SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 26
Introduction to
 DNA &
  RNA
   Replication
  Transcription
   Translation
Why Did Caesar Die?
The Roman emperor Claudius Caesar (10 B.C.–
   A.D. 54) had an appetite for the delicate taste
   of mushrooms. Historians believe that
   Caesar’s wife, Agrippina, wanted to poison
   him. She mixed into Caesar’s favorite dish of
   mushrooms a few of the poisonous species
   Amanita caesarea. These poisonous mushrooms
   contain a substance that blocks the activity of
   an enzyme required for the cells to transcribe
   messenger RNA from DNA.
For the first 10 hours after Caesar ate the
   mushrooms, all seemed well as the
   mushroom poisons entered the blood stream
   and were absorbed by the liver and kidneys.
   About 15 hours after eating the mushrooms,
   Caesar’s liver cells stopped functioning.
   Nausea, diarrhea, and delirium affected him
   as his liver and kidneys could no longer filter
   and detoxify wastes and other harmful
   substances from the blood. He died two days
   later from liver failure.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
 DNA holds the instructions for all cell
  functions and all production of proteins
 Chromosomes are just tightly wound and
  packaged strands (molecules) of DNA
 DNA is made up of repeating segments called

  nucleotides
DNA Nucleotide

                         Nitrogenous bases:
                                Adenine
                                Guanine
                                Thymine
                                Cytosine



                    Every living thing on
                     earth shares these
                     same 4 nucleotides
Nucleotide Sequence
   An elk, elm and eel all have the same four nucleotides
    that make up their DNA
   Like the letters in their names, the order (or sequence)
    of their nucleotides determine different traits that result
    in very different organisms being produced
DNA Base-pairing

•DNA is made from 2 rows of side-by-side
nucleotides arranged in a specific order
• DNA has specific pairing between the bases:
     Guanine must pair with Cytosin
     Adenine must pair with Thymine
DNA Structure

P
              G       C

P         T               P
                  A

P         C       G       P

           H-bonds

                          P
DNA Double Helix

 Nitrogenous
 bases form the
 “rungs” of the
 DNA “ladder”
 1. Adenine (A)
 2. Guanine (G)
 3. Thymine (T)
 4. Cytosine (C)
DNA Replication
   In order for cells to reproduce (make
    more of themselves), DNA must be
    copied
   Each of the 46 strands of the original
    DNA serve as a template for new
    copies
   A single strand of human DNA,
    stretched out, would be about 6 feet
    long, containing over 80 million base
    pairs
   That’s about 46,000 books worth of information in 1 cell!
   With incredible accuracy, all of a cell’s DNA can be
    replicated in about one hour
Replication
   First, DNA strands are
    unwound and enzymes
    “unzip” the molecule
   Next, new nucleotides are
    added according to base
    pairing rules
   This occurs simultaneously
    at many different places
    along a single strand of DNA

    Parental DNA
                                   New DNA
     Templates
DNA Replication Video
REPLICATION: DNA is copied




   A codon is a 3-nuceotide segment which signals something
    •   Start and stop codons signal where replication can begin and end.
Think of it this way…
 Replication

  • Making exact copies
  • DNA  DNA
  • Like a copy machine
DNA Replication Quiz
1. Why is replication necessary?
       So both new cells will have the correct DNA

2. When does replication occur?
       During Interphase (S phase).                       A---?
                                                              T
3. Describe how replication works.                        G---?
                                                              C
       Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary                C---?
                                                              G
       nucleotides join each original strand.             T---?
                                                              A
4. What happens to the original DNA?                      A---?
                                                              T
       It serves as a template and half is incorporated   G---?
                                                              C
       into each of the two new strands.
                                                          A---?
                                                              T
5. Use the base pairing rule to                           T---?
                                                              A
    create the complementary strand:
Transcription - portable copies
 During Interphase G1 or G0 (normal cell function),
  DNA supplies the “codes” for proteins to be built
 DNA first must be transcribed into smaller
  mRNA segments, serving as portable copies
 Why?

