Important teminology of genetics.this will give the learner the initial knowledge to go further in the deep learning of genetics.

1. KAMAL JEET BHATTI (CSIR-
JRF NET)
PGT BIOLOGY
JNV KARNAL
IMPORTANT TERMS OF
GENETICS

2. GENETICS
Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with
the study of genes, genetic variation,
and heredity in organisms.
Father of genetics-
Gregor Johann Mendel

3. GENETIC MATERIAL
DNA serves two important cellular
functions: It is the genetic
material passed from parent to
offspring and it serves as the
information to direct and regulate the
construction of the proteins
necessary for the cell to perform all
of its functions. So this is the genetic
material in most of the
organisms.some viruses have RNA
as genetic material.

4. CHROMOSOME
 Chromosomes are thread-like
structures located inside the nucleus of
animal and plant cells.
Each chromosome is made of protein
and a single molecule of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed
from parents to offspring, DNA contains
the specific instructions that make each
type of living creature unique.

5. DETAIL STRUCTURE OF
CHROMOSOME

6. REPLICATED AND NON
REPLICATED CHROMOSOME

7. SIMPLIFIED STRUCTURE

8. CHROMOSOME Vs
CHROMATIN

9. DNA REPLICATION
In molecular biology, DNA replication is
the biological process of producing two
identical replicas( Copies) of DNA from one
original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs
in all living organisms acting as the basis
for biological inheritance.

10. SEMI CONSERVATIVE MODEL OF
DNA REPLICATION
The Meselson–Stahl experiment is an experiment by
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958 which
supported Watson and Crick's hypothesis that DNA
replication was semiconservative.

11. TRANSCRIPTION
Transcription is the first step of DNA based gene expression, in which a
particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by
the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids,
which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language.
During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase,
which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called
a primary transcript.

12. SIPLIFIED DIAGRAM OF
TRANSCRIPTION

13. RNA SPLICING IN
EUKARYOTES
RNA splicing is a process that removes the
intervening, non-coding sequences of genes (introns)
from pre-mRNA and joins the protein-coding
sequences (exons) together in order to enable
translation of mRNA into a protein.

14. EXON AND INTRON
 INTRON -A noncoding, intervening sequence
of DNA within a gene that is transcribed into
mRNA but is removed from the primary gene
transcript BY THE PROCESS OF SPLICING.
 EXON- An exon is any part of a gene that will
encode a part of the final mature RNA
produced by that gene after introns have been
removed by RNA splicing.

15. Splicing
The spliceosome is assembled from
small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and
approximately 80 proteins.
The spliceosome removes introns from
a transcribed pre-mRNA,
SPLICIOSOME
HELPS TO REMOVE
INTRON FROM
PRIMARY mRNA.

16. TRANSLATION
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is
the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm
or ER synthesize proteins after the process
of transcription of DNA to RNA in the
cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene
expression.

17. RIBOSOMES
 Ribosomes are where RNA is translated into
protein. This process is called protein synthesis.
Protein synthesis is very important to cells,
therefore large numbers ofribosomes are found
in cells. Ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm,
and are also bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
(ER).
 Ribosomes are made up of RNA and protien.
 They are of two types 70s and 80s.
 They are found freely in the cytoplasm in
prokaryotes and attached with Endoplasmic
reticulum in eukaryotes.

18. RIBOSOME STRUCTURE
 Ribosomes (/ˈraɪbəˌsoʊm, -boʊ-/[1]) comprise a
complex macromolecular machine, found within all
living cells, that serves as the site of biological
protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino
acids together in the order specified by messenger
RNA(mRNA) molecules.

19. Central dogma of molecular
biology
 The central dogma of molecular biology is an
explanation of the flow of genetic information
within a biological system. It is often stated as
"DNA makes RNA and RNA makes
protein although this is not its original meaning. It
was first stated by Francis Crick in 1957, then
published in 1958:

20. GENE
 Gene: The basic biological unit of heredity. A
segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) needed
to contribute to a function.
 An official definition: According to the official
Guidelines for Human Gene Nomenclature,
A gene is defined as "a DNA segment that
contributes to phenotype/function.

21. GENE STRUCTURE
Gene, unit of hereditary information that occupies a
fixed position (locus) on a chromosome. Genes achieve
their effects by directing the synthesis of proteins.

22. ALLELE
 An allele is a variant form of given gene. Sometimes, the
presence of different alleles of the same gene can result
in different observable phenotypic traits, such as
different pigmentation.

23. Allele continue
 An allele is an alternative form of a gene (one
member of a pair) that is located at a specific
position on a specific chromosome.
These DNA codings determine distinct traits that
can be passed on from parents to offspring
through sexual reproduction.

24. Mutation
 Mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence,
either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as the
result of environmental factors such as UV light and
cigarette smoke.
 This results in changes in the proteins that are
made. This can be a bad or a good thing.
 Causes of mutation are chemicals ,Radiations
and some viruses

25. Disorder due to mutation
sickel cell anemia

26. Every ending is a new beginning in
real sense.