1. Science is Organized Knowledge
Energy and Life
Energy Cycles of Living Things
Exploring Creation with General ScienceExploring Creation with General Science
3. • Use charts
WITHIN outline
or Cornell notes
– especially if
presented in a
chart/table
4. Charting Example
Kingdom Cell Type Organization Energy Source Examples
Monera Prokaryote Photosynthesis
or decaying stuff
Bacteria &
Archaea
Protista Single or multi-
cellular
Photosynthesis
or other
organisms
Protozoa,
algae, slime
mold
Fungi Eukaryote Dead & decaying
organisms
Plantae Eukaryote Ferns, moss,
trees, flowers
Animalia Multi-cellular Cow, fish,
wasp, bear
5. Metabolism
• METABOLISM: the chemical reactions organisms use
to get and use energy.
– Every organism needs energy to
fuel all the cell functions.
– How do organisms GET food?
– How do organisms turn that food into
ENERGY?
6. Metabolic Rates
• METABOLIC Rate = total energy used per day
– BMR: basal metabolic rate
• minimum energy required to survive each day
– activities beyond surviving require more energy
– Endothermic = "warm-blooded"
• internal control of body
temperature
• Higher BMR
– takes more energy/food to fuel
the mechanisms of homeostasis
– Ectothermic = "cold-blooded"
• no internal mechanism to maintain
a stable body temperature
– requires less food/energy
7. How Organisms GET Energy
• All living things need energy to live & grow.
– Producers
• Make own food (autotrophs)
– Consumers
• Get food from other living
things (heterotrophs)
– Decomposers
• Get food from dead organisms
& break it down
8. Producers
• Autotroph =
“self-nourishment”
• In cells with chloroplasts
– organelles where
photosynthesis occurs
• Sun's energy powers the
chemical reaction:
– CO2 & H2O IN
– Sugar molecules OUT
• Producers get their energy by
producing (making) their own food.
– Plants, Algae, some Bacteria
Chloroplast
- Oxygen waste out
9. Consumers
• Consumers get their energy from
consuming (eating) other living things.
– Animals, Protozoa
• Heterotroph =
"other-nourishment"
• Food must be broken down
into tiny molecules
– Digestion
• Once inside a cell, food
molecules are “burned”
for energy
10. Types of Consumers
• Herbivores (plant eaters)
• sheep, horses, caterpillars eat ONLY plants
• Carnivores (animal eaters)
• fish eat insects, lions eat giraffe, hawks eat owls
– Scavengers (eat dead animals)
• wolves, hyenas & vultures eat dead animals
• Omnivores (eat both animals and plants)
• bears eat fish and berries, people eat steak & salad
11. Decomposers
• Decomposers get their energy
from breaking down dead
organisms.
– Fungi, most Bacteria, &
some insects
• worms, pill bugs, centipedes, flies, etc.
– Break down dead matter by
releasing enzymes
• Absorb molecules as “food”
• recycle nutrients back into soil
14. How Organisms USE Energy
• Once “food” (a sugar molecule) is obtained,
it must be “burned” to release the energy.
• This is a type of
combustion
– Sugar (glucose) & Oxygen
(O2) IN
– ATP Energy OUT
• Water & Carbon
Dioxide waste out
• Takes place mostly in
cell mitochondria
Mitochondria
Glucose
O2
CO2
H2O
ATP
15. Ecosystem Roles
Role How it gets
Energy
Energy
Source
Kingdoms Examples
Producer Autotroph –
makes own
food
The sun –
photosyn
thesis
Plantae,
Protista,
Monera
Trees, flowers,
algae, euglena,
seaweed, &
some bacteria
Consumers
- Herbivores
- Carnivores
- Omnivores
Heterotroph –
has to eat
Other
living
organism
s
Animalia,
Protista
Cow, squirrel,
humans, birds,
protozoa
(amoeba)
Decomposer Heterotroph –
has to eat
Dead &
decaying
organism
s
Fungi,
Monera,
Animalia
Mold, yeast,
mushrooms,
most bacteria,
worms, flies
16. Macronutrients
Nutrients your body needs
in large amounts:
•Carbohydrates
– Quick fuel for cell functions
•Lipids
– Stored energy, insulation &
cushioning, vitamin storage,
and cell membrane structure
•Proteins
– many cell functions (reactions
& building cell structures)
17. Carbohydrates
• Fast fuel for cell functions
• Building block = saccharides
(sugars)
• All carbs are
NOT equal!
