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MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
ENGINEERING
4G
TECHNOLOGY
Submitted By- Submitted To-
Pragati Goyal Ms. Rekha Kumawat
MNIT,Jaipur

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ABSTRACT
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a
successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the
generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the
service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology and new frequency
bands. The 4G technology has promised to offer widespread, complete and
invulnerable all-IP (Internet Protocol) based services example of such services
are high quality multimedia streaming, enhanced gaming services, super fast
broadband Internet access, IP telephony and etc.
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are
projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and
to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-
definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels.
The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless
access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems.
One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, anytime
anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized
personal service.
As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless
access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication
arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile
service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks.
This paper describes basics of mobile communications and how they have
advanced from 1G, 2G until 4G. 4G is just an improvement in the mobile
communications.

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CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Basics
3. History
1G
2G
3G
4. What is 4G?
5. Vision of 4G
6. Applications of 4G
7. Advantages of 4G
8. Disadvantages of 4G
9. Which countries have 4G?
10. Future in India

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INTRODUCTION
Communications is one of the integral parts of science that has always been a focus point of
exchanging information among parties at locations physically apart. After its discovery,
telephones have replaced telegrams and letters. Similarly the term ‘mobile’ has completely
revolutionized the communication by opening up innovative applications that are limited to
one’s imagination. Today, mobile communications have become a backbone of society.
Mobiles, which were facility yesterday has become a necessity today. All the mobile system
technologies have improved the way of living. On the most basic level, mobile technology
refers to any device capable of utilizing mobile networks to perform basic communication
functions like voice calls and short message service.
BASICS
Let us see how wireless mobile communication takes place:
For wireless communication to occur between two points, a simple radio system requires
some fundamental equipments, a transmitter to send a message and a receiver to pick it up.
At transmitter, microphone converts the sound of spoken message into electrical signal,
because this signal is weak, it cannot travel far, so transmitter processes and amplifies the
audio signal combines it with radio signal & delivers it to antenna. Antenna radiates the
signal containing voice message into the air.
At the other end, whole process reverses. Receiver antenna detects the radio signal & sends it
to the receiver which processes and turns into audio signal, which then sends to speaker
transforming the signal into its original sound, audible sound waves just as they are spoken.
So, here we are done with the basics.
As we all have heard about the advancement in mobile communications i.e. 1G,2G,3G nad
so on but most of us don’t know what this ‘G’ actually mean:
G stands for generation of wireless technology. With each generation we get significantly
faster data speeds and it becomes incompatible with previous generations. We can never see a
3G phone with a 4G network.
HISTORY
At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed
to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone network. In the sixties, a system
launched by Bell Systems, called IMTS, or, “Improved Mobile Telephone Service", brought
quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The very first analog

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systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s. The systems
were called "cellular" because large coverage areas were split into smaller areas or "cells",
each cell is served by a low power transmitter and receiver.
FIRST GENERATION (1G)
1G or First Generation was an analog system, and was developed in the seventies, 1G analog
system for mobile communications where waveforms were sent not the bit streams of 0’s and
1’s. It saw two key improvements during the 1970s: the invention of the microprocessor and
the digitization of the control link between the mobile phone and the cell site
Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G mobile
system. Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in 1 country.
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access): It is a method where spectrum is cut up into
different frequencies and then this chunk given to the users. At one time only one user is
assigned a frequency. Because of this frequency is closed until the call is ended or it is passed
onto another frequency.
Disadvantages:
 The main disadvantage of 1g technology is that it makes use of analog rather than
digital signals. This is a less effective means of transmitting information.
 It is significantly slower, and signals can not reach as far in terms of secluded areas
and such - 2g and 3g signal is far more widespread.
 In addition, analogue signals are more likely to suffer interference problems. This can
make using a mobile phone with analog signal more difficult.
 Poor battery life, frequent call drops, poor voice quality and no security are also its
problems.
2g and 3g technology has built on the phenomenon of 1g technology, and although these later
generations of technology are more effective, 1g technology provided the greatest scientific
breakthrough.
SECOND GENERATION (2G):
2G digital cellular systems were first developed at the end of the 1980s. These systems
digitized not only the control link but also the voice signal. The new system

