culture and oyster culture.
- 11. Experimental section 11 Oil Species：jatropha oil and Waste cooking oil Temperature：45 85 ℃ Methanol to oil molar ratios ：7 : 1 11 : 1 Reaction time：120 210 (min) Catalytic： Calcined Egg shell and Oyster shell Amounts of catalyst： 3 7 wt % Experimental Parameters
- 12. Experimental section 12 Mixture Methanol oil Catalyst Animal fats / Vegetable oils Filtering the oil removed some of its impurities WashingBiodieselDried Microwave SystemGC-FID was used to determine methyl ester content Oyster shell
- 13. Results and discussion 2-Theta-Scale 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Intensity,a.u. 2-Theta-Scale 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Intensity,a.u. Calcined Egg Shell Temperature: 1000 ℃ Calcined Time : 2 h 2θ = 32.3 (CaO) 2θ = 37.5 (CaO) 2θ = 54.0 (CaO) 2θ = 64.3 (CaO) 2θ = 67.6 (CaO) Calcined Egg shell Catalytic testing Uncalcined Egg Shell2θ = 29.6 (CaCO3) 2θ = 39.6 (CaCO3) 2θ = 47.6 (CaCO3) 2θ = 57.6 (CaCO3) Uncalcined Egg shell 13
- 14. Results and discussion 2-Theta-Scale 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Intensity,a.u. 2θ = 29.6 (CaCO3) 2θ = 39.6 (CaCO3) 2θ = 47.6 (CaCO3) 2θ = 48.7 (CaCO3) Uncalcined Oyster Shell 2-Theta-Scale 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Intensity,a.u. 2θ = 32.4 (CaO) 2θ = 37.6 (CaO) 2θ = 54.0 (CaO) 2θ = 64.3 (CaO) 2θ = 67.6 (CaO) Calcined Oyster Shell Temperature: 1000 ℃ Calcined Time : 2 h Calcined Oyster Shell Catalytic testing Uncalcined oyster shell 14
- 15. Results and discussion 15 Effects of amounts of catalyst 84.4 85.1 87.8 86.4 85.6 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 3 4 5 6 7 Yield(%) catalyst (wt%) Egg shell waste cooking oil Time ：165 min Temperature: 65 ℃ Methanol:Oil : 9:1 85.5 89.1 91.7 87.4 86.8 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 3 4 5 6 7Yield(%) catalyst (wt%) Egg shell Jatropha oil Time ：165 min Temperature: 65 ℃ Methanol:Oil : 9:1 • The yield increased with increasing amounts of catalyst from 3 wt% to 5 wt%, and then decreased from 6 wt% to 7 wt%. • We can find that when control the reaction temperature at 65 degree in the control condition the best yield of jatropha oil is 91.7%, compared with waste cooking oil the best yield of waste cooking oil is 87.8%.
- 16. Results and discussion 16 84.5 85.9 86.1 87.3 86.9 75 80 85 90 95 100 3 4 5 6 7 Yield(%) catalyst (wt%) Oyster shell waste cooking oil Time ：180 min Temperature: 65 ℃ Methanol:Oil : 9:1 Effects of amounts of catalyst We can find that when control the reaction temperature at 65 degree in the control condition the best yield of jatropha oil is 91.1%, compared with waste cooking oil the best yield of waste cooking oil is 87.8%. The yield increased with increasing amounts of catalyst from 3 wt% to 6 wt%, and then decreased at 7 wt%. 83.3 86.6 89.1 91.1 88.5 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 3 4 5 6 7 Yield(%) catalyst (wt%) Oyster shell Jatropha oil Time ：180 min Temperature: 65 ℃ Methanol:Oil : 9:1
- 17. Results and discussion 17 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 Yield(%) Time (min) 5wt% Egg shell 6wt% Oyster shell Jatropha oil Temperature: 65 ℃ Methanol:Oil : 9:1 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210Yield(%) Time (min) 5wt% Egg shell 6wt% Oyster shell Waste cooking oil Temperature: 65 ℃ Methanol:Oil : 9:1 Effects of reaction time CaO derived from the food wastes of Eggshell have best performance at a reaction time of 165min. CaO derived from the food wastes of oyster shell have best performance at a reaction time of 180min. The saponification lead to reduce in biodiesel yields, with the increasing of reaction time.
