Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool If so, why, an.docx
Do You Know TG IPV-JP-Final-04-03-2016-Submitted
1. Do You Know
TG IPV?
Serving Transgender
Survivors of
Interpersonal
Violence
2. “
See, acknowledge, and respect me as I truly am.
Erasure is one of the biggest themes in many trans
people’s lives: those around them refuse (or
refused) to see and acknowledge them, their
identities, and their experiences.
-FORGE (2015)
FIRST DO NO HARM”
3. Let’s review some terms and concepts
Gender Identity
The internal sense of being male,
female, or another gender, which is
not necessaritly visible to others.
Gender Expression
The outward expression of gender
through appearance and behavior;
including masculine, feminine, mixed-
gender, and androgynous expression.
Sexual Orientation
The attraction (physical, emotional,
spiritual, or sexual) to other people of one
or more specific genders.
Transgender
An umbrella term that encompasses a
wide range of people whose gender
identity or expression may not match
the sex they were assigend to at birth.
Gender Binary
The socially constructed concept that
there are only two genders, male and
female. Transgender individuals may
not fit the gender binary of male and
female stereotypical behavior.
Gender Pronouns
Masculine pronouns (he, him, his),
feminine pronouns (she, her, hers), and
gender-neutral pronouns (ze, sie, hir, and
they/their) may be preferred.
5. 50%
24-33%
15-20%
RATES OF VIOLENCE
Sexual Assault
Interpersonal Violence
Stalking
3 Million Transgender Americans
1.5 million
Sexual Assault Survivors
750,000 - 1 million
Interpersonal Violence Survivors
450,000 - 600,000
Stalking Survivors
~ 1% of the
Population is
Transgender
74%
84%
76%
88%
72%
64%
Hate-motivated
Stalking
IPV
Dating Violence
Adult SA
Child SA
RATES OF POLY-VICTIMIZATION
6. Barriers to Seeking and Accessing Services
Not trans friendly
or welcoming
Women-focused
Not culturally
competent
Shame and
embarrassment
Fear
Concern it would
make it worse
Didn’t know what
the service was
Reputation
Systematic
problems
7. Other Sensitivities to Consider
Transgender
AdvocacyPassing
Outing
Documentation
Preferred
Language
Suicidality
9. “FAQ’s about the 2013
Grant Condition
For the first time in a federal funding statute,
VAWA 2013 explicitly bars discrimination based
on actual or perceived gender identity or
sexual orientation– as well as race, color,
religion, national origin, sex, or disability.
An exception can be provided for sex-
segregated programs, but only by providing
comparable services to individuals.
-(VAWA, 2014)
VAWA Non-Discrimination
”
11. References and Resources
Cook-Daniels, L. & Munson, M. (2015). First do no harm: 8 tips for addressing violence against transgender and gender
non-binary people. FORGE. Retrieved from: http://forge-forward.org/wp-content/docs/do-no-harm-8-tips-
addressing-violence-FINAL.pdf.
This fact sheet, by FORGE, provides information and resources for service providers seeking to enhance
services to transgender survivors of interpersonal violence. Based on a compilation of national data and
extensive research with transgender communities; this fact sheet provides information about poly-
victimization, intersectional identities, risk of suicide, and tips for language and gender pronouns.
Grant, J. M., Mottet, L. A., & Tanis, J. (2011). Injustice at every turn: A report of the national transgender discrimination
survey. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Retrieved from: http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/
downloads/reports/reports/ntds_full.pdf.
This report by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force and the National Center for Transgender Equality
provides information and findings of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, a ground-breaking
research partnership founded in 2008. Through a diverse sample of 6,450 transgender and gender non-
conforming participants from all 50 states, this report provides data and information about the many injustices
that transgender individuals face in regards to education, housing, advocacy, health care, and family life.
Munson, M. & Cook-Daniels. (2016, February 4). Serving transgender survivors: A 101 for advocates. [Webinar]. Retrieved
from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcmZop6Ya3U.
The webinar by FORGE, recorded on February 4, 2016, provides information for advocates to learn
the basics of transgender advocacy. This webinar provides valuable information about the dynamics of
transgender interpersonal violence including information about gender identities, violence prevalence rates,
barriers to seeking services, and the importance of language in providing culturally competent services.
12. References and Resources
Office for Victims of Crime (OVC). (2014, June). Responding to transgender victims of sexual assault. [Online Toolkit].