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provided better quality and higher capacity at lower cost to consumers. GSM
(Global system for mobile communication) was the first commercially operated
digital cellular system which is based on TDMA.
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): It makes use of whole available
spectrum, unlike FDMA.Instead of splitting the slots by frequency,it splits them
by time, all over the frequency. Each subscriber is given a time slot as opposed
to frequency. Therefore many users can sit on one frequency and have different
time slots, because the time slots are switched so rapidly TDMA is used for 2G
networks.
Advantages:
 The lower powered radio signals require less battery power, so phones last much
longer between charges, and batteries can be smaller.
 The digital voice encoding allowed digital error checking which could increase sound
quality by reducing dynamic and lowering the noise floor.
 The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.
Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS
and email.
 A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls are much
harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the security algorithms used
have proved not to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more
private than 1G phones, which have no protection whatsoever against eavesdropping.
Disadvantages:
 In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal will not be sufficient to reach a cell
tower.
 Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an
advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under
slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional
dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by
dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally
holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.
 With analog systems it was possible to have two or more "cloned" handsets that had
the same phone number. This was widely abused for fraudulent purposes. It was,
however, of great advantage in many legitimate situations. One could have a backup
handset in case of damage or loss, a permanently installed handset in a car or remote

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workshop, and so on. With digital systems, this is no longer possible, unless the two
handsets are never turned on simultaneously.
Digital transmission came into existence so that they can fit more channels within a given
bandwidth, and thus get more customers. It came because analog signals cannot be
compressed as digital signals. Digital phones convert our voice into binary then compress
it.This compression allows between 3 to 10 digital cell phone calls to occupy space of a
single analog call.
THIRD GENERATION (3G):
3G mobile systems were developed at the end of 1990’s. The 3G technology adds multimedia
facilities to 2G phones by allowing video, audio, and graphics applications. Over 3G phones,
you can watch streaming video or have video telephony. The idea behind 3G is to have a
single network standard instead of the different types adopted in the US, Europe, and Asia.
3G promises increased bandwidth, up to 384 kbps when the device holder is walking, 128
kbps in a car, and 2 Mbps in fixed applications. It is based on FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): It uses spread spectrum method. Unlike FDMA,
CDMA allows the user to sit on all of the available frequencies at the same time and hop
between then. Each call is identified by its unique code, hence the term Code Division.
Advantages:
 High Speed and High Bandwidth Usage
High bandwidth when compared to 2G – the measure of the transmission capacity – is
one of the selling points of 3G. This allows you to quickly and easily access all of
your favourite online multimedia and Internet tools, just like you were sitting at the
front of your home computer. You can pay bills on the spot, update social networking
status and check your e-mails, all on the go.
 Always-Online Devices
Another advantage of the 3G technology is that it can utilize the packet-based Internet
protocol connectivity of your device. This means that your mobile device will always
be set to be online and will be ready for on the click Internet access. However, you
will not pay for the connection until you start sending or receiving packet data, such
as sending an email or looking at a web page on the peek.
Disadvantages:

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 Associated and High Costs
To support the 3rd generation technology, updates need to be made to the current
cellular infrastructure so the 3g can be enabled on the mobile phone. According to 3G
Internet, this means installing new 3G equipment at every current cellular base station
and acquiring some new frequencies for enabling 3G transmissions. 3G is very costly
but worth it’s price due to its stability to work very fast.
 Power Requirements
In addition to being more and more expensive, 3G handsets also requires so much
power than most of the 2G models. According to Silicon Press (a Gadget Guide), this
extra power requirement can lead to translation to larger batteries, shortage of usage
periods between recharging and more heavy handsets overall.
FOUURTH GENERATION (4G):
4g is a term used to describe next complete evolution in wireless communication. Any
network that satisfies the 4th generation of wireless standards is known as 4G. Wireless
standards are the sets of technology and speed requirements that makes the difference
between two generations.
ITU-R (International Telecommunication Union-Radio) specified the requirements for 4G
standards i.e. 100 Mbps for high mobility communications (trains & cars) and 1Gbps for low
mobility communications (for stationary users).
4G can be described in one word MAGIC i.e. Mobile multimedia communication, Anytime,
anywhere, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless solution, Customized personal
service.
It uses OFDM technology. OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing),this works
by splitting radio signal into multiple smaller sub signals that are then transmitted
simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver.OFDM helps in reducing multipath
distortion. It has better spectral efficiency.

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VISION OF 4G
This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G systems,
perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless
connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of
information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures.
The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet
protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to
choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile
communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker
handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems
and networks.
The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing
mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being
highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users.
These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of
different users and support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of
service.
Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels
correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be
the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-
speed information services ,and entertainment broadcast services.
.
The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private;
operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems
will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting
systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This all-
encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth
generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular
3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) to WLAN
4G Mobile Communication system.
Applications:
The major applications that 4G technology will provide include.
 Tele Geoprocessing:
It is a combination of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Global
Positioning Systems (GPS), working together in high capacity wireless mobile