    •   Smaller segments are easier to move around
    •   Sending strands 80 million nucleotides long would be
        inefficient (might be too long to find the “start”)
    •   It’s safer to send a copy than the original

RNA vs. DNA
   Ribose instead
    of deoxyribose
   Uracil instead of
    Thymine
   Shorter strands
   Single-stranded
TRANSCRIPTION: DNA to mRNA
   mRNA = “messenger” RNA
   DNA partially “unzips”
   mRNA nucleotides line up
    on one side to form a
    matching mRNA strand
   RNA retains DNA
    sequences
    •   Uracil replaces Thymine
        when matching with
        Adenine
   mRNA takes the code to
    ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Think of it this way…
 Transcription

  • Same information, portable packaging
  • DNA  RNA
  • Like Bible-time scribes
Transcription Quiz
1.    Why is transcription necessary?
          Shorter mRNA strands are copied from DNA to
          carry codes to ribosomes outside the nucleus.
                                                             A-- U
2.    Describe transcription.                                C-- G
          DNA strands separate, then one side is used as a
          template to assemble mRNA nucleotides.             C-- G
3.    What are the main differences between                  G-- C
      DNA and RNA.                                           T-- A
          RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose; DNA has     C-- G
          2 strands while RNA has one; RNA has uracil
          instead of thymine and RNA has shorter strands.    A-- U
4.    Use base pairing rules to create an                    C-- G
      mRNA strand from this DNA template:                    G-- C
TRANSLATION: mRNA to Protein

   Messenger RNA carries the pieces of copied genetic
    code out of the nucleus to a ribosome

   mRNA is “fed”
    into the
    ribosome

   Ribosome
    helps tRNA
    "read” the code
    and assemble
    a protein
Transfer RNA - tRNA
   tRNA = “transfer” RNA
   One tRNA molecule is composed
    of ~ 80 nucleotides, three exposed
    nitrogen bases (the anticodon)
    and one amino acid
   tRNA anticodons match up with      tRNA
    mRNA codons inside a ribosome molecule
   As each tRNA molecule binds to
    an mRNA codon, its amino acid is                 Amino
    dropped off and linked together                  acids
   These assembled amino acid
    chains (polypeptides) fold into
    specific shapes to become new
    proteins
                                                      anticodon
   The order of amino acids
    determines what kind of protein
    is made                         codon     mRNA
mRNA Amino Acid “codes”
             U                     C                   A                      G
    UUU    Phenylalanine     UCU               UAU     Tyrosine      UGU      Cysteine        U
    UUC       (Phe)          UCC               UAC       (Tyr)       UGC       (Cys)          C
                                    Serine
U
    UUA                      UCA     (Ser)     UAA         Stop      UGA          Stop        A
    UUG                      UCG               UAG         Stop      UGG   Tryptophan (Trp)   G
    CUU       Leucine        CCU               CAU     Histidine     CGU                      U
    CUC        (Leu)         CCC               CAC       (His)       CGC                      C
                                    Proline                                   Arginine
C
    CUA                      CCA     (Pro)     CAA                   CGA        (Arg)         A
                                                      Glutamine
    CUG                      CCG               CAG       (Gln)       CGG                      G
    AUU                      ACU               AAU    Asparagine     AGU       Serine         U
            Isoleucine                                   (Asn)                  (Ser)
    AUC                      ACC   Threonine   AAC                   AGC                      C
A               (Ile)
    AUA                      ACA     (Thr)     AAA                   AGA                      A
                                                        Lysine                Arginine
    AUG   Methionine (Met)   ACG               AAG       (Lys)       AGG        (Arg)         G
    GUU                      GCU               GAU   Aspartic Acid   GGU                      U
    GUC                      GCC               GAC      (Asp)        GGC                      C
              Valine               Alanine                                     Glycine
G
    GUA        (Val)         GCA    (Ala)      GAA                   GGA        (Gly)         A
                                                     Glutamic Acid
    GUG                      GCG               GAG        (Glu)      GGG                      G
How Cells make Proteins
   mRNA copies small segments of DNA and carries
    the code out of the nucleus to the ribosomes
                             mRNA is fed through
                              ribosomes in cytoplasm
                             tRNA match up with
                              mRNA codons (inside
                              ribosomes) and drop
                              off amino acids
                             Ribosomes bond
                              amino acids together to
                              form proteins
Translation Quiz
1.    Why is translation necessary?
       It makes sure the right amino acids are joined together to
       form the correct protein.