Retrieved from: http://www.ovc.gov/pubs/forge/tips_pro.html.
This online toolkit was created by the Office for Victims of Crime, in collaboration with FORGE, to provide
information and resources for service providers responding to transgender victims of sexual assault. Based on
national data with transgender communities; this toolkit provides basic information about transgender
survivors, discusses sexual assault in the transgender community, and offers tips for service providers.
Seelman, K. L. (2015). Unequal treatment of transgender individuals in domestic violence and rape crisis programs. Journal
of Social Service Research, 41(3), 307-325. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2014.98794.
Data collected by the National Transgender Discrimination Survey in 2008-2009 was used in this secondary
analysis to examine the socio-demographic factors and psychosocial risks associated with unequal
treatment of transgender people in domestic violence shelters. Findings conclude that transgender victims of
color, those with disabilities and individuals who are perceived to be transgender by others are discriminated
against the most. In addition; suicidality, sex work history, and disconnection from families were identified as
psychosocial risk factors and implications for service providers were discussed.
U. S. Department of Justice (DOJ). (2014, April 9). Frequently asked questions: Nondiscrimination grant condition in the
violence against women reauthorization act of 2013. Retrieved from:
https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ovw/legacy/2014/06/20/faqs-ngc-vawa.pdf.
The U.S. Department of Justice released this frequently asked questions (FAQ) document to answer questions
regarding the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, creating new provisions that prohibit
discrimination against transgender victims. The document provides answers for grant-funded agencies
seeking to maintain compliance with federal funding. The FAQ sheet also outlines conditions for the
comparable shelter and advocacy services that are required within sex-segregated programs and facilities.
Notas do Editor
Slide 1: Do You Know TG IPV? Serving Transgender Survivors of Interpersonal Violence
Jillian Pastoor, University of Colorado Denver
PUAD 5920 Psychology of Interpersonal Violence
Introduction: The goal of this power point slide deck is to provide a brief presentation for service providers who are interested in learning how to better serve transgender victims of interpersonal violence. Participants are expected to have a broad awareness of domestic violence, sexual assault, and other forms of interpersonal violence. It would also be helpful for service providers to have a general knowledge of transgender issues before participating in this presentation. FORGE, a national organization dedicated to issues of transgender interpersonal violence, provides a number of webinars and informational resources on their website (https://forge-forward.org/) to start exploring the basics.
Slide 2: First Do No Harm
The lives and experiences of transgender individuals are unique, diverse, and highly complex. As FORGE (2015) states, “if one were so bold as to sum up the primary goal of a whole group of people in the case of transgender and gender non-binary people it would be something like this: see, acknowledge, and respect me as I truly am” (Cook-Daniels & Munson, p. 1). Visibility and erasure are important themes for many transgender individuals, especially when “those around them refuse (or refused) to see and acknowledge them, their identities, and their experiences” (p. 2).
The goal of advocacy is to promote hope and healing to transgender victims of interpersonal violence by agreeing to “first do no harm” (p. 1). Transgender individuals face multiple forms of discrimination and experience victimization by many different people in their lives. The intersections of their identities are often erased, reducing them to one facet of experience that does not reflect the diversity of their true being. As service providers, it is important to prevent re-victimization by listening and acknowledging the diverse experiences of all transgender survivors (p. 8).
Slide 3: Terms and Concepts
In order to align ourselves within a lens of transgender interpersonal violence, let’s review some important terms and concepts relevant to this presentation. These terms have been adapted from the Office for Victims of Crime Online Guide for “Responding to Transgender Victims of Sexual Assault”. However, as OVC (2014) points out, “the most important information to know about language in this publication is that no single term or definition for any given concept is the only term or definition. Instead of rigidly following the terms and definitions found here, listen to what the people you are serving say, and mirror what they say” (p. 6). It is important to note, however, that “the preferred language of some victims may be perceived as offensive to others, so be careful to use the language preferences of each individual” (p. 24).
Gender Identity: The internal sense of being male, female, or another gender, which is not necessarily visible to others (p. 24).
Gender Expression: The outward expression of gender through appearance and behavior; including masculine, feminine, mixed-gender, and androgynous expression (p. 26).
Sexual Orientation: The attraction (physical, emotional, spiritual, or sexual) to other people of one or more specific genders (p. 20).
Transgender: An umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of people whose gender identity or expression may not match the sex they were assigned to at birth (p. 7).