- 18. Results and discussion 18 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 45 55 65 75 85 Yield(%) Temperature (℃) 5wt% Egg shell 6wt% Oyster shell Jatropha oil Egg shell Time: 165 min Oyster shell Time: 180 min Methanol:Oil : 9:1 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 45 55 65 75 85 Yield(%) Temperature (℃) 5wt% Egg shell 6wt% Oyster shell Waste cooking oil Egg shell Time: 165 min Oyster shell Time: 180 min Methanol:Oil : 9:1 Effects of temperature The process of transesterification, 65 degree had best yield of both oil and different wt% of catalyst. High temperatures can reduce the viscosity of the oil but it may cause a large amount bubbles from vaporize of methanol, lead to reduce in biodiesel yields.
- 19. Results and discussion 19 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 Yield(%) Methanol:Oil 5wt% Egg shell 6wt% Oyster shell Jatropha oil Egg shell Time: 165 min Oyster shell Time: 180 min Temperature ：65 ℃ 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 Yield(%) Methanol:Oil 5wt% Egg shell 6wt% Oyster shell Waste cooking oil Egg shell Time: 165 min Oyster shell Time: 180 min Temperature ：65 ℃ Effects of molar ratio of methanol/oil 7：1 8：1 9：1 10：1 11：1 7：1 8：1 9：1 10：1 11：1 The optimal methanol to oil molar ratios was 9:1. A high methanol to oil ratio interferes with the separation of glycerol because of an increase in solubility.
- 20. Results and discussion Logo Feedstock Operating conditions Yield (%) Reference Waste cooking oil CaO/ZrO2 (10 wt%) reaction time = 2 h temperature = 65 ℃ Methanol:Oil =30：1 92.1 Asghar and Mohammad, 2012 Waste cooking oil snail shell(CaO) (2 wt%) reaction time = 7 hr temperature = 60 ℃ Methanol:Oil = 6.03：1 87.3 Birla et al., 2012 Waste cooking oil Ba/CaO (3 wt%) reaction time = 3 h temperature = 65 ℃ Methanol:Oil = 9:1 88.0 Balakrishnan et al., 2013 Waste cooking oil Sr / ZrO2(2.7wt%) reaction time = 87 min temperature = 115.5 °C Methanol:Oil = 29:1 79.7 Wan Omar and Amin, 2011 Waste cooking oil Egg shell(5wt%) reaction time = 165 min temperature =65℃ Methanol:Oil =9:1 87.8 This study Feedstock Operating conditions Yield (%) Reference Jatropha oil CaO/MgO (3wt%) temperature =120℃ reaction time = 3 h Methanol:Oil =25：1 90.0 Taufiq-Yap et al., 2011 Jatropha oil CaO(1.5wt%) reaction time = 150 min temperature =70℃ Methanol:Oil =9：1 93.0 Zhu et al., 2006 Jatropha oil KNO3/CaO(6 wt%) temperature =70 ℃ reaction time = 6 h Methanol:Oil =12：1 84.0 Vyas et al., 2009 Jatropha oil KNO3/Al2O3(6 wt%) reaction time = 6 h temperature =70℃ Methanol:Oil =12:1 87.0 Vyas et al., 2009 Jatropha oil Egg shell(5wt%) reaction time = 165 min temperature =65℃ Methanol:Oil =9:1 91.7 This study
- 21. Conclusion 20 The amount of eggshell at 5 wt%, jatropha oil had best yield of biodiesel production. The amount of oystershell at 6 wt%, jatropha oil had best yield of biodiesel production. Due to the more residual from waste cooking oil, it’s caused the yield of biodiesel is lower than jatropha oil . The high potential food wastes uses as biodiesel synthesis catalysts can be a green biodiesel process due to their eco-friendly characteristics and cheap cost. The best yield of waste cooking oil and jatropha oil were 87.3% and 91.1%, respectivity.
- 22. What have we learned This highly efficient and low cost eggshell catalyst could make the process of biodiesel production economically. In the future, the ecologically and economically friendly process could effectively reduce the processing cost of biodiesel, making it competitive with petroleum diesel. We can learn from waste to worth is very important. Logo
- 23. Thanks for your attention TEL : +886-7-5252000 ext. 4412 E-mail :yclin@faculty.nsysu.edu.tw 21
Notas do Editor
- Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good afternoon, Ladies and gentlemen. I am very proud to be here to present our research . The topic of my presentation Food waste and food processing waste for renewable energy production. The research team includes Prof. Lin from National Sun Yat-Sen University and Mr. Yang PhD from Na tional Sun Yat-Sen University ,and my name is Syu-Ruei Jhang
- The first slide is outline of today’s presentation. I've divided my presentation into four parts. The introduction I will introduce how to produced the biodiesel and the application of biodiesel(including the advantage and disadvantage) I will introduce how to use food waste to be the catalyst using in biodiesel production And then is the result of my research and conclusion.
