Reading and Writing

2. Objectives:
• Distinguish between and among techniques in
selecting and organizing information,
• Justify the choice of a certain technique to make
a cohesive presentation,
• Describe the brainstorming process,
• Illustrate the different types of graphic organizer,
• Explain the difference between a topic and a
sentence outline,
• Make a cohesive presentation with different
graphic organizers, using data from survey.

4. BRAINSTORMING
• It is a process of generating creative ideas and
solution through intensive and freewheeling
group discussion.

5. • Ralph Keeney, an emeritus
professor at Dukes Fuqua School
of Business and consultant to
multinational companies and
government organizations, said
almost everybody does
brainstorming wrong.

6. 4 Basic Steps in Brainstorming
By: Ralph Keeney

7. LAY OUT THE PROBLEM
YOU WANT TO SOLVE
IDENTIFY THE OBJECTIVES
OF A POSSIBLE SOLUTION
TRY TO GENERATE
WHEN ALL ARE CLEAR,
WORK AS A GROUP.

8. 1. Lay out the problem you want to
solve.
• According to Keeney, when dealing with a
problem, students should keep on pushing
until they come up with at least 5 alternatives,
and then, considering all of those, “identify
your objectives for your study, evaluate the
alternatives and select the best”.

9. 2. Identify the objectives of a possible
solution.
• Knowing the goals will help making solutions
easier.

10. 3. Try to generate solutions
individually.
• Coming into a group brainstorming with
potential solutions reduces the risk that
participants will get bogged down on one
objective.
• This will avoid an “anchor”.

11. 4. When your problems, objectives
and personal solutions are clear, work
as a group.
• Avoiding an “anchor” is a challenge when
brainstorming for solutions however,
according to Keeney, if participants do their
homework, clarifying the problem, identifying
the objectives, and individually trying to come
up with solutions, a brainstorming session can
be extremely productive.

13. CLOCK DIARGRAM

15. DECISION MAKING DIAGRAM

16. KWHL CHART

17. Y-Chart

18. CYCLE DIAGRAM

19. FISHBONE DIAGRAM

20. FRAYER MODEL

21. STAR DIAGRAM

22. CHAIN DIAGRAM

24. TOPIC OUTLINE
• Arranges your ideas hierarchically, in the sequence
you want, and show what you will talk about.
Several aspects must be considered in writing a topic
outline.
• Recall that all headings and subheadings must be
words or phrases, not sentences.
• Also, the wording within each division must be
parallel.
• Finally, as in any outline, remember that a division or
subdivision cannot be divided into one part; therefore,
if there is an "A" there must be a "B," and if there is a
"1" there must be a "2."

25. SENTENCE OUTLINE
• Similarly does what a topic outline does; plus, it
shows exactly what you will say about each mini-
topic.
Several aspects must be considered in writing a
sentence outline.
• If you have chosen to write a sentence outline, all
headings and sub-headings must be in sentence form.
• As in any outline, remember that a division or
subdivision can not be divided into one part;
therefore, if there is an "A" there must be a "B," and if
there is a "1" there must be a "2."