2.    Describe translation.
       Information from mRNA is used to produce proteins during
       normal cell functions.

3.    What are codons?
       mRNA segments containing 3 nucleotides that code for a
       specific amino acid.
4.    Using a chart, identify the amino acids
      coded for by this mRNA strand: UGG - tryptophan
                                                      CAG - glutamine
                UGGCAGUGC                             UGC - cysteine
Think of it this way…
 Translation

  • Information changes forms
  • RNA  Protein
  • Like translating English to French
   or translating blueprints into a building
A helpful way to remember…
   Replication
    •   Making exact copies
    •   DNA  DNA
    •   Like a copy machine
   Transcription
    •   Same information, new packaging
    •   DNA  RNA
    •   Like sticky notes
   Translation
    • Genetic info interpreted
    • RNA  Protein
    • Like translating English to French
    or translating blueprints into a building

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Dna as a geneticmaterial
Dna as a geneticmaterial Dna as a geneticmaterial
Dna as a geneticmaterial Nafeesa Naeem
 
Cell reproduction
Cell reproductionCell reproduction
Cell reproductionjmorgan80
 
Chemistry of DNA
Chemistry of DNAChemistry of DNA
Chemistry of DNAAshok Katta
 
Molecular basis of inheritane ppt
Molecular basis of inheritane  pptMolecular basis of inheritane  ppt
Molecular basis of inheritane pptblessiemary
 
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE -DNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE -DNA AS GENETIC MATERIALMOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE -DNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE -DNA AS GENETIC MATERIALNilima Patil
 
Molecular basis of inheritance
Molecular basis of inheritanceMolecular basis of inheritance
Molecular basis of inheritanceV.s. Malik
 
DNA as genetic material
DNA as genetic materialDNA as genetic material
DNA as genetic materialUsman Ghani
 
DNA Structure PowerPoint
DNA Structure PowerPointDNA Structure PowerPoint
DNA Structure PowerPointBiologyIB
 
Genetic linkage and crossing over
Genetic linkage and crossing overGenetic linkage and crossing over
Genetic linkage and crossing overDr. Samira Fattah
 
Biotechnology Principles and Processes
Biotechnology Principles and ProcessesBiotechnology Principles and Processes
Biotechnology Principles and ProcessesMuralidhar Shingri
 
Discovery dna
Discovery  dnaDiscovery  dna
Discovery dnavjcummins
 
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyGenetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyStephen Taylor
 

Mais procurados (20)

5.1 mendel's experiments
5.1 mendel's experiments5.1 mendel's experiments
5.1 mendel's experiments
 
Dna as a geneticmaterial
Dna as a geneticmaterial Dna as a geneticmaterial
Dna as a geneticmaterial
 
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acidNucleic acid
Nucleic acid
 
THE GENETIC MATERIAL
THE GENETIC MATERIALTHE GENETIC MATERIAL
THE GENETIC MATERIAL
 
Structure of dna
Structure of dnaStructure of dna
Structure of dna
 
Cell reproduction
Cell reproductionCell reproduction
Cell reproduction
 
Chemistry of DNA
Chemistry of DNAChemistry of DNA
Chemistry of DNA
 
Molecular basis of inheritane ppt
Molecular basis of inheritane  pptMolecular basis of inheritane  ppt
Molecular basis of inheritane ppt
 
