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Wes tern C ivilization


       Greek
      TheaTer
The Greek Theater
 5th Century B. C.
Golden Age of Greek Drama
Dramatic festivals were popular
People witnessed tragic and
comic plays
Athens is named for the Greek
goddess, Athena
The land
 Overview of Greek Theatre
                 The myths


The stage
The Land
Greece has thousands of inhabited islands and
dramatic mountain ranges
Greece has a rich culture and history
Birthplace of Democracy and Commerce
Literature and Architecture founded in
Greece
Patriarchal (male dominated) society
Philosophy, as a practice, began in Greece
(Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
The Land
Located in Europe in the Aegean Sea
The Land
Overview of Greek Theatre
The land
                  The myths



 The stage
The Stage
Ancient Greeks invented the art of
  Drama, beginning in Athens
Three Main
Portions of Greek     The Stage
Theatre:
Skene – Portion of
stage where actors
performed
(included 1-3 doors
in and out)
Orchestra –
“Dancing Place”
where chorus sang
to the audience
Theatron – Seating
for audience
The Stage
The Stage
Greek plays were performed during religious
ceremonies held in honor of Dionysus, the
Greek god of wine and revelry (altars generally
on stage)
Banks would shut down for days, people would
travel from all around to see the drama
competitions—even prisoners were temporarily
released to see the plays
Tragedy means “goat song” (relates to
Dionysian rituals)
The Stage
Where and how were the dramas performed?

                         …In an amphitheatre

                         …With a chorus who
                         described most of the
                         action.

                         …With masks

                         …With all the fighting
                         and movement going
                         on off stage.

                         ….With tragedy first,
                         then comedy later.
Masks of Greek
   TheaTer
The masks were worn for many
reason including:
    1. Visibility
    2. Acoustic Assistance
    3. Few Actors, Many Roles
    4. Characterization
Some general categories of masks
1. OLD MEN
Smooth-Faced, White, Grizzled, Black-Haired, Flaxen and
More Flaxen
2. YOUNG MEN
Common, Curled, More Curled, Graceful, Horrid, Pale
and Less Pale
3. SLAVES
Leathern, Peaked-Beard, Flat Nose
4. WOMEN
Freed Old Woman, Old Domestic, Middle Aged, Leathern,
Pale-Disheveled, Pale Middle Aged, Whorish-Disheveled,
Virgin, Girl
5. SPECIALIST MASKS
Some made for specific characters, others for: Mourning,
Blindness, Deceit, Drunkenness...etc. (The comic masks,
those especially of old comedy, were as like as possible to
true persons they represented, or made to appear more
ridiculous)
Masks of Greek
Masks
  of
 Greek
TheaTe
   r
Modern-day replicas




Hero-King


               Comedy
            (Servant or Herald )

                                     Tragedy
                                   (Weeping Chorus)
TheaTer aT epidaurus
TheaTer aT epidaurus
Major Greek Dramatists
Aeschylus   524 B.C.   Seven Against
                       Thebes
Sophocles   496 B.C.   Antigone
                       Oedipus

Euripides   480 B.C.   Medea


Dramatist   Born       Wrote
Sophocles’ Antigone
Set in Thebes (a city in ancient Greece)
Antigone is the daughter of Oedipus and
Jocasta
Antigone’s brothers, Eteokles and
Polyneces, took opposite sides in a war
Eteokles and Polyneces killed each other
in battle
Antigone’s uncle, Kreon, became king of
Thebes
sophocles
Greek coMedy and
Euripides’ Medea
Medea is a princess from Colchis
Medea marries Jason, who is in Colchis
on a quest for the Golden Fleece
Medea betrays her father and murders
her brother for her love of Jason
Medea has magical powers
Jason takes Medea back to his homeland,
Corinth, where they have children
Jason takes another wife, the king of
Corinth’s daughter
Jason’s Voyage on the Argo