Gender Binary: The socially constructed concept that there are only two genders, male and female. Transgender individuals may not fit the gender binary of male and female stereotypical behavior (p. 6).
Gender Pronouns: Words that can be used to refer to an individual in place of their name. Masculine pronouns (he, him, his), feminine pronouns (she, her, hers), and gender-neutral pronouns (ze, sie, hir, and they/their) may be preferred (p. 7).
As mentioned earlier, these are just some of the terms and concepts that you should be familiar with when working with transgender victims of interpersonal violence. Remember that each individual, including yourself, will understand these terms and concepts differently. Be careful when using phrases and concepts that have not been identified by the individual client you are working with. “Do not ‘correct’ victims you are serving if their self-definitions differ” from your understanding or the definitions provided here (p. 6).
Slide 4: Foundational Frameworks
While it is crucial to have understanding and knowledge of transgender-specific issues, it may be even more important to remember the foundational frameworks that guide the treatment of interpersonal violence. Be mindful of making assumptions or getting caught up in terms or language that may cause you to lose track of the ultimate goal, which is to provide supportive services to survivors of violence! It is important to educate yourself on transgender-specific issues, before meeting with clients, so that you become familiar with terms and language that may come up in conversations with victims. Presentations (like this one!) are designed to enhance your knowledge of transgender individuals and familiarize yourself with the advocacy issues faced by transgender victims of interpersonal violence. However, it is also extremely important to never lose sight of the guiding principles that provide the foundational basis for effective advocacy:
Trauma-informed: Advocacy that recognizes and treats the impact of multiple forms of trauma may be beneficial when serving transgender survivors. An unpublished 2011 survey assessing “Transgender Individuals’ Knowledge of and Willingness to Use Sexual Assault Programs” cited by FORGE (2015) indicates that “the vast majority of those who had experienced one type of violence had also experienced one or more other types (also known as poly-victimization)” (p. 4). The implications of this research suggests that transgender individuals may be highly susceptible to multiple forms of trauma and violence that can have a significant impact throughout their lives.
Empowerment-based: Dynamics of power and control are central to the understanding of interpersonal violence. A style of advocacy that focuses on self-determination, autonomy, and empowerment is necessary when working with all victims of interpersonal violence. It is important to promote the personal agency of transgender victims as they navigate shelter, social service, health care, criminal justice, and government systems.
Intersectionality: Transgender individuals have many aspects of their identities, beyond just gender, that impact who they are and how they may experience violence. It is important to recognize how these identities intersect and intertwine, creating diverse forms of oppression and victimization. While the idea of intersectionality may be seen as more of a “buzz word” than a founding principle of advocacy. The recognition of intersectional identities are crucial to the understanding of the transgender interpersonal violence.
Non-discrimination: A report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey (2011) reveals that transgender individuals experience violence and discrimination in nearly every aspect of their lives (Grant, Mottet & Tanis, p. 8)
“This study brings to light what is both patently obvious and far too often dismissed from the human rights agenda. Transgender and gender non-conforming people face injustice at every turn: in childhood homes, in school systems that promise to shelter and educate, in harsh and exclusionary workplaces, at the grocery store, the hotel front desk, in doctors’ offices and emergency rooms, before judges and at the hands of landlords, police officers, health care workers and other service providers” (p. 2).
It is critically important that domestic violence shelters, rape crisis centers, and other violence prevention and intervention programs work to end this discrimination by ensuring that services are culturally competent and welcoming of transgender survivors. FORGE (2015) encourages service providers to “accept and respect all victims of violence by providing fair and equal services” and add that “the message needs to include the idea that all victims deserve care and resources” (p. 3).
Person-centered: Above all, services to transgender victims of interpersonal violence should be person-centered and client-focused. Keeping in mind all of the foundational frameworks of effective advocacy, it is important to continue asking yourself “is the information I’m asking for relevant to my ability to provide effective advocacy to the individual I am serving?” Do not ask invasive questions that you would not ask other survivors of violence, such as questions about body parts or sexual preferences. Do not make assumptions about gender pronouns, hormones, surgeries, or whether or not a person is transitioning. Keep your focus on the needs of the individual and the violence they have experienced. Your client is not there to educate you about transgender issues, so be sure to educate yourself beforehand and do not ask questions just because you are curious.
