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PDF Unit 4 Reading Skills PPT
( Files Shared date :- 4-11-22)
Credit:- classroom.google.com
2. PRESENTATION
⚫ An oral presentation is a formal, structured
and systematic presentation of a message to
an audience and it involves conveying a lot of
information in a limited time.
• A presentation is a means of communication which can be adapted to various
speaking situations, such as talking to a group, addressing a meeting or briefing a
team.
⚫ Purpose
1. To inform
2. To persuade- to change behaviour, attitude
3. To demonstrate-help listeners know how to do
something
3. Purpose:
Presentation means presenting something before people on some formal
occasion. It is also known as ‘public speaking’.The term ‘presentation’ is
preferred perhaps because the purpose of a presentation is defined more
precisely than that of a public speech.
Moreover, presentation is done before a select audience whereas in a
public speech the audience is not selected. Presentation can be defined as
a formal event characterized by teamwork and use of audio-visual aids.
The main purpose of presentation is to give information, to persuade the
audience to act and to create goodwill.A good presentation should have a
good subject matter, should match with the objective, should best fit the
audience, and should be well organized.
8. PREPARING PRESENTATION
Preparing for a presentation involves developing the central
idea and the main points, gathering and supporting material and
planning visual aids
Characteristics of the central idea:
• Restates the presentation topic
• Simple audience-centred idea
• One sentences summary of the presentation
• It focuses on the content
• Uses specific language
9. Outlining and Structuring
The key to all these problems is to organize our ideas into a well-known
pattern. First, we need to tell our audience what we want to tell them; then, we
should tell them the ideas; and finally, we should repeat what we have already
said. In other words, a presentation should have the following format:
• Introduction should grab attention, introduce topic, contain a strategy
for establishing credibility, preview the speech, establish rules for questions, and
have a smooth transition to the main text.
• Main body should contain all the main points and supporting material;
the entire matter should be organized into a logical sequence.
• Conclusion should contain signal, highlight/summary, closing statement /
re-emphasis, a vote of thanks, and invitation to questions.
10. Extemporaneous
▪ Extemporaneous presentation is by far most popular and effective
method when carefully prepared.
▪ In this method you must prepare the notes before and rehearse
your presentation.
▪ Your presentation will sound quite spontaneous to the audience
thorough presentation.
▪ Pre-Preparation is essential in this mode of delivery of
presentation.
Four modes of delivery used in Presentation………..
11. Advantages
• As we have enough time to prepare for the presentation, we work hard on the theme/
central idea.We can present the theme in the best possible structured way.
• Thorough preparation on our part makes us feel secure and we carry out our responsibility
with self-confidence and assurance.Adaptation is also possible if the need arises. In
other words, the language of any written text does not bind us.We can be flexible in our
use of language.
• Supporting material helps to present our points clearly and also adds weight to our
agreement.Appropriate selection of quotations, illustrations, statistics, etc., helps us to
substantiate our point.
• Our delivery sounds natural and spontaneous to the audience as it allows us to establish
a rapport with the audience through more eye contact.
• It enables us to move freely, with ease.
Disadvantages
• If preparation is inadequate, we can get lost and find ourselves uncomfortable.
• If we rely too much on note cards and start reading out from them instead of just
consulting them for reference, then the speech will lose its spontaneity.
12. Manuscript
In manuscript presentation ,material is written out and
you are suppose to read it out aloud.
It is there in front of you to read.
You should be wise enough not to attempt to read a
speech until you have become a Proficient reader.
For effective use of this mode you should have gone
through the materials several times beforehand till you
familiar with the text.
Four modes of delivery used in Presentation………..
13. Advantages
• It is a permanent and accurate record of whatever we have to say.
• There is no chance of tampering with the facts and figures.
• The material is organized systematically.We just have to keep in mind the step-by-step
development of main points.
• Language gets polished because we can write and rewrite our material until we feel
satisfied on all counts.
Disadvantages
• Since we will be reading from the manuscript, we get less time for making proper eye
contact, which is essential to feel the pulse of our audience.
• Since we will be reading to the audience, we cannot talk to them.There is not much
scope either for non-verbal communication.
• Adaptation is rather difficult, if the need arises, to give a different twist to our material.
• In the absence of effective reading skill, we fumble over words, lose our pace, and miss
punctuation marks, etc.This adds up to an uninteresting speech and loss of audience
attention.
• Conversational flavour along with vocal inflection takes a back seat here, which is a great
asset for a speaker.
14. Impromptu
The impromptu mode as the word suggest is what you use when you have to
deliver an informal speech without preparation.
Advantages
• We sound very natural because we do not get enough time to make any elaborate
preparation.
• We get a chance to express our thoughts irrespective of what others think or say about
that particular topic.
• We are spontaneous as we say what we feel, not what we ought to say.
Disadvantages
• The presentation lacks organized development of ideas because of the shortage of time.
• There is no supplementary material (no data, no statistics, no illustrations, no figures) to
substantiate the speech.
• Chances of rambling are very high.Various points may hang loose.
• There is frequent use of vocalized pauses.
• The presentation may turn out to be a failure if the speaker has inadequate proficiency in
the language he/she uses.
Four modes of delivery used in Presentation………..
15. Memorization
Memorize the content and deliver the material without any help. Easiest way for
speaker, no need to stress over covering points, needs excellent memory power
Advantages
• It is very easy for such speakers to maintain an eye contact with the audience throughout
the presentation.
