This single presentation contains a complete information about structure of skin and its relating to problems such as dry skin, acne vulgaris, pigmentation, prickly heat, wrinkles, body odour, structure of hair and hair growth cycle, oral cavity problems.

1. Structure of skin relating to
problems like dry
skin,acne,wrinkles,prickly
heat,pigmentation.
Presented by:- Submitted to:-
Jaswanth gowda B. H. Dr. Shankar S. J.
2nd semester M.Pharm Dept. Of Pharmaceutics
Dept. of Pharmaceutics Vivekananda college of pharmacy
Vivekananda college of pharmacy
Bangalore

2. Content:-
• Structure of Skin
• Dry skin
• Acne vulgaris
• Prickly heat
• Wrinkles
• Body odour
• Structure of hair & hair growth cycle
• Common problems associated with oral cavity

3. Cosmetics Definition
As per European Union the cosmetics is defined as “Any
substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with
various external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair
system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or with the
teeth and the mucous membrane of the oral cavity with a view
mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their
appearance or correcting body odours or protecting them or
keeping them in good condition.
The term cosmeceuticals was coined in 1980 by the
dermatologist Albert Kligman.

4. Skin
• Skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for
about 15% of the total adult body weight.
• It protects against external particles.
• It prevents excessive water loss from the body.
• It helps in Thermoregulation.

5. Structure of Skin
1. Epidermis (Outer layer responsible for colour)
2. Dermis (Contains hair follicle & sweat glands)
3. Hypodermis (Made of fat & connective tissue)

6. 1. Epidermis
• Outer layer of skin, acts as barrier to infections.
• Made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells.
• Cells are formed by mitosis in basal layer, then get
pushed into more superficial layers of strata.
• It is avascular layer that depends on blood vessel in
underlying dermis for its nutrition.

9. Structure of Epidermis
The epidermis contains 5 major layers:-
1. Stratum basale/Stratum germinativum
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum

10. 2. Dermis
• Middle layer of skin, that contains nerves, hair roots,
sweat glands, oil glands & blood vessels.
• Made of dense irregular connective tissue having
collagen & fibers, separated from epidermis by
basement membrane.
• Highly vascular & highly innervated.
• Contains sensory receptors for touch, pressure,
vibration, pain & temparature.

12. 3. Hypodermis
• Present below dermis.
• Deep to skin & also known as Subcutaneous tissue.
• Consists layer of fats & adipose tissue.
• Main cells present are Fibroblast, Adipose tissue,
Macrophages.
• Functions as energy source by storing fat.

13. Types of Skin
1. Oily skin:-
• They have large pores, shiny complexation,
blackheads, pimples by sebaceous glands.
• Oiliness of skin can be increased by factors like
stress, hormones, heat & humidity
2. Combination skin:-
• It is oily in some areas like chin, nose, forehead but
may be dry in some areas like cheeks.

14. 3. Normal skin:-
• It has medium level of oil and water.
• Not shiny or oily because oil glands are not highly
active.
4. Sensitive skin:-
• It show redness, itching, dryness.
• Can be irritated in response to certain skin care
products.

15. Dry skin
• It is also known as Xerosis.
• Low level of sebum present.
• Usually feels tight and uncomfortable.
• Chapping and cracking are signs of extremely dry,
dehydrated skin.
• 10-20% of water content in stratum corneum is required
to keep skin soft and pliable.
• Barrier alteration cause increase in Transepidermal water
loss.
• This result in drying out, precipitating dry skin condition.
• Feels like taut, rough and itchy.

18. Causes:-
• The oils glands do not supply enough lubrication to skin
which results in dehydration.
• Environmental factors like low humidity, wind, cold
whether leads to dry skin.
• Poor diet, nutritional deficiency majorly vit A & vit B
can lead to dry skin.
• Genetic conditions.
• Facial skin been washed with surfactant based products
often experience temporary tightness sensation.
• Medications, cosmetics and medical conditions like
diabetes, hypothyroidism, malnutrition also lead to dry
skin.

19. Acne vulgaris
“It is an inflammation skin condition that occurs when
oil and dead skin cells blocks the pore opening causing
sebum to build up inside the pore”.
(or)
“Acne is a chronic disease caused by inflammation of
sebaceous glands”.
• People with acne have larger sebaceous glands that
release more sebum into skin.
• High sebum & keratinization result in formation of plug
in pores give rise to blocked hair follicle.

21. • Accumulation of sebum encourages proliferation of
anaerobic bacteria, proprioni bacterium acne
(p. acnes), staphylococcus albus.
• Bacteria produce lipase enzyme that hydrolyse
triglyceride in sebum to produce free fatty acids and
glycerol.
• Acne causes variety of flaws like blackheads,
whiteheads, pimples, nodules & cysts.
• It affects 80% teenagers and many adults due to
hormonal changes.

22. Causes:-
• Heat, humidity, UV-light, cosmetics, excessive use of
surfactants.
• Stress may aggravate skin by triggering the release of
androgen & cortisol which can stimulate excess oil
production and mix with dead, finally promotes
bacterial growth to develop acne.

