1.
The Drastic change…….
Name- Lalit Kumar
Class-X
Sec-A
Roll No.-18

2.
Darwin anD Human Evolution
Lamarck posed the
hypothesis about our
relation to apes before
Darwin
Darwin published
“Descent of Man” in
1871
Caused criticism of his
theory, but already the
basic ides of evolution
had taken hold in the
scientific community.

3.
Human Evolution intro
Human evolution isthelengthy processof changeby which people
originated from apelikeancestors. Scientific evidenceshowsthat the
physical and behavioral traitsshared by all peopleoriginated from apelike
ancestorsand evolved over aperiod of approximately six million years.
Oneof theearliest defining human traits, bipedalism -- theability to walk
on two legs-- evolved over 4 million yearsago. Other important human
characteristics-- such asalargeand complex brain, theability to makeand
usetools, and thecapacity for language-- developed morerecently. Many
advanced traits-- including complex symbolic expression, art, and elaborate
cultural diversity -- emerged mainly during thepast 100,000 years.
Humansare primates. Physical and genetic similaritiesshow that the
modern human species, Ho mo sapiens, hasavery closerelationship to
another group of primatespecies, theapes. Humansand thegreat apes
(largeapes) of Africa-- chimpanzees(including bonobos, or so-called
“pygmy chimpanzees”) and gorillas-- shareacommon ancestor that lived
between 8 and 6 million yearsago.

4.
PrimatEs
•A primate is a mammal
of the order Primates.
• In taxonomy, primates
include two distinct
lineages, strepsirrhines
and haplorhines.
•Primates arose from
ancestors that lived in
the trees of tropical
forests; many primate
characteristics represent
adaptations to life in
this challenging three-
dimensional
environment. Most
primate species remain
at least partly arborcal.

5.
 Origins estimated back to 65 Million Years Ago .
 Oldest fossil only goes back 45 Million Years Ago .
 Insect eating nocturnal mammal.
 Derived traits for life in trees in the tropics.
 Grasping hands and feet.
 Separate big toe / thumb.
 Sensitive Skin ridges on hands and feet.
 Large brains – eye hand coordination- brachiating.
 Short jaws.
 Forward looking eyes – close together, stereo vision.
 Flat nails – not claws.
 Long parental care with learned behaviors.
 Single births.
 Fully opposable thumb.
wHat’s nEw in PrimatEs

6.
PrimatE grouPs
PROSIMIANS
Include Lemurs, Tarsiers.
Probably more similar to origin arboreal ancestral
primates
ANTHROPOIDS
Include Monkeys, Apes and Humans.
Split from the Prosimians about 45 Million Years
Ago

7.
antHroPoiDs
Include the Monkeys and the Hominoids
Monkeys evolved in two areas ,split about 35 million
years ago
 New World monkeys (older),
 all arboreal
 have prehensile tail, nostrils open to the sides
 Squirrel and capuchin monkeys
 Old World monkeys
 both arboreal and ground dwellers
 Lack prehensile tail, nostrils open downwards
 Rhesus monkey, baboons, macaques

8.
Hominoids
IncludeGreat Apesand Humans
Apes: Gibbons, Orangutan, Gorillas, Chimpanzee/ Bonobo
Split from monkeysabout 20-25MYA
Larger brain sizeto body sizeratiosthan other primates
Moreflexiblebehavior (lessinstinct, morelearned behaviors)
Mostly larger than monkeys(except gibbons)
Havelong arms, short legsand no tail.
Gibbonsand orangutansprimarily arboreal
Gorillas, Chimpsand Humans
Social behavior
Primarily terrestrial
Chimpsmoreclosely related to humansthan gorillas.