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system. By using this facility, public safety will be enhanced by reading the
environment of even a remote place and understanding the problems of concerned
areas.
 Virtual Navigation:
By use of 4G, the data base can be accessed by a subscriber in a moving vehicle
equipped with the appropriate wireless device to know about the roads and locations
in advance.
 Tele medicine:
With the use of this technology, paramedic assistance could be provided to a victim of
traffic accident in a remote location. It would also be helpful to access medical
records (e.g. X-ray sheets) and establish a video conference so that, a remotely-based
surgeon could provide on screed assistance.
 Crisis-management applications:
In case of natural disasters, where the entire communications infrastructure would be
in disarray, restoring communication quickly will be essential. Using 4G, both limited
and complete communications capabilities, including internet and video services,
would be set up in a matter of hours.
 Virtual presence
Use hologram-generating virtual reality programs that provide an artificial presence
just about anywhere.
For example, decide if you want to personally respond when someone rings your front
door while you are away from home.
 Broadband access in remote locations
4G networks will provide a wireless alternative for broadband access to residential
and business customers.
In addition, 4G will provide the first opportunity for broadband access in remote
locations without an infrastructure to support cable or DSL access.
Apart from these, 4G technology would have high network capacity, high speed data
transfer at any two points in the world with seamless connectivity and global roaming.
No new infrastructure would be needed to install, as 4G will be interoperable with
existing wireless standards, dynamically sharing and utilizing the already existing
network resource.
It will have also the feature of smelling the background of the other person on the
phone. If someone is cooking something and somebody wants to smell it, he/ she
would be able to do that.

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Advantages:
 The most obvious advantage of the 4G mobile network is its amazing speed.
Increased bandwidth leads to much faster data transfer speed, which is especially
advantageous for mobile devices. Users of the 4G network get the advantage of
superior, uninterrupted connectivity, especially for advanced tasks such as video chats
and conferences. Considering the younger generation of mobile device users, they can
stream music, videos and movies at a much faster rate than ever before and can also
easily share information online.
 4G networks offer much more coverage than other systems such as WiFi, which
forces users to depend upon hotspots in each area you visit. Since 4G offers a
coverage of 30 miles and more, as also overlapping network ranges, users would be
assured of complete connectivity at all times.
 One of the biggest problems with WiFi networks is that of online security. This is
especially true for mobile devices. 4G networks offer complete privacy, security and
safety. This is especially beneficial for corporate establishments and business persons,
who hold sensitive information on their respective mobile devices.
 4G networks are quite affordable these days, what with pricing schemes being
considerably slashed to fit users’ budgets. Of course, this type of connectivity is more
expensive than traditional WiFi networks, but it also has a lot more advantages to
offer to users.
Disadvantages
 Though the concept of 4G mobile networks is steadily gaining popularity,
connectivity is still limited to certain specified carriers and regions. Of course, the
number of cities that have 4G coverage is increasing by the day. However, it would
take its own time for this network to be available in all the major cities of the world.

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 Though the hardware compatible with 4G networks is available at much cheaper
rates today than earlier, the fact remains that this new equipment would necessarily
have to be installed in order to supply these services. This would prove to be a
cumbersome process for most mobile carriers planning to launch these services.
 Since 4G mobile technology is still fairly new, it will most likely have its initial
glitches and bugs, which could be quite annoying for the user. Needless to say, these
teething troubles would be sorted out in due course of time, as well as with increase
in network coverage.
 4G mobile networks use multiple antennae and transmitters and hence, users would
experience much poorer battery life on their mobile devices, while on this network.
This would mean that they would have to use larger mobile devices with more
battery power, in order to be able to stay online for longer periods of time.
 Users would be forced to make do with 3G or WiFi connectivity in the areas that do
not yet have 4G mobile network coverage. While this is a problem in itself, the worse
issue is that they would still have to pay the same amount as specified by the 4G
network plan. This loophole has already resulted in many disgruntled customers. This
situation can only be resolved once mobile carriers expand their 4G network
coverage to include more regions.
WHICH COUNTRIES HAVE 4G?
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), LTE(Long Term Evolution),
and HSPA+ are all versions of 4G, WiMAX is used by Sprint, LTE is used by Verizon and
ATT(America Telephone & Telegraph), HSPA+ is used by AT&T and TMobile.
United States (by Sprint), Norway and Sweden have all got 4g up and running.
As of July 2012, many countries have got 4G like Canada, USA, Estonia etc..
UK to have it up and running by end of this year.

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New Zealand, still don't have 4G services, but are set to get them in the next year.
FUTURE IN INDIA
India is emerging as one of the largest market in the world for wireless.
Soon we will be blessed with 4G network.
Wireless is possibly the only way forward to connect most of the six lakhs villages to
internet.
Bharti Airtel will be launching India’s First 4G smartphone in few months.
Reliance is also planning to launch 4G smartphone in India.