Types of biomolecules, types of biochemical reactions.

1. What are biomolecules?
The small reactive groups
present in carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic
acids are known as
functional groups.
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2. Name Formula Present in Example
Amino -NH2 Amino
acids
Types of functional groups
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3. Name Formula Present in Example
Carbonyl -C=O Aldehydes
and
Ketones
Acetaldehyde
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4. Name Formula Present in Example
Carboxyl -COOH Organic
acids
Acetic acid
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5. Name Formula Present in Example
Hydroxyl -OH Alcohols
Ethanol
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6. Name Formula Present in Example
Sulfydryl -SH Many
cellular
molecules
Cysteine
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7. Name Formula Present in Example
Phospahte -PO4 DNA and
RNA
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8. •Most functional groups are polar.
•Most functional groups are ionic.
•Functional groups are soluble in water due to their
polarity.
•Functional groups have higher forces of attractions.
•The non polar portion of biomolecules is chemically
unreactive.
•Some functional groups act as acids by donating a
proton. e.g. carboxyl groups (COOH) can release a proton
to become COO-.
•Some functional groups act as bases by attracting a
proton. e.g. Amino group(NH2) can attract a H+ ion to
become NH3
+.
What are characteristic features of functional groups?
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9. Types of biochemical reactions
All biochemical reactions involve
breaking or making of chemical
bonds. Thousands of biochemical
reactions occur inside a cell. There
are six major types of reactions
that are common in biological
processes.
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10. 1. Condensation or dehydration reactions: The
removal of H and OH groups from two different
reactants to make a water molecule is known as
condensation or dehydration. This reaction is
commonly used to join smaller molecules into
large macro molecules.
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11. 2. Hydrolysis: In hydrolysis reaction, water
acts as a reactant to split a larger molecules
into smaller molecules. The H and OH groups
are attached to two products that are formed
after reaction.
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12. 3. Neutralization: When a reaction
involves an acid and base to
produce salt and water, it is known as
neutralization.
HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O
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13. 4. Oxidation: Loss of one or more
electrons from an atom or
molecule is known as oxidation.
NADH→NAD++e-
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14. 5. Reduction: Gain of one or more
electrons by an atom or molecule is
known as reduction.
NAD++e-→NADH
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15. 6. Redox reaction: A chemical
reaction where electrons lost by
one atom are gained by another
atom.
Cl2+NaI→NaCl+I2
0 +1 -1 +1 -1 0
Oxidation
Reduction
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