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE -DNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE -DNA AS GENETIC MATERIALMOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE -DNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE -DNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
 
The molecular basis of inheritance
The molecular basis of inheritance The molecular basis of inheritance
The molecular basis of inheritance
 
Molecular basis of inheritance
Molecular basis of inheritanceMolecular basis of inheritance
Molecular basis of inheritance
 
DNA as genetic material
DNA as genetic materialDNA as genetic material
DNA as genetic material
 
DNA Structure PowerPoint
DNA Structure PowerPointDNA Structure PowerPoint
DNA Structure PowerPoint
 
Genetic linkage and crossing over
Genetic linkage and crossing overGenetic linkage and crossing over
Genetic linkage and crossing over
 
Dna replication
Dna replicationDna replication
Dna replication
 
Biotechnology Principles and Processes
Biotechnology Principles and ProcessesBiotechnology Principles and Processes
Biotechnology Principles and Processes
 
Discovery dna
Discovery  dnaDiscovery  dna
Discovery dna
 
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyGenetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
 
Genetic Material
Genetic MaterialGenetic Material
Genetic Material
 
Theoretical Genetics
Theoretical GeneticsTheoretical Genetics
Theoretical Genetics
 

Destaque

Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 1
Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 1Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 1
Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 1guest29b928
 
A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.
A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.
A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.University of Johannesburg
 
Dna and rna structure uzma and tazein
Dna and rna structure uzma and tazeinDna and rna structure uzma and tazein
Dna and rna structure uzma and tazeinuashish14
 
Introduction to DNA
Introduction to DNAIntroduction to DNA
Introduction to DNAammara12
 
Introduction,Components, and Structure of DNA and RNA
Introduction,Components, and Structure of DNA and RNAIntroduction,Components, and Structure of DNA and RNA
Introduction,Components, and Structure of DNA and RNAAnn Rogon
 
Biology - Chp 12 - DNA & RNA - PowerPoint
Biology - Chp 12 - DNA & RNA - PowerPointBiology - Chp 12 - DNA & RNA - PowerPoint
Biology - Chp 12 - DNA & RNA - PowerPointMr. Walajtys
 
Structure of dna and rna
Structure of dna and rnaStructure of dna and rna
Structure of dna and rnaHimanshu Dev
 

Destaque (9)

Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 1
Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 1Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 1
Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 1
 
A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.
A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.
A Brief introduction to DNA and its structure.
 
Dna and rna structure uzma and tazein
Dna and rna structure uzma and tazeinDna and rna structure uzma and tazein
Dna and rna structure uzma and tazein
 
Introduction to DNA
Introduction to DNAIntroduction to DNA
Introduction to DNA
 
Introduction to DNA and Genetics
Introduction to DNA and GeneticsIntroduction to DNA and Genetics
Introduction to DNA and Genetics
 
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids
 
Introduction,Components, and Structure of DNA and RNA
Introduction,Components, and Structure of DNA and RNAIntroduction,Components, and Structure of DNA and RNA
Introduction,Components, and Structure of DNA and RNA
 
Biology - Chp 12 - DNA & RNA - PowerPoint
Biology - Chp 12 - DNA & RNA - PowerPointBiology - Chp 12 - DNA & RNA - PowerPoint
Biology - Chp 12 - DNA & RNA - PowerPoint
 
Structure of dna and rna
Structure of dna and rnaStructure of dna and rna
Structure of dna and rna
 

Semelhante a DNA Replication

Dna Notes-Week 1 Module
Dna Notes-Week 1 ModuleDna Notes-Week 1 Module
Dna Notes-Week 1 Moduleemilydonsisk
 
Introduction to DNA
Introduction to DNAIntroduction to DNA
Introduction to DNAemilydonsisk
 
Genetics (PPT from Mrs. Brenda Lee)
Genetics (PPT from Mrs. Brenda Lee)Genetics (PPT from Mrs. Brenda Lee)
Genetics (PPT from Mrs. Brenda Lee)Carla
 
