2. It refers to the division of large
social groups into smaller
group based on categories
determined by economics.

3. • Members of society are arranged in a
hierarchy based on their access to or
control over basic economic resources.
• Social stratification gives rise to
inequality in society, as members are
distinguished by their membership in
and relation to social groups and
categories.

5. • This refers to the process by which
individuals are cut off from full
involvement in the wider circle of
society.
• People who are socially excluded due to
poor housing, lack of employment,
inferior schools, or limted transportation,
may lack opportunities for self-
improvement.

7. • Closed System impose rigid
boundaries between social
groups and limit interaction
among members who
belong to different social
groups or occupy different
levels in the social
hierarchy.
• This system is also resistant
to change, particularly in
the social roles of its
members.

8. Stratification in an open
system is based on
achievement, allowing
more flexibility in social
roles, increased social
mobility and better
interaction among social
groups and classes.

11. • Is a stratification system
based on the ownership of
resources and the
individual's occupation or
profession.
• Class system base social on
achievement rather than
ascription and are thus
more open in terms of
social mobility.

12. • Members of society are arranged in a
hierarchy based on their access to or
control over basic economic resources.
• Social stratification gives rise to
inequality in society, as members are
distinguished by their membership in
and relation to social groups and
categories.

13. Marriages between people from different
social classes
Marriages betweenpeople from same social
class

14. System of stratification that
is determined by personal
effort and merit . Social
standing advancements are
determined by how well a
person performs his or her
social role. However it
remains an ideal and is only
implemented in business or
industry

15. SOCIETY IN GENERAL, STILL
REMAINS STRONGLY
INFLUENCED BY OTHER
FACTORS SUCH AS
INHERITANCE AND PRESSURE TO
CONFORM.

17. FUNCTIONALISM
CONFLICT
THEORY
SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM

18. • Examines how the different aspects
of society contribute to ensuring its
stability and continued function.
• Each part or aspect of society
serves an important purpose
• Stratification is based on intrinsic
value of social activities or roles

19. Davis-Moore Thesis
• Social role that has greater
functional purpose will result in
greater reward.
• Certain tasks in society are more
valued than others, and those who
perform highly valued work are
rewarded with greater income,
prestige and power

20. • Takes critical view of social
stratification
• Considers society as benefitting
only a small segment
• Stratification causes inequality
• Drawn from ideas of Karl Marx

21. Karl Marx
• social stratification is influences by
economic forces and relationships in
society are defined by factors of production.
• Two groups:
- Bourgeois (capitalists) – own factors of
production ( land, resources, business and
ploretariat ); UPPERCLASS
- Ploretariat – workers who provide manual
labor; LOWERCLASS

22. Karl Marx
• INEQUALITY CAUSES WORKERS TO
EXPERIENCE ALIENATION,
ISOLATION, AND GREAT MISERY
DUE TO POWERLESS STATUS. THIS
LEADS TO CLASS CONFLICT.

23. • Microlevel perspective
• Attempts to explain how people’s social
standing affects their everyday
interactions
• Leads to interaction within the same
class.
• Stratification becomes a System that
GROUPS people (interests, background,
way of life)

24. • People’s appearance reflects
their perceived social standing
• Theory of Conspicuous
Consumption
- Buying certain products to
make a social statement about a
status

25. • Ability of individuals or groups to change
their positions within a social
stratification system
• How individuals progress from a lower
to a higher class, or how they lose their
status and occupy much lower position
in society
• Major factor: Economic status
(accumulation of wealth)

26. TWO MAIN TYPES:
a) Upward Mobility – upward
movement in social class. May be
through education, employment or
marriage.
b) Downward Mobility – lowering of
social class. Brought by economic
setbacks, unemployment, illness and
dropping out of school.

27. 2 TYPES OF MOVEMENT:
• VERTICAL MOBILITY
- refers to how people would
move up and down the social
hierarchy.
2. HORIZONTAL MOBILITY
- refers to a person were to move
in an equally ranked position.

28. 2 TYPES OF SYSTEM BASED ON SOCIAL
MOBILITY:
• OPEN CLASS SYSTEM - is a person’s
status is based on their achievement.
• CLOSED CLASS SYSTEM - in these
societies people are born into their
classes and they will usually remain
in their ascribed status for the rest of
their life.