The OVC (2014) info-graphic depicted in this slide was created to describe “the givens, choices, and nonchoices that help shape individual transgender people’s lives” (p. 17). This illustration provides an understanding of the diverse factors that may influence how transgender victims experience violence. The implications of these experiences should be placed within the broader frameworks that provide a foundational basis for effective advocacy.
Slide 5: Rates of Violence and Poly-Victimization
Accurate and reliable statistics regarding the prevalence and impact of interpersonal violence in transgender communities may be difficult to obtain due to the stigma surrounding transgender identities and the lack of data available. FORGE (2015) provide some guidance on this issue by providing estimated statistics on transgender interpersonal violence based on a prevalence rate of 3 million Americans, or 1% of the total population (p. 2).
Rates of Violence: FORGE (2015) reports that although data regarding transgender interpersonal violence is still limited, “multiple sources indicate that more than half of transgender people have experienced sexual violence”, a rate which significantly exceeds that of the general U.S. population (p. 4). Stalking rates are also slightly higher, ranging from 450,000-600,000 transgender survivors. However, rates of interpersonal violence remain consistent with the general U.S. population, ranging from 750,000-1 million transgender survivors (p. 4).
Rates of Poly-victimization: FORGE (2015) also found that “the vast majority of those who had experienced one type of violence had also experienced one or more other types (also known as poly-victimization)” (p. 4). For example, 76% of those who had experienced interpersonal violence had also experienced stalking, hate violence, dating violence, or sexual assault as a child or adult (p. 4). In addition, 88% of those who had experienced dating violence had also experienced interpersonal violence, stalking, hate violence, or sexual assault as a child or adult (p. 4).
Slide 6: Barriers to Seeking and Accessing Services
Like many victims of interpersonal violence, transgender survivors experience barriers when seeking and accessing services. According to an unpublished 2011 survey by FORGE, cited in their 2016 webinar titled “Serving Transgender Survivors: A 101 for Advocates”, several barriers to service were identified by transgender victims. The 2011 survey sought to understand “Transgender Individuals’ Knowledge of and Willingness to Use Sexual Assault Programs” through a sample of 1,005 respondents (Munson & Cook-Daniels, 2016). The following factors were identified:
Fear: Survivors often report fear as a barrier to seeking and accessing services. Transgender survivors identified fears “of abuse, hostility, rejection, derision, judgment, and discrimination” (p. 10). Fear of being “outed”, being the only trans person in the group, fear of other clients, police misconduct, and denial of services were also reported. In addition, “confidentiality and dual relationships are huge issues for trans survivors and agencies” (p. 10). Fear of sex-segregated services should be considered during outreach efforts.
Fear of law enforcement has long been cited as a concern in transgender communities. The National Transgender Discrimination Survey (2011) identified that “one-fifth (22%) of respondents who have interacted with police reported harassment by police” and “almost half of the respondents (46%) reported being uncomfortable seeking police assistance” (Grant, Mottet & Tannis, p. 12).
Not trans-welcoming/friendly: “Does a trans person sense that the environment and attitude are friendly and respectful? (p. 10). Seelman (2015) states that “practitioners should take note that transgender clients with these [psychosocial] risk factors are among those most likely to have been served ineffectively in domestic violence and rape crisis programs” (p. 321). Mistrust of service providers and homophobic or transphobic shelters and programs can create barriers that prevent transgender survivors from seeking emergency shelter and advocacy services.
Not culturally competent: “Is an agency informed on how to respectfully treat trans people when they walk in the door?” (Munson & Cook-Daniels , 2016, p. 11). Staff members should be trained and assessed to avoid invasive questions, use preferred pronouns, and be respectful of body and gender identities in order to create a culturally competent environment for survivors.
Didn’t know what the service was: Outreach to transgender communities is important to provide awareness of culturally competent and trans-welcoming programs. Like many survivors of violence, transgender individuals are often unaware that there are services available to help.
Reputation: As indicated by the National Transgender Discrimination Survey (2011), transgender individuals experience discrimination in nearly every aspects of their lives. FORGE (2016) reminds us that “one negative experience (or story) can quickly reverse a positive reputation” (p. 11). Word of mouth can spread both good and bad messages within a tightly-knit trans community (p. 11).
Woman-focused: Domestic violence shelters and programs for victims of interpersonal violence are often based on “traditional beliefs and models of service” (p. 11). The name of the agency, in and of itself, can indicate that transgender survivors are not welcome. Policies on who is eligible to be served can also be a barrier and create issues with confidentiality and conflicts with dual service. Feelings of erasure and hopelessness can also create barriers.