Biology lecture 5
Biology lecture 5Biology lecture 5
Biology lecture 5Etugen
 
Dna and rna
Dna and rnaDna and rna
Dna and rnafarrellw
 
Lesson 2 DNA and RNA.pptx
Lesson 2 DNA and RNA.pptxLesson 2 DNA and RNA.pptx
Lesson 2 DNA and RNA.pptxMaricarFaraon
 
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotechMaria Donohue
 
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotechMaria Donohue
 
Transcription and Translation.pptx
Transcription and Translation.pptxTranscription and Translation.pptx
Transcription and Translation.pptxMANJUSINGH948460
 
Central dogma of molecular genetics valerio
Central dogma of molecular genetics valerioCentral dogma of molecular genetics valerio
Central dogma of molecular genetics valerioGenny Valerio
 
Transcriptionand translation
Transcriptionand translationTranscriptionand translation
Transcriptionand translationAmy Allen
 
DNA replication, transcription, and translation
DNA replication, transcription, and translationDNA replication, transcription, and translation
DNA replication, transcription, and translationjun de la Ceruz
 
Transcription.translation lecture
Transcription.translation lectureTranscription.translation lecture
Transcription.translation lectureSenzela Injilai
 
Dna and transcription_tutorial
Dna and transcription_tutorialDna and transcription_tutorial
Dna and transcription_tutorialdaniela gonzalez
 

Semelhante a DNA Replication (20)

Dna Notes-Week 1 Module
Dna Notes-Week 1 ModuleDna Notes-Week 1 Module
Dna Notes-Week 1 Module
 
Introduction to DNA
Introduction to DNAIntroduction to DNA
Introduction to DNA
 
Genetics (PPT from Mrs. Brenda Lee)
Genetics (PPT from Mrs. Brenda Lee)Genetics (PPT from Mrs. Brenda Lee)
Genetics (PPT from Mrs. Brenda Lee)
 
Biology lecture 5
Biology lecture 5Biology lecture 5
Biology lecture 5
 
Dna and rna
Dna and rnaDna and rna
Dna and rna
 
Lesson 2 DNA and RNA.pptx
Lesson 2 DNA and RNA.pptxLesson 2 DNA and RNA.pptx
Lesson 2 DNA and RNA.pptx
 
Dna
DnaDna
Dna
 
Dna
DnaDna
Dna
 
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech
 
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech
#2 donohue dna, protein synthesis and biotech
 
12-3
12-312-3
12-3
 
Transcription and Translation.pptx
Transcription and Translation.pptxTranscription and Translation.pptx
Transcription and Translation.pptx
 
Central dogma of molecular genetics valerio
Central dogma of molecular genetics valerioCentral dogma of molecular genetics valerio
Central dogma of molecular genetics valerio
 
Dna notes
Dna notesDna notes
Dna notes
 
Transcriptionand translation
Transcriptionand translationTranscriptionand translation
Transcriptionand translation
 
DNA replication, transcription, and translation
DNA replication, transcription, and translationDNA replication, transcription, and translation
DNA replication, transcription, and translation
 
Transcription.translation lecture
Transcription.translation lectureTranscription.translation lecture
Transcription.translation lecture
 
Cp dna 2012
Cp dna 2012Cp dna 2012
Cp dna 2012
 
Justin.Key
Justin.KeyJustin.Key
Justin.Key
 
Dna and transcription_tutorial
Dna and transcription_tutorialDna and transcription_tutorial
Dna and transcription_tutorial
 

Mais de I Wonder Why Science (20)

Unit 3 Review: the biosphere
Unit 3 Review: the biosphereUnit 3 Review: the biosphere
Unit 3 Review: the biosphere
 
Geosphere III: Fossils
Geosphere III: FossilsGeosphere III: Fossils
Geosphere III: Fossils
 
Work & Simple Machines
Work & Simple MachinesWork & Simple Machines
Work & Simple Machines
 