29. • Classification based on GENERATION:
a) Intragenerational
- focuses on experiences of people who
belong to same generation.
- changes in mobility throughout the
person’s lifetime
b) Downward Mobility
- Changes in individuals belonging to
different generations

30. •STRUCTURAL MOBILITY
- large-scale changes
resulting in improvement or
decline of the conditions and
status of a large group of people.
- Main example: Industrial
Age

31. • People having unequal access to various resources
and privileges in society.
3 FACTORS CHARACTERIZED BY SOCIAL INEQUALITY:
• Wealth -Refers to the amount of resources that you
have.
• Power - Refers to the ability to influence other people.
It is getting what they want despite the unwillingness
of others to give in their desires.
• Prestige - Refers to the person’s position in the society.
This refers to having a certain status that enables you
to have resources or opportunities that others without
your status cannot have.

32. • Absolute Poverty - refers to the lack of
basic resources like food, clean water,
safe housing and access to health care
needed to maintain a quality lifestyle.
• Relative Poverty - applies to those who
may be able to obtain basic
necessities but are still unable to
maintain an average standard of living
compared to the rest of society.

33. • Gender - Refers to the culturally - imposed
characteristic that define masculinity and femininity.
• Sex - refers to biological and anatomical differences
that distinguish males from females.
• Gender Role - refers to specific tasks and behaviors
expected of person by virtue of his or her sex.
• Gender Identity - refers to how a person identifies
himself or herself as belongings to a particular gender.
• Patriarchy - refers to the socially sunctioned and
systematic domination of males over females, and this
expressed in various aspect of society.

34. • Is characterized by having some people
deprived of privileges such as some
occupations, equal pay, education, rights
that others enjoy due to their sex or gender.
• Some of the researchers that study gender
inequality would question on whether
women have had subordinate roles in all
societies but they all believe that most
communities, men have held the dominant
roles.

35. • Liberal feminist - explain gender inequality in terms of social
stability and integration. They believe that sexism and
discrimination can be countered by political, social and
economic reforms like giving equal access to both men and
women.
• Radical Feminist - argue that men are responsible for the
exploitation of women through patriarchy. From this
perspective, nothing short of a "sexual revolution" could
transform socity and end gender inequality.
• Black Feminist - identifies factors such as class and
ethnicity, in addition to gender, as essential for
understanding the oppresion experienced by non-white
women.

36. • There will always be groups of people in a
society that will be classified as minorities.
• Their civil, political, economic and social and
cultural rights are sometimes violated
because they are discriminated due to their
ethnicity.
• Ethnic inequality is present throughout the
globe.
• Aside from the social discrimination felt by
these people, the global economy is also
affected.

37. • Ethnicity - is the feeling of affinity or loyalty towards a
particular population, cultural group, or territorial area.
• Race - refers to a group of people who share common
ancestry.
• Racism - refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs and practices used
to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group
and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.
• Prejudice - involves holding "stereotypes" or preconcieved
views that are often based on faulty generalizations about
members of a race or a particular ethnic or other groups.
• Discrimination - refers to actions or behavior of members of a
dominant social group that negatively impacts other
members of society that do not belong to the dominant group.

38. • Displacement and Scapegoating are
psychological mechanism associated
with prejudice and discrimination. In
Displacement, feelings of hostility
become directed agaisnt objects that
are not the real origin of these anxieties;
those at the recieving and became
scapegoats.

39. • Inequality and discrimination exists in
societies across the globe. The
discriminatory practices in these
communities can cause significant
alarm in the global scale.
2 main figures affecting international
activities:
a. State
b. Non-state factors

40. • Global Stratification - refers to the
unequal distribution of wealth, power,
and prestige on a global basis,
highlighting patterns of social
inequality and resulting in people
having vastly different lifestyles and
opportunities both within and among
the nations of the world.

41. • a ranked system of inequality among the world’s
nations that has come about with globalization
processes.
• The entire world is divided into segments much
like the social classes that we previously studied
in the United States.
• While some progress has been made toward
changing global inequalities, the positive changes
are meager compared to the vast efforts and
money that have been devoted to attempted
solutions.

42. • Market-oriented theories such as
modernization theory claim that cultural and
institutional barriers to development explain
poverty in low-income countries. This theory
believes that poverty can be eliminated by
overcoming or adjusting cultural values like
negative attitudes regarding work, limiting
government intervention in economic affairs
and encouraging high rates of savings and
investments.

43. • Dependency theories - claims that global poverty
is the result of exploitation of poor countries by
wealthy ones, thereby creating a cycle of
dependence.
• World-systems theories - focuses on the
relationship among the "core", "peripheral", and
"semi-peripheral" countries in the global
economy.
• State-centered theories - emphazise the role of
governments in fostering economic development.