– some are better
for you than others
C6H12O6
18. Monosaccharides
• Immediately absorbed into blood
• Taste very sweet
–Glucose
–Fructose
–Dextrose
MonoMonosaccharides aresaccharides are singlesingle saccharides.saccharides.
19. Disaccharides
DiDisaccharides aresaccharides are twotwo linked monosaccharides.linked monosaccharides.
•Very quickly absorbed into blood
•Less sweet than monosaccharides
–Sucrose (table sugar)
–Lactose (in milk)
–Maltose (from starch)
Table Sugar
20. Polysaccharides
Amylose often
has 300 – 600
linked glucose
molecules.
PolyPolysaccharides aresaccharides are manymany linked saccharides.linked saccharides.
•Must be broken down before being absorbed into blood
•Stringy and only slightly sweet
–Amylose (starch)
–Cellulose
• the stringy/tough fibers in plant roots, stems & fruit/vegetable skins
• provides dietary fiber
–Glycogen
• in animals (in the liver)
21. Fats
• Slow/stored fuel for cell functions
– also for insulation, cell structure,
hormone production & vitamin storage
• Building block = fatty acids
• NOT all fats are equal!
– some are better
for you than others
– our bodies can make some kinds of fats
– others, we can only get through food
C12H25COOH
22. Fatty Acids
• SATURATED FATS: every carbon atom is joined to another carbon atom by
a single bond (and 2 hydrogen atoms).
• found in animals
• "bad" fat
• UNSATURATED FATS: carbon atoms are joined by double bonds (w/o
H's).
• found in vegetables and fish
• "good" fat
23. Proteins
• Not used for energy
– building cell structures
(membrane receptors,
collagen in hair/nails),
– O2 transport (hemoglobin)
– immune defense (antibodies)
– enzymes speed chemical
reactions
• Building blocks = amino acids
24. Proteins
• Proteins have many different jobsProteins have many different jobs
• function is often dictated by shapefunction is often dictated by shape
• shape is determined by the aminoshape is determined by the amino
acid sequence that affects foldingacid sequence that affects folding
• Examples: hemoglobin, flagella,Examples: hemoglobin, flagella,
membrane receptors, hair, antibodiesmembrane receptors, hair, antibodies
25. Macronutrients
Nutrient Function Building Block Examples
Carbohydrate
Fast (easy-access)
energy
Saccharides
(sugars)
Glucose, Sucrose,
Dextrose, Maltose,
Lactose, Fructose,
Cellulose, Amylose
Fat Stored energy,
insulation, vitamin
storage, hormone-
building, cell
membranes
Fatty Acids
Saturated &
Unsaturated fats
Protein Building cell
structures, oxygen
transport, immune
defenses, &
chemical reactions
Amino Acids
Membrane
receptors,
hemoglobin,
antibodies,
enzymes
There are billions of sucrose molecules in a single grain of refined granulated sugar.
Producers make more food than they need to live. They store excess sugar (glucose/starch) in fruits/vegetables and fat in seeds.
Where does the sugar go? Mitochondria burn it to fuel cell processes.
Producers store excess sugar (glucose/starch) in fruits/vegetables and fat in seeds.
Soft, moist, warm = prime environment for decomposers to live & for enzymes to work.
Different decomposers often work together, breaking matter down in different ways/stages of the decomposition process.
Candle flame = combustion reaction.
- If I place a jar over the flame, it goes out – why? Yes, oxygen is used up in the chemical reaction and it cannot continue.
***Also notice any “fog” or condensation on the inside of the jar.
- If I make CO2 (baking soda + vinegar), the flame also goes out – why? CO2 is a gas that is heavier than the mix of gasses that make up the air in this room. It fills the bottom of the bowl, pushing out the room air that contains oxygen.
Mirror/breath/condensation: when I exhale, I see water vapor collect on the mirror – why? Where did the water come from? Water is one of the products of a combustion reaction.
CO2 in cabbage water, compared to exhaling (through straw) into cabbage water. (Cabbage water is a pH indicator)
When carbon dioxide is bubbled through water, a chemical reaction occurs which makes an acid (carbonic acid). In the presence of acid, the chemical in red cabbage turns pink/red. So, when you bubbled carbon dioxide through the cabbage water, the carbon dioxide reacted with the water to make an acid. That acid caused the chemical from the red cabbage to turn pink/red.
CALLED CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellulose is the woody part of logs that you burn in your fireplace. You can now see why burning a pine log releases so much heat – there are a lot of energy-releasing covalent bonds there!