Science Inquiry: Conclusion and Presentation
Science Inquiry: Conclusion and PresentationScience Inquiry: Conclusion and Presentation
Science Inquiry: Conclusion and Presentation
 
Science Inquiry: Data Collection and Analysis
Science Inquiry: Data Collection and AnalysisScience Inquiry: Data Collection and Analysis
Science Inquiry: Data Collection and Analysis
 
Science Inquiry: Experiment Design
Science Inquiry: Experiment DesignScience Inquiry: Experiment Design
Science Inquiry: Experiment Design
 
Science Inquiry: Question and Hypothesis
Science Inquiry: Question and HypothesisScience Inquiry: Question and Hypothesis
Science Inquiry: Question and Hypothesis
 
Human Senses
Human SensesHuman Senses
Human Senses
 
The Nervous System: CNS & PNS
The Nervous System: CNS & PNSThe Nervous System: CNS & PNS
The Nervous System: CNS & PNS
 
Immune and Endocrine Systems
Immune and Endocrine SystemsImmune and Endocrine Systems
Immune and Endocrine Systems
 
Respiration
RespirationRespiration
Respiration
 
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
 
Human Nutrition
Human NutritionHuman Nutrition
Human Nutrition
 
Digestive System
Digestive SystemDigestive System
Digestive System
 
The Musculoskeletal System
The Musculoskeletal SystemThe Musculoskeletal System
The Musculoskeletal System
 
Intro to Human Anatomy
Intro to Human AnatomyIntro to Human Anatomy
Intro to Human Anatomy
 
Patterns of Evolution
Patterns of EvolutionPatterns of Evolution
Patterns of Evolution
 
Classification
ClassificationClassification
Classification
 
Intro to Genetics
Intro to GeneticsIntro to Genetics
Intro to Genetics
 
Unit 2 Review
Unit 2 ReviewUnit 2 Review
Unit 2 Review
 

Último

REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptxREMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptxDr. Ravikiran H M Gowda
 
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...Poonam Aher Patil
 
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - EnglishGraduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - Englishneillewis46
 
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptxExploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptxPooja Bhuva
 
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxCOMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxannathomasp01
 
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxBasic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxDenish Jangid
 
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)Jisc
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
 
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functionsSalient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functionsKarakKing
 
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024Elizabeth Walsh
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...pradhanghanshyam7136
 
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptxPlant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptxUmeshTimilsina1
 
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdfFood safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdfSherif Taha
 
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...ZurliaSoop
 
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfUnit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfDr Vijay Vishwakarma
 
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptxMaritesTamaniVerdade
 
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jisc
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and ModificationsMJDuyan
 

Último (20)

REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptxREMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
 
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
 
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - EnglishGraduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
 
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptxExploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
Exploring_the_Narrative_Style_of_Amitav_Ghoshs_Gun_Island.pptx
 
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxCOMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
 
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptxBasic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
 
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
Accessible Digital Futures project (20/03/2024)
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
 
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functionsSalient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
 
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
 
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
 
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
 
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptxPlant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
Plant propagation: Sexual and Asexual propapagation.pptx
 
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdfFood safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
Food safety_Challenges food safety laboratories_.pdf
 
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
 
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfUnit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
 
