2. DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
“Research is a process systemically searches for new
facts and relationships”
-Notter
TYPES OF RESEARCH
There are three broad types of approaches to
research. these are:-
i) Historical Research Approach
ii) Survey Research Approach
iii) Experimental Research Approach

3. i) HISTORICAL RESEARCH APPROACH
Historical research is a systemic compilation of data
and the critical presentations,evaluation and
interpretation of facts regarding people ,events and
occurrences of the past.
Historical research is viewed in three different
ways:-
 Historical Approach: which refers to the organisations of
historical facts in support of the new concepts to be
developed.

4.  Historical Subjects: Reffering to biographies of great man
,manographs or places and sketches of ideas ,throughts and
trends.
 Historical Techniques: Which reffers to research that is
conducted on the basis of historical records and
documents.
COLLECTION OF DATA
Data for historical research are usually in the
form of written records of the
past,periodicals,diaries,books,letters,newspapers,reports
etc.

5. Historical sources of data are classiffied into two main
categories:-
A.) Primary Sources
eg: First hand informations such as associated with
person,group,periods or events
fossils,skeletons,tools,weopons,clothings,buildings,furnitu
res,pictures ,paintings,coins,art objects etc.
B.)Secondary Sources
eg: history books & encyclopedias.

6. ii) SURVEY RESEARCH APPROACH
The survey method primarily focussed on the
present.survey is the most appropriate method of
gathering information from a large sample.
eg: Indian counsel of medical research collected
growth data through measurement of height,weight
,chest and head circumferences of a large number of
childrens for all part of india.

7. PURPOSES
The main purposes of survey approach includes:-
a.) Description
Survey are frequently conducted for the
purposes of making discoveries on the distribution of
certain traits or attributes.A number of nursing studies
have been conducted for the purpose of describing the
phenomena relating to nursing process.
eg: Needs of cardiac patients,beliefs of mother on
breast feeding,stress of pre-operative patients etc.

8. `
b.) Explanation
Survey explains phenomena,for this purpose
,two or more variables are examined to find
relationship between phenomena.
eg: Survey of subject education and their knowledge
on prevention of heart disease may indicate education
is one of the factors that influence health knowledge.
c.) Exploration
Survey can provide search devices
.ie,researcher can explore new situation,new
organisation or a new group.

9. eg: The researcher wishes to examine the depth of womens attitude towards
breast self examination as a preventive health practice.
TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
There are various types of survey research:-
1. Descriptive survey
2. Correlated survey
3. Comparative survey
4. Evaluative survey
5. Developmental longitudinal and cross sectional
survey
6. Case study
7. Retrospective survey

10. 1. DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY
In the survey approach,one can describe in a
systemic way, the facts and characteristics of the
population .this type of research is called descriptive
survey.
eg: “A public opinion survey to assess eligible
couples”attitude towards family planning practices.

11. 2. CORRELATED SURVEY
A descriptive study when seeks relationship between
variables is called correlated study.here the researcher
investigates the extent to which variation in another
variable (eg: educational level) corresponds with variations
in another variable(eg: perceived nutritional needs)based
on correlation coeffecients.therefore data are collected on
more than one variable from the same group of
subjects.(eg:educational level and perceived nutritional
needs)and the magnitude of relationships between
variables are estimated.

12. 3. COMPARATATIVE SURVEY
Let us suppose,you wish to compare the “perceived
needs” of survey is called as comparatative survey.
eg: The researcher requires a list of needs-certain
against which the comparison would be made between
the urban and rural womens perception of nutritional
needs.

13. 4. EVALUATIVE SURVEY
There is another type of survey approach
appropriate for studying the effectiveness of a
particular method .this method is called an evaluative
survey.
5. DEVELOPMENTAL LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS
SECTIONAL SURVEY
Suppose,you wish to study the growth and
development pattern of children from birth to five
years of age. this is an example of developmental
survey.

14. The study can be done in two ways:-
 The researcher can follow a group of newborn infants from
their birth to five year of age to assess aspect of their
growth and
developmental patterns this is called an Longitudinal
survey.
 The researcher can takes samples from the age groups of
birth-three,four-six,seven-nine months etc.this is called as
Cross-sectional survey.

15. 6. CASE STUDY
In a case study the survey is based on one ore
more samples .case study can also be made of
individuals from certain recognised groups-
drugaddicts,alcoholics,professionals,subjects
belonging to particular ethnic group,on institutes such
as schools,factories,hospitals etc.

16. 7. RETROSPECTIVE SURVEY
In retrospective survey,the researchers may also
likes to investigate possible cause and effects
relationship by observing some existing consequences
and looking through the data from the past for
plausible causal factors.
eg:you wish to identify the factors characterizing
persons having either high or low accident rates.

17. iii) EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH APPROACH
Experimental approach is a powerful design for testing
hypothesis of causal relationships among variables.
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
A.) True or classical experimental design
 Pretest-post-test control group design
 Solomon four group design
 Post-test only control group design
B.)Quasi-Experimental design
C.)Pre-Experimental design

18. THANK YOU