Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67602
Silage leachate is a high strength waste which contributes to surface and groundwater contamination of various pollutants from runoff, direct leaching through concrete storage structures, and infiltration of runoff. Feed storage is required for the majority of dairy operations in the country (which are expanding in size and fed storage requirements) leading to widespread potential contamination. Limited data on silage leachate quality and treatment has made management and regulation based solely on observation. This project investigated three bunker silage storage sites to assess the water quality characteristics of silage leachate and runoff from various feed sources and surrounding environmental factors. Surface samples were collected from feed storage structures and analyzed for numerous water quality parameters. Using collected hydrologic data, contaminant loading was analyzed for various storm events and assessed for first flush effects and potential to impact handling and treatment designs. Determination of first flush provides essential data for separation of waste streams (high and low strength) to ease management in terms of operation and cost, reduce loading to treatment systems, and reducing the overall environmental impact.
1. Silage Runoff Characteristics
Michael Holly
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Dr. Rebecca Larson, Advisor
April 3rd, 2013
2. Introduction
Silage
Fermented forage used as animal feed
Corn and alfalfa are commonly used forage for dairy
operations
Silage Leachate
Liquid by-product from ensiling forage
High nutrient concentration
Silage Runoff
Flow of surface excess water over an area containing
silage
3. Introduction
Silage Runoff Characteristics
Nutrient concentrations within silage runoff are variable
Dependent on the following factors
Event size
Seasonality
Bunker condition
Silage quantity
First-flush
Analyzed in studies of urban runoff
80% of the total pollutant mass is transported within the first
30% of the total volume (Bertrand-Krajewski el al.,1998)
4. Introduction
Impacts
Surfacewater
Phosphorus and nitrogen loading of watersheds
Oxygen depletion
Eutrophication and fish kills
Low pH erodes structures and harms vegetation
Groundwater
Conversion of organic nitrogen to nitrates
Metal leaching
Contamination of aquifers
5. Introduction
Benefits of Silage watersheds
Runoff
Characterization
Knowledge of
relationship of loading
throughout an event
Reduction of utilized
manure storage and
hauling
Improved treatment of
silage runoff
Standards for
protection of
6. Introduction
Characteristic Raw Silage Residential
Leachate Wastewater
pH 3.5-5.5 6-9
P (mg/L) 300-600 5-20
Organic N (mg/L) 800-3,700 5-40
NH3 (mg/L) 350-700 10-50
BOD5 (mg/L) 12,000-90,000 100-400
Table 1 Typical Silage Leachate and Residential Wastewater Characteristics (McDonald et. al.,
1991 and Burks, et al., 1994)
7. Introduction
Horizontal Bunkers
Common type of silage
storage for large dairies
Filled immediately after
harvest
Forage is compacted and
sealed
High potential for silage
runoff
8. Methods
Three Sites Sampled in WI over Spring, Summer
and Fall
Arlington Agricultural Research Station (AARS)
US Dairy Forage Research Center (DFRC)
Private Producer
ISCO Automated Samplers Used for Sampling
2 Samples per bottle, 14 bottles total
Flow activated samples
Samples refrigerated within sampler
Analysis
Completed at UW-Madison
Alkalinity, NH3, BOD5, COD, NO2, NO2 + NO3, SRP, pH,
total P and total solids
9. Methods - AARS
530 head dairy
1.3 acre concrete
silage bunker
0.3 acres pad
1 acre bunker
Separate surface
and subsurface
collection system
Surface samples
collected
13. Methods - Private Producer
3,500 head dairy
1.7 acre bunker
0.5 acres bunker pad
1.2 acres bunker
Surface and
subsurface were
routed to the same
culvert
Surface and
subsurface was
sampled
14. Methods – Data Analysis
Average Storm Nutrient
Concentrations (mg/L)
Normalized Cumulative
Pollution Load Curves
Dimensionless plot of the
distribution of pollutant
load with volume
(Tabei et. al., 2004)
16. Results - AARS