Shame/Embarrassment/stigma: Like many survivors of interpersonal violence, shame and embarrassment create barriers to seeking and accessing services. The stigma of victimization and fear of being labeled as a “victim” may also create barriers.
Concern it would make things worse: It is common knowledge among advocates that leaving an abusive relationship is one of the most risky times for victims of interpersonal violence. Dynamics of power and control have a significant impact on a victim’s ability to seek and access services.
Systematic problems: “There has never been a stigmatized minority in U.S. history that has achieved as many legal advances and experienced as much improvement in public attitudes as quickly as the transgender community has” (Cook-Daniels & Munson, p. 11). However, many systematic barriers still remain; such as issues with health care, documentation, insurance, ID cards, and crime victim compensation.
Slide 7: Other Sensitivities to Consider
Passing: According to a definition provided by OVC (2014), “passing” refers to whether someone is perceived as female, male, or another gender (p. 36). Research by Seelman (2015) suggests that “people who are visibly gender-nonconforming may encounter discriminatory reactions that contribute to unequal treatment” (p. 321). Safety issues in shelter may be a concern for some individuals, while others may receives mistreatment based on their perceived gender identity. Service providers should avoid assumptions about hormones, surgeries, and other medical procedures that may contribute to a person “passing”.
Outing: “To be out means that people know about a person's gender identity or history, sexual orientation, or both” (OVC, 2014, p. 31). Transgender people may be “out” to some people and not to others. It is important to remember that “the choice to disclose gender history or transgender status is often on a need-to-know (or want-them-to-know) basis” (p. 31). However, “sometimes, being out or not is not a choice. Transgender people who have not had genital surgery and must disrobe in urgent care settings may not have any control over disclosure. Outing may also happen when transgender people have to produce documents that have their former names and/or gender markers on them, such as driver's licenses or health insurance cards” (p. 31).
Documentation: Transgender victims may have issues fears surrounding documentation that should be considered when providing services. 41% of transgender individuals have “incongruent identification” or ID that does not match their gender (Munson & Cook-Daniels, p. 10). This can be used to deny services and/or “out” a transgender individual. Cost may be a barrier to changing ID’s and some documentation may be difficult to change, such as birth certificates (p. 10).
Preferred Language: Using preferred names and gender pronouns are important and “can be validating and comforting, even more so when someone has recently experienced trauma and violence” (OVC, 2014). “Transgender people are especially likely to pay increased attention to the language that you use as a way of assessing whether they are safe and will receive sensitive, culturally competent care” (p. 52). Ask what the victim would like to be called, and if appropriate (or in doubt), which pronoun they prefer”. It is important to remember that “victims are always experts in their own experience, identity, and language preferences. Listen carefully to the language that victims use to describe themselves and their bodies and reflect those words back to them. Following their lead will encourage their continued interaction with you and ultimately will result in better professional care.” (p. 52).
Suicidality: A number of studies have identified high suicidality risks among transgender individuals. The 2011 National Transgender Discrimination Study identified that “41% of transgender respondents have attempted suicide (compared to 4.6% of the general U.S. population)” (p. 2). Seelman (2015) found that “psychosocial risk factors (suicidality, sex work history, and disconnection from family) predict unequal treatment” (p. 307). “It is critical not to contribute to trans victims feeling hopeless, helpless, and silenced because those feelings may in turn lead to suicidal feelings” ( Cooke-Daniels & Munson, p. 7). Remember the goal of advocacy is to promote hope and healing for transgender survivors!
Slide 8: Program Inclusivity
Research by Seelman (2015) indicates that “transgender and gender non-conforming people often face significant challenges when trying to access domestic violence and rape crisis programs” (p. 310). In addition, FORGE’s (2016) webinar identified a multitude of barriers that transgender victims face when seeking and accessing services. In order to reduce these barriers and prevent re-victimization, it is important to make our programs inclusive for transgender individuals. Seelman (2015) points out a number of ways that programs can work to be more inclusive:
Training: “Staff might benefit from receiving trainings about transgender and gender-nonconforming people (including strengths and resiliencies, as well as risks in trying to access services) and best practices for serving this population. This might include a discussion of common ways that practitioners treat transgender people unequally – intentionally or not – when they use incorrect pronouns, place clients in services according to natal sex rather than gender identity, ‘out’ a client’s transgender identity to others without permission, or ask inappropriate questions about a transgender person’s body” (p. 322).