                              Jason and
                              Medea meet

             Corinth: Where Jason
             and Medea settle down
Overview of Greek Theatre
The land
                   The myths



The stage
Myths played a key role
   in Greek drama
The Myths – Why they were written
1. Explained the unexplainable
2. Justified religious practices
3. Gave credibility to leaders
4. Gave hope
5. Polytheistic (more than one god)
6. Centered around the twelve
   Olympians (primary Greek gods)
Explained the Unexplainable
When Echo tried to get
Narcissus to love her, she was
denied.
Saddened, she shriveled to
nothing, her existence melting
into a rock.
Only her voice remained.
Hence, the echo!
To justify religious practices



  Drama and plays were founded to
  worship Dionysus, god of grapes,
  vegetation, and wine at his festival.
rooTs in Worship of
       dionysus




God of Wine and revelry
Theater of Dionysus
Dionysia was an annual festival
in honor of the god Dionysus
Theater of Dionysus was an
open-air Theater with room
for fifteen thousand spectators
Theater of Dionysus
carved out of a stone hillside
 looked like a semicircle with
steeply rising tiers of seats
Theater of Dionysus
Theater of Dionysus
At the bottom was the
rounded orchestra or
performance area where
the chorus sang and danced
dionysus TheaTer in
      aThens
Theater of Dionysus

Behind the orchestra was an
open, almost bare, stage
where actors spoke their
lines from behind huge
masks
dionysus TheaTer in
      aThens
dionysus TheaTer in
      aThens
Theater of Dionysus
Male actors performed all the
roles
Actors switched masks to play a
number of roles – both female
and male
dionysus and
To give credibility to leaders

                  Used myths to create
                   family trees for their
                    leaders, enforcing
                     the made-up idea
                     that the emperors
                    were related to the
                   gods and were, then,
                         demigods.
To give hope
The ancient citizens of
Greece would sacrifice and
pray to an ORACLE.
An oracle was a priest or
priestess who would send a
message to the gods from
mortals who brought their      Where DID hope come from?
requests.
                After unleashing suffering, famine, disease,
             and many other evils, the last thing Pandora let
                                              out was HOPE.
oracle of
oracle of delphi
delphi
delphi
Mount Olympus…
          …Where the

          Olympians

          lived.




          Who are the Olympians?
The
Olympians
Are the 12
Main Gods
The Olympians
Zeus
King of gods
Heaven
Storms
Thunder
lightning
Poseidon
    Zeus’s brother
    King of the sea
    Earthquakes
    Horses
Hades

Brother to Zeus and
Poseidon
King of the Underworld
(Tartarus)
Husband of Persphone
Ares
  God of war
Hephaestus

God of fire
Craftspeople
Metalworkers
Artisans
Apollo
God of the sun
Music
Poetry
Fine arts
Medicine
Hermes
Messenger to the gods
Trade
Commerce
Travelers
Thieves & scoundrels
Dionysus

    God of Wine
    Partying (Revelry)
Hera

Queen of gods
Women
Marriage
Childbirth
Demeter
   Goddess of Harvest
   Agriculture
   Fertility
   Fruitfulness
   Mom to Persephone
Hestia

Goddess of Hearth
Home
Community
Athena
   Goddess of wisdom
   Practical arts
   War
Aphrodite
Goddess of love and beauty
Artemis

   Goddess of hunting
   and the moon.
The
Storyline
cenTral
characTer is
 of The eliTe
    class
cenTral
characTer
 suffers a
doWnfall
cenTral
characTer
is neiTher
  Wholly
Good nor
  Wholly
    evil
doWnfall is
 The resulT
 of a faTal
    flaW
MisforTune
 s involve
characTers
  Who are
relaTed or
  Who are
  friends
TraGic
 acTions
Take place
 offsTaGe
cenTral
characTer
   has a
MoMenT of
recoGniTio
    n
audience
experiences
 piTy and
   fear
piTy and
fear leads
   To a
caTharsis
The End

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Introto greektheatre