- 1.Rapid depletion of global energy resources and increased concern on the impact of environmental issues. 2. So, Biodiesel, a renewable energy has been considered as an alternative diesel fuel.
- Now, I would like to introduce the diesel engine, the diesel engine have high fuel efficiency and high power output and high economy But the diesel engine have more pollution than gasoline engine, So, the biodiesel has best characteristic blends with diesel engine it’s will have best performance using in engine.
- A biodegradable, combustible fuel made from vegetable oils and/or animal fats. Usually done by base‐catalyzed transesterification of fats/oils. Can be used in any compression ignition engine that will accept regular diesel fuel. Engine does NOT need to be modified to use biodiesel blended with regular diesel. This yields mono-alkyl methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerin.
- The research by US EPA, with increase of biodiesel we can found the tradition pollutant (PM, CO, HC) will decrease but the NOx was increase with biodiesel blends. Why biodiesel is so advantage using as additive to use in engine? 1.It has a higher flashpoint 2. Lower exhaust gas emissions 3. Aids in keeping the fuel system clean. 4. Improved engine lubricity. The increase of biodiesel addition will decreased the pollutant emissions, but NOx emission will increase with blends of biodiesel *A lot of research had published as follows
- The major obstacle to biodiesel commercialization is its high cost, which is approximately 1.5 times more than petroleum diesel fuel due to the cost of vegetable oil [7]. One of the best ways to reduce the cost of biodiesel is to increase biodiesel yields. So, what should we do? The next slide we are talking about the heterogeneous catalysts of alkaline earth metal oxides, have been investigated for the process of biodiesel production. In particular Calcium oxide (CaO), have been shown to possess good performance.
- The food waste can be an alternative catalyst We need to find the alternative catalysts by using food waste and food processing wastes.
- Oyster shells were collected from dongshin fishing harbor where is form chiayi at the south of taiwan. Dongshin fishing harbor aquaculture includes pond fish culture , marine fish culture and oyster culture.
- This is production process of biodiesel It was considered that the related chemical reactions are accelerated by microwave energy . How to produced Biofuels? The Biofuel is produced from animal fats or vegetables with methanol or ethanol as the catalyst by transesterification reaction. We finally can get the product Biodiesel and byproduct glycerin.
- 1.The waste eggshells were collected from the restaurant near by school. 2.Dried at 105℃ and calcined at 1000 ℃ 3. The crystalline phase of the calcined sample was confirmed using a powder X-ray diffractometer After calcined the eggshell, the Calcium carbonate was become the calcium oxide The crystalline phase of the calcined sample was confirmed using a powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD).(Ashish et al., 2010) The physicochemical properties of the eggshell-derived catalyst, which was calcined at 1000 ◦C The result of X-ray diffractometer (XRD) in this study are similar to the other results of (Ashish et al., 2010; Natarajan et al., 2013)
- 1.The waste oystershells were collected from Dongshin Fishing Harbor. 2. Dried at 105℃ and calcined at 1000 ℃. 3. The crystalline phase of the calcined sample was confirmed using a powder X-ray diffractometer After calcined the oystershell, the Calcium carbonate was become the calcium oxide
- When effect of amount of eggshell catalyst we can find both of them, 5wt% have the best yield of biodiesel were 87.8% and 91.7%, respectivity.
- When effect of amount of eggshell catalyst we can find both of them, 6wt% have the best yield of biodiesel were 87.3% and 91.1%, respectivity. We can found that when control the reaction temperature at 65 degree in the control condition the best yield of jatropha oil is 91.7%, compared with waste cooking oil the best yield of waste cooking oil is 87.8%. concluded that the addition of an excessive amount of alkaline catalyst gives rise to the formation of an emulsion, which increases viscosity and leads to the formation of gels
- When control the best amount of catalyst form eggshell and oystershell, we can find both of them have the best time is 165 min. The saponification lead to reduce in biodiesel yields, with the increasing of reaction time.
- When control the best amount of catalyst form eggshell and oystershell, we can find both of them have the best temperature is 65 degree. High temperatures can reduce the viscosity of the oil but it may cause a large amount bubbles from vaporize of methanol, lead to reduce in biodiesel yields
- When control the best amount of catalyst form eggshell and oystershell, we can find both of them have the best Methanol: oil is 9:1 . High temperatures can reduce the viscosity of the oil but it may cause a large amount bubbles from vaporize of methanol, lead to reduce in biodiesel yields