Systems: Organizations should “develop policies that include nondiscrimination statements related to gender identity and gender expression and implement specific procedures for staff who do not demonstrate progress in effectively serving this population”. “A thorough assessment of staff competencies in serving the transgender community and of organizational policies that may prove to be barriers in reaching this population” is also necessary (p. 322).
Forms: “When doing client intake, organizations should allow clients to indicate gender identities other than either ‘man’ or ‘woman’ and assess the risk history of transgender individuals, realizing that these clients may have faced a significant amount of discrimination and trauma in the past” (p. 322).
Advocacy: “Staff and administrators can work to emphasize that clients should not be treated differently based on gender presentation or disclosure of transgender status, their request to be addressed by alternate gender pronouns or name, or where they are in a transition process” (p. 322).
Slide 9: VAWA Non-Discrimination
“For the first time in a federal funding statute, VAWA 2013 explicitly bars discrimination based on actual or perceived gender identity or sexual orientation – as well as race, color, religion, national origin, sex, or disability (VAWA, 2014). The U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice released a Frequently Asked Questions or FAQ sheet with 18 points of guidance on the “nondiscrimination grant condition in the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013”. These FAQ’s outline important implications for service providers serving transgender survivors of violence. Here are a few points to consider:
1. Programs who discriminate against transgender or gender non-conforming clients of interpersonal violence may compromise their VAWA funding.
2. Grievance procedures for clients who are discriminated against based on their real or perceived gender identity are available for victims.
3. Programs that provide sex-segregated programs, such as shelter or support groups, must provide comparable services to transgender victims.
Although “the VAWA nondiscrimination grant condition provides an exception to the prohibition on sex discrimination in certain instances”, the statute is clear that comparable services must be provided to individuals in these cases (p. 1). Factors that will be considered include: “the nature and quality of the services provided, the relative benefits of different therapeutic modalities or interventions, geographic location or other aspects of accessibility, the characteristics of the facilities where services are provided, and the characteristics of individuals who provide the service” (pp. 7-8).
Slide 10: Transgender Lives Matter
Nobody deserves to be a victimized by violence or abuse. Transgender lives matter and we as advocates play an important role in ensuring that transgender individuals receive safe and supportive services. It is important to personally examine your own knowledge and understanding of transgender issues and recognize your strengths, weaknesses, and biases before meeting with transgender clients. Educate yourself on issues important to the transgender community and attend trainings to learn more about transgender advocacy issues.
It is important to remember that #TransLivesMatter and we need to bring #visibility to increase #equality, #justice, and #respect for transgender individuals. Be a #TransAdvocate and show your #TransPride by participating in the International Day of Transgender Visibility on March 31 or attending a #TDoR (Transgender Day of Remembrance) event in November. Learn about the #TransNeeds in your community, in order to fill in program gaps and enhance services for survivors. Remember that #TransIsBeautiful and all transgender survivors of interpersonal violence deserve safe and supportive services to heal from violence and abuse.
Slide 11: References and Resources
Cook-Daniels, L. & Munson, M. (2015). First do no harm: 8 tips for addressing violence against transgender and gender non-binary people. FORGE. Retrieved from: http://forge-forward.org/wp-content/docs/do-no-harm-8-tips-addressing-violence-FINAL.pdf.
Grant, J. M., Mottet, L. A., & Tanis, J. (2011). Injustice at every turn: A report of the national transgender discrimination survey. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Retrieved from: http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/downloads/reports/reports/ntds_full.pdf.
Munson, M. & Cook-Daniels. (2016, February 4). Serving transgender survivors: A 101 for advocates. [Webinar]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcmZop6Ya3U.
Slide 12: References and Resources
Office for Victims of Crime (OVC). (2014, June). Responding to transgender victims of sexual assault. [Online Toolkit]. Retrieved from: http://www.ovc.gov/pubs/forge/tips_pro.html.
Seelman, K. L. (2015). Unequal treatment of transgender individuals in domestic violence and rape crisis programs. Journal of Social Service Research, 41(3), 307-325. doi: 10.1080/01488376.2014.98794.
U. S. Department of Justice (DOJ). (2014, April 9). Frequently asked questions: Nondiscrimination grant condition in the violence against women reauthorization act of 2013. Retrieved from: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/ovw/legacy/2014/06/20/faqs-ngc-vawa.pdf.