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
 
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
 

DNA Replication

  • 1. Introduction to DNA & RNA Replication Transcription Translation
  • 2. Why Did Caesar Die? The Roman emperor Claudius Caesar (10 B.C.– A.D. 54) had an appetite for the delicate taste of mushrooms. Historians believe that Caesar’s wife, Agrippina, wanted to poison him. She mixed into Caesar’s favorite dish of mushrooms a few of the poisonous species Amanita caesarea. These poisonous mushrooms contain a substance that blocks the activity of an enzyme required for the cells to transcribe messenger RNA from DNA. For the first 10 hours after Caesar ate the mushrooms, all seemed well as the mushroom poisons entered the blood stream and were absorbed by the liver and kidneys. About 15 hours after eating the mushrooms, Caesar’s liver cells stopped functioning. Nausea, diarrhea, and delirium affected him as his liver and kidneys could no longer filter and detoxify wastes and other harmful substances from the blood. He died two days later from liver failure.
  • 3. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)  DNA holds the instructions for all cell functions and all production of proteins  Chromosomes are just tightly wound and packaged strands (molecules) of DNA  DNA is made up of repeating segments called nucleotides
  • 4. DNA Nucleotide Nitrogenous bases: Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine  Every living thing on earth shares these same 4 nucleotides
  • 5. Nucleotide Sequence  An elk, elm and eel all have the same four nucleotides that make up their DNA  Like the letters in their names, the order (or sequence) of their nucleotides determine different traits that result in very different organisms being produced
  • 6. DNA Base-pairing •DNA is made from 2 rows of side-by-side nucleotides arranged in a specific order • DNA has specific pairing between the bases:  Guanine must pair with Cytosin  Adenine must pair with Thymine
  • 7. DNA Structure P G C P T P A P C G P H-bonds P
  • 8. DNA Double Helix  Nitrogenous bases form the “rungs” of the DNA “ladder” 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) 3. Thymine (T) 4. Cytosine (C)
  • 9. DNA Replication  In order for cells to reproduce (make more of themselves), DNA must be copied  Each of the 46 strands of the original DNA serve as a template for new copies  A single strand of human DNA, stretched out, would be about 6 feet long, containing over 80 million base pairs  That’s about 46,000 books worth of information in 1 cell!  With incredible accuracy, all of a cell’s DNA can be replicated in about one hour
  • 10. Replication  First, DNA strands are unwound and enzymes “unzip” the molecule  Next, new nucleotides are added according to base pairing rules  This occurs simultaneously at many different places along a single strand of DNA Parental DNA New DNA Templates
  • 12. REPLICATION: DNA is copied  A codon is a 3-nuceotide segment which signals something • Start and stop codons signal where replication can begin and end.
  • 13. Think of it this way…  Replication • Making exact copies • DNA  DNA • Like a copy machine
  • 14. DNA Replication Quiz 1. Why is replication necessary? So both new cells will have the correct DNA 2. When does replication occur? During Interphase (S phase). A---? T 3. Describe how replication works. G---? C Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary C---? G nucleotides join each original strand. T---? A 4. What happens to the original DNA? A---? T It serves as a template and half is incorporated G---? C into each of the two new strands. A---? T 5. Use the base pairing rule to T---? A create the complementary strand:
  • 15. Transcription - portable copies  During Interphase G1 or G0 (normal cell function), DNA supplies the “codes” for proteins to be built  DNA first must be transcribed into smaller mRNA segments, serving as portable copies  Why? • Smaller segments are easier to move around • Sending strands 80 million nucleotides long would be inefficient (might be too long to find the “start”) • It’s safer to send a copy than the original 
  • 16. RNA vs. DNA  Ribose instead of deoxyribose  Uracil instead of Thymine  Shorter strands  Single-stranded
  • 17. TRANSCRIPTION: DNA to mRNA  mRNA = “messenger” RNA  DNA partially “unzips”  mRNA nucleotides line up on one side to form a matching mRNA strand  RNA retains DNA sequences • Uracil replaces Thymine when matching with Adenine  mRNA takes the code to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