9.
Hominoids
(apes)
 Kingdom- Animalia
 Phylum- Chordata
 Clade- Synapsida
 Class- Mammalia
 Order- Primates
 Suborder-Haplorhini
 Infra-order-Simiiformes
 Parv-order-Catarrhini
 Superfamily-Hominoidea

10.
Hominines (Hominids)
All species believed to be more closely related to human than
chimpanzees
Humans and our direct ancestors, since the split from chimps.
Major groups:
 Australopithecines
 Paranthropsus
 Homo genus
Chimps are not ancestral species !! We shared a common ancestor.
Not a direct line to us !! A radiating lineage. Several hominids species
co-existed.
Gorillas, chimps and hominids split about 6-8 MYA. At a generous
25 year generation time: 320,000 generations ago with strong natural
selection

11.
sKULL eVoLUTion

12.
CHromosome aBnormaLiTY:
 A chromosome abnormality or mutation isamissing, extra, or irregular portion
of chromosomal DNA . It can befrom an atypical number of chromosomesor a
structural abnormality in oneor morechromosomes.
 Chromosome mutation wasformerly used in astrict senseto mean achangein a
chromosomal segment, involving morethan onegene. A karyotype refersto afull
set of chromosomesfrom an individual that can becompared to a"normal"
karyotypefor the speciesviagenetic testing. A chromosomeabnormality may be
detected or confirmed in thismanner.
 Chromosomeabnormalitiesusually occur when thereisan error in thecell
division following meiosisor mitosis. Therearemany typesof chromosome
abnormalities. They can beorganized into two basic groups, numerical and
structural anomalies.
 Other extant hominidshave2n=48.
 Hominids(at least humans) have46.

13.
Hominid Life on groUnd:
Bipedalism, upright walking
Jaw shape -smaller with specialized teeth with an omnivorousdiet.
Pronounced chin.
larger brain size, increased cerebrum, by paedogenesis
Reduced sizedifferencebetween sexes
tool use, language, social behavior
Extended parent caretime- longer juvenileperiod
Morelearning
Reduced senseof smell
Increased sizeof brain for vision and co-ordination with muscles
Eyesarelarger and directed forward

14.
SahelanthropuS
tchadenSiS
Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an
extinct homininae species.
Dated to about 7 million years ago,
possibly very close to the time of the
chimpanzee-human divergence.
The fossils were discovered in
the Diurab Desert of Chad in central
Africa.

15.
orrorin tugenenSiS
 Datesto 6.1-5.8 MYA
 Discovered in 2000
 Thought to bein evergreen forest, not open grassland
 Oldest bipedal fossils
 Fossilized bonesfrom 5 individuals
 Only afew femursand teeth.

16.
orrorin
tugenenSiS
Teeth
Neck bones
Leg bones

17.
auStralopithecuS
First “humans”: Australopithecus,
about 4.4Million years ago
 Walked fully upright with
humanlike teeth and hands.
 Fossil evidence of hip,
hands.
 Skull, capacity about 1/3
modern human size.
 lasted 3 Million Years.
 All fossils from Eastern and
Southern Africa

18.
homo
ergaSter
Less sexual dimorphism, more pair
bonding
Larger brain
Slender legs, distance walking
Short straight fingers. No longer climbing
trees
Smaller teeth, foods more prepared less
hard chewing
More advanced tools
More habitats
1.9 - 1.6 Million Years Ago

19.
homo erectuS
Homo erectus was the first to migrate out of Africa into
Europe and Asia.
 Java man and Peking man are Homo erectus.
 H. erectus 1.8 million years ago - 300,000 years ago.
 gave rise to larger populations, had to continually
expand to find food, hunt farther out.

20.
homo heidelbergenSiS
Descended from H. ergaster in africa, spread out.
Northern populations in Europe under ice age
conditions became The Neanderthals 200,000 -40,000
years ago in Europe
Reaming population in Africa adapted to drought
conditions, became homo sapiens, spread out to rest of
world.

21.
homo
neanderthalenSiS
 The Neanderthals
 200,000 -40,000 years ago in Europe
 Brain as large or larger than present
day humans
 Buried their dead
 Made hunting tools from stone and
wood
 Carnivorous

22.
Homo sapiens
Two models for the origins of
anatomically modern Humans
Multi regional model has
interbreeding among the different
H. erectus groups and a common
origin for Homo sapiens on the
different continents.

23.
Homo forensic
Discovered in 2003
Lived until as recently as 18,000 years
ago
Very small- Island effect
Pygmy elephants
Descent from larger H. erectus

24.
oldest Homo sapiens fossil

25.
sKUll GallerY………..