0.98 0.52
’ ’
0.05’ 1.7’
Figure 1 Normalized Nutrients vs. Normalized Flow for AARS Grouped by Season
17. Results - AARS
Maximum average storm nutrient concentrations for
NH3, BOD5 and TP took place during early spring
Minimum concentrations for COD and TP occurred in
the summer
Storms three, five and eight illustrated an increase in
concentrations with flow and a moderate delayed
storm curve
A mild first flush occurred in the fall
19. Results - DFRC
0.56 1.26’ 1.14
’ ’
0.52 0.76’ 0.19
’ ’
Figure 4 Normalized Nutrients vs. Normalized Flow for DFRC for Select Storms
20. Results - DFRC
Figure 2 BOD5 and COD (mg/L) vs. Cumulative Flow for DFRC Storms One, Three and Ten
21. DFRC Sample Bottles October Event
Figure 3 Samples Bottles for DFRC Storm Number One
22. Results - DFRC
Maximum average storm concentrations for
NH3, BOD5, COD, SRP, TKN, TP, and TS took place
immediately after filling the bunker (large amount of feed
on pad)
Minimum average storm concentrations for
BOD5, COD, and SRP occurred during the summer with
a large storm (high dilution effect)
In the fall runoff indicated strong decay of nutrient
concentrations with accumulated flow
In the spring weak first flush
In summer with large storm events with high peak flows
resulted in a more delayed nutrient loading
23. Private Producer – Storm Characteristics
Max Average Max Average
Duration, intesity, Intensity, Flow, Flow,
No. Date Depth, in h in/h in/h cfs cfs
1 4/29/2012 0.71 10.9 0.36 0.0639 15.412 1.378684
2 5/30/2012 0.53 38.81667 0.36 0.013731 8.433 0.706653
3 7/18/2012 0.82 11.91667 0.92 0.063687 32.945 3.081982
4 7/24/2012 0.75 8.116667 0.92 0.093755 7.472 0.726338
5 7/25/2012 0.49 6.766667 0.72 0.073995 4.864 0.943187
6 8/9/2012 0.44 6.9 0.68 0.065835 9.67 1.459689
7 8/16/2012 0.51 6.616667 0.64 0.079687 7.821 1.513229
8 8/25/2012 0.52 34.7 0.28 0.01508 7.821 0.665683
9 10/13/2012 1.74* 31.21667 NA NA 3.071 0.296152
10 10/17/2012 0.67* 14.95 NA NA 1.681 0.173354
11 10/18/2012 0.78* 145.4333 NA NA 0.894 0.014115
Table 4 Private Producer Storm Characteristics
25. Results – Private Producer
Lag time in sample collection may have missed peak
concentrations
Max flow weighted nutrient concentrations for NH3, COD, TKN,
TP, and TS took place during filling
Minimum flow weighted concentrations for NH3, BOD5, SRP,
TP and TS were in the spring (a large portion of the feed and
all corn silage had been used)
Some summer runoff events displayed a moderate delayed
storm curve
Following filling in the fall, data demonstrated a moderate first
flush
26. Conclusions
Strongest first flush evidence took place in the fall
while strongest delayed storm curves were
documented in the summer
Highest average storm nutrient concentrations were
in the fall following filling and sometimes in the
spring
Lowest average storm nutrient concentrations were
in the summer
Highest concentrations among all sites was for
DFRC’s initial samples in the fall (due to collection
methods)
27. Acknowledgements
Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council
Funding
Dr. Rebecca Larson
Advisor
Zach Zopp
Lab and Field Tech
Shayne Havlovitz
Undergraduate Research Assistant
Dr. John Panuska
Committee Member
Dr. KG Karthikeyan
Committee Member
28. References
Burks, B.D. and M.M. Minnis (1994). "Onsite
Wastewater Treatment Systems. " Madison, WI:
Hogarth House, Ltd.
McDonald, P., et al. (1991). The Biochemistry of
Silage, Scholium International: 340.
Taebi, A. and R. Droste (2004). "First flush pollution
load of urban stormwater runoff." Journal of
Environmental Engineering and Science 3(4): 301-
309.
Good afternoon everyone, my name is Michael Holly and Silage Runoff Characterizaion and Treatment is my Masters project. My advisor is Dr. Rebecca Larson
Leachate moisture from within forage, runoff moisture from precip.
First flush high percentage of loading in the beginning of a hydrograph
Over application of wasewater leads to reducing conditions resulting in metal leaching
Reduction in storage for facilities that are required to collect silage runoff
Raw Silage Leachate nutrient concentration is higher than residential wastewater