  • 18. Think of it this way…  Transcription • Same information, portable packaging • DNA  RNA • Like Bible-time scribes
  • 19. Transcription Quiz 1. Why is transcription necessary? Shorter mRNA strands are copied from DNA to carry codes to ribosomes outside the nucleus. A-- U 2. Describe transcription. C-- G DNA strands separate, then one side is used as a template to assemble mRNA nucleotides. C-- G 3. What are the main differences between G-- C DNA and RNA. T-- A RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose; DNA has C-- G 2 strands while RNA has one; RNA has uracil instead of thymine and RNA has shorter strands. A-- U 4. Use base pairing rules to create an C-- G mRNA strand from this DNA template: G-- C
  • 20. TRANSLATION: mRNA to Protein  Messenger RNA carries the pieces of copied genetic code out of the nucleus to a ribosome  mRNA is “fed” into the ribosome  Ribosome helps tRNA "read” the code and assemble a protein
  • 21. Transfer RNA - tRNA  tRNA = “transfer” RNA  One tRNA molecule is composed of ~ 80 nucleotides, three exposed nitrogen bases (the anticodon) and one amino acid  tRNA anticodons match up with tRNA mRNA codons inside a ribosome molecule  As each tRNA molecule binds to an mRNA codon, its amino acid is Amino dropped off and linked together acids  These assembled amino acid chains (polypeptides) fold into specific shapes to become new proteins anticodon  The order of amino acids determines what kind of protein is made codon mRNA
  • 22. mRNA Amino Acid “codes” U C A G UUU Phenylalanine UCU UAU Tyrosine UGU Cysteine U UUC (Phe) UCC UAC (Tyr) UGC (Cys) C Serine U UUA UCA (Ser) UAA Stop UGA Stop A UUG UCG UAG Stop UGG Tryptophan (Trp) G CUU Leucine CCU CAU Histidine CGU U CUC (Leu) CCC CAC (His) CGC C Proline Arginine C CUA CCA (Pro) CAA CGA (Arg) A Glutamine CUG CCG CAG (Gln) CGG G AUU ACU AAU Asparagine AGU Serine U Isoleucine (Asn) (Ser) AUC ACC Threonine AAC AGC C A (Ile) AUA ACA (Thr) AAA AGA A Lysine Arginine AUG Methionine (Met) ACG AAG (Lys) AGG (Arg) G GUU GCU GAU Aspartic Acid GGU U GUC GCC GAC (Asp) GGC C Valine Alanine Glycine G GUA (Val) GCA (Ala) GAA GGA (Gly) A Glutamic Acid GUG GCG GAG (Glu) GGG G
  • 23. How Cells make Proteins  mRNA copies small segments of DNA and carries the code out of the nucleus to the ribosomes  mRNA is fed through ribosomes in cytoplasm  tRNA match up with mRNA codons (inside ribosomes) and drop off amino acids  Ribosomes bond amino acids together to form proteins
  • 24. Translation Quiz 1. Why is translation necessary? It makes sure the right amino acids are joined together to form the correct protein. 2. Describe translation. Information from mRNA is used to produce proteins during normal cell functions. 3. What are codons? mRNA segments containing 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid. 4. Using a chart, identify the amino acids coded for by this mRNA strand: UGG - tryptophan CAG - glutamine UGGCAGUGC UGC - cysteine
  • 25. Think of it this way…  Translation • Information changes forms • RNA  Protein • Like translating English to French or translating blueprints into a building
  • 26. A helpful way to remember…  Replication • Making exact copies • DNA  DNA • Like a copy machine  Transcription • Same information, new packaging • DNA  RNA • Like sticky notes  Translation • Genetic info interpreted • RNA  Protein • Like translating English to French or translating blueprints into a building

Notas do Editor

  1. no mRNA trascription = no translation = no protein synthesis = death
  2. The enzyme helicase unwinds and “cuts” open the DNA molecule for replication. Single-stranded binding proteins keep the DNA strands separated. Primase attaches an RNA primer codon. DNA polymerase then adds new nucleotides on the leading strand.
  3. Codons signal start and stop points on the DNA strand Lagging strand uses Okasaki fragments to build complimentary DNA strands.
  4. Scribes copying biblical text - just packaged differently (new binding/cover) = transcription
  5. Like trying to walk out of the library with every book on the shelves.
  6. Translation involves changing languages (no longer DNA to RNA - both nucleic acids, but Nucleic Acid to Protein)
  7. peptide bonds hold amino acids together, forming polypeptide chains,
  8. 20 different amino acids (some coded for by more than one anticodon).