• The speaker can easily move and make use of appropriate non-verbal communication to
add extra value to the speech.
• It is possible to finish the speech in allotted time.
Disadvantages
• Memorization requires too much of time.
• There are chances of making it a dull and monotonous presentation because we go
exactly by whatever we have memorized.
• Even our memory skills may fail us if we have not rehearsed adequately.
• No flexibility or adaptation is possible during the speech.
• The speaker gets flustered if he/she forgets a word, sentence, or a whole paragraph.
Four modes of delivery used in Presentation………..
16. Visual Aids:
‘The best way to conquer stage fright is know what you are talking about.’
–Michael Mescon
Spoken words are temporary; as soon as they come out of our mouth they
evaporate into the air.
Because of this limitation, speeches often need strong visual support—handouts,
chalk boards, flip chart, overheads, slides, computers, charts, tables, film, etc. If a
picture is simple, clear, and appropriate to its purpose and audience, it will deliver
its message more accurately and quickly than a verbal explanation.
Ours is a visually-oriented society and an audience likes to hear as well as see
information.
We should choose only those visual aids that suit the style and content of our
presentations.
We should use visual aids for any point that sounds vague and requires discussion
in detail.
However, they must be well designed and professionally generated.
17. HOWTO GIVE A GOOD PRESENTATION
1. Use visual aids
Using pictures in your presentations instead of words can double the chances of
meeting your objectives.
2. Keep it short and sweet
There is an old adage that said – “No one ever complained of a presentation being too
short.” Nothing kills a presentation more than going on too long.
There are some college professors who will penalise a short presentation (most
lecturers see no problem in droning on) , but for most people a shorter presentation is
better. Keep your presentation to under 22 minutes if you can.
3. Use the rule of three
A simple technique is that people tend to only remember three things.Work out what
the three messages that you want your audience to take away and structure your
presentation around them. Use a maximum of three points on a slide.
4. Rehearse
Practice makes for perfect performance. Many experts say that rehearsal is the biggest
single thing that you can do to improve your performance. Perform your presentation
out loud at least four times. One of these should be in front of a real scary audience.
Family, friends or colleagues. Even the dog is better than nothing.
5.Tell stories
All presentations are a type of theatre.Tell stories and anecdotes to help illustrate
points. It all helps to make your presentation more effective and memorable.
18. CONT.
6. Lose the bullet points – don’t put your speaker notes up on the screen
Bullet points are the kiss of death for most presentations. Most people use bullet points as a form of
speaker notes.To make your presentation more effective put your speaker notes in your notes and not
up on the screen.
7.Video yourself
Set up a video camera and video yourself presenting.You will see all sorts of mistakes that you are
making, from how you are standing, if you are jangling keys, to how well your presentation is structured.
8. Know what slide is coming next
You should always know when presenting which slide is coming up next. It sounds very powerful when
you say “On the next slide [Click] you will see…”, rather than a period of confusion when the next slide
appears.
9. Have a back-up plan
Technology not working, power cuts, projector blowing a bulb, spilling coffee on your front, not enough
power leads, no loudspeakers, presentation displays strangely on the Laptop…..
Have a back-up plan.Take with you the following items – a printed out set of slides – (you can hold these
up to the audience if you need to), a CD or data stick of your presentation, a laptop with your slides on
it. Just in case it goes wrong.
10. Check out the presentation room
Arrive early and check out the presentation room. If you can make sure that you see your slides loaded
onto the PC and working on the screen.Work out where you will need to stand.
19. Importance of non verbal aspects in
a Presentation
An oral presentation is a formal, structured and systematic presentation
of a message to an audience and it involves conveying a lot of
information in a limited time.
20. 2. FACIAL EXPRESSION:
Your face is an excellent tool to communicate your interest, sincerity and enthusiasm
about your attitude to the spectators. Be happy and sporting and answer the questions
patiently.
1.USING BODY LANGUAGE EFFECTIVELY:
Various aspects of body language, namely personal appearance, facial
expressions, posture, gesture, eye contact, and personal space – all need
to be used effectively during interview or Presentation.
21. 2. PERSONAL APPEARANCE:
Take care of your attire, accessories, and
personal hygiene. Avoid gaudy color,
clunky jewelry, and excess perfume.
22. 4. POSTURE:
Do not stand leaning on the edge of the table and do not lean
on the chair either. Stand straight posture in the beginning and
after some time you can change the posture. Be natural.
5. GESTURE:
Use small gestures while speaking as there will be little space
between you and the spectators. Exhibit suitable gestures,
such as nodding head, tilting head, shaking hands, etc. at
appropriate times.
23. 6. EYE CONTACT:
Maintain eye contact with all members right from the time
you meet them till you finish. Eye contact will also help you
in getting feedback from time to time about how the panel
receive your presentation, thereby enabling you to change
your approach.
24. 7. PERSONAL SPACE:
As you will be standing just on the opposite side of the
panel, the space between you and the panel will be very less
Hence, do not bend too much or move around.
27. Questions:
1. How to project positive body language while giving
presentation? Discuss in detail.
2. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of Impromptu
and Memorization modes of Presentation.
3. Discuss tips of effective presentation.What makes it
successful?
4. Discuss the importance of visual aids in presentation.
5. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of
Extemporaneous and Manuscript modes of
Presentation