23. Acne life cycle
Stage 1:- Clogged pores
Cell lining pores shed & mix with excess
sebum produced by sebaceous glands forming a
plug, leads to clogged pores.
Stage 2:- Bacteria
Accumulated sebum & dead cells attract the
bacteria that is naturally found in skin, which feeds
on oil and multiply rapidly inside pores.

24. Stage 3:- Inflammation
This bacterial overgrowth triggers the natural
inflammatory response causing swelling & redness.
This can ultimately lead to discoloration & scarring.

25. Types of Acne
1. Papule:-
A small, red, raised bump around a hair follicle.
2. Pustule:-
A red bump with a white pus “head” at its tip.
3. Nodule:-
An infection or blockage deep within the hair
follicle that causes a solid, closed lump under skin.
4. Cyst:-
A painful, closed lump under the skin, filled with
pus like a nodule.

27. Pigmentation
• It means colouring.
• Skin gets its colour from pigment called Melanin.
• Pigmentation occurs due to deposition of melanin,
which is produced by specialized cells called
melanocytes within melanosomes & transferred to
keratinocytes.

30. Types of pigmentation
1. Hyperpigmentation
(a) Frekles
(b) Lentigo
(c) Post-inflammatory pigmentation
(d) Melasma
2. Hypopigmentation
(a) Vitiligo

31. (a) Freckles:-
• It is most common type of pigmentation.
• It is also known as “Ephelides”.
• They are circular spots usually tan (or) light brown in
colour.
• They appear darker during sunny months and fade in
winter.
• They develop after repeated exposure to sunlight
particularly if one have fair complexation.
• They develop majorly on nose.

33. (b) Lentigo (or) Solar lentigines (or) sun spots:-
• They are also termed as Liver spots.
• Usually their colour may vary from light brown to
black.
• These spots are caused by uv-rays exposure from sun.
• People with lighter skin tone are said to be more prone
to sunspots.
• These must be monitored as they may develop into skin
cancer & melasma.

35. (c) Post-inflammatory pigmentation:-
• It is a response to injury of skin and can be result of
acne, burns & friction.
• These skin conditions increase the production of
pigments that cause dark spots.
• This type of pigmentation results in tan, brown or black
colour to skin.
• It can be caused due to cosmetics, laser treatments or
combination therapy.

37. Types of Post-inflammatory pigmentation:-
Epidermal:- (surface layer)
It can tan, brown or dark brown in colour & it
may take months to year to get rid of it.
Dermal:- (Inner layer)
It can be bluish gray in colour & may be
permanent if it’s left untreated.

38. (d) Melasma:-
• It is a pigmentation deeper in the skin dermis &
common among people with darker skin tone.
• It appears on face as larger brown patches with a non-
distinct border.
• It is caused due to increased sun exposure, the
mechanism probably involve over production of
melanin by hyper-functional melanocytes.
• Other than sun exposure, aggravation factors include are
auto-immune thyroid disorder & photosensitizing drugs.
• Usually appears across the upper cheeks, forehead,
upper lip & chin areas.

40. (e) Vitiligo:-
• It is a type of Hypopigmentation disorder.
• It is an acquired, pigmentary anomaly of the skin
characterized by depigmented patches surrounded by
normal border.
• These lesions are hypersensitive to uv-light & burn
easily when exposed to sun.
• Major cause is genetics, auto-immune hypothesis,
neurogenic hypothesis.

42. Prickly heat
• It is aslo called as heat rash/miliaria.
• It is itchy inflammation of superficial layers of skin,
typically with rash of small vesicles, common in hot
humid whether.
• They are red bumps on a skin & an itchy or prickly
feeling on skin.
• Heat rash is common in summer months & particularly in
humid climates.
• These conditions are usually self-limited and resolves in
hours to a few days without treatment.
• Any body part can be affected, majorly face, neck, back,
abdomen, elbow folds, groin.

44. Causes:-
• It is caused by trapped sweat, when the body is hot the
sweat glands get activated to produce sweat on skin.
• When body kept in warm state, the constant sweat
production can overload sweat glands, this can cause the
sweat ducts to get blocked by trapping sweat in deep
layers of skin with help of bacterias.
• This trapped sweat irritates the skin by forming the rash
on it.
• Most common trigger for prickly heat is exposure to
heat for long time.

46. Types of heat rash:-
1. Clear (Miliaria crystallina)
2. Red (Miliaria rubra)
3. White/Yellow (Miliaria pustulosa)
4. Deep (Miliaria profunda)

47. 1. Clear (Miliaria crystallina)
• It sometimes called as miliaria sudamina.
• This happens when the blockage of sweat ducts occur
at closer surface of skin.
• The rash is like tiny clear spots & may look like beads
of sweat.
• It might be least itchy condition (or) no itch at all.
• The spots tend to disappear within a few hours (or)
days.

48. 2. Red (Miliaria rubra)
• It is a most common type.
• It is caused when the blockage of the sweat ducts occur
at deeper part of the outer layer of skin (Epidermis).
• Crops of tiny red bumpy spots develop.
• The rash may occur within days of coming into hot
climate. However the rash doesn’t appear until weeks or
months have passed in hot climate.
• The rash tend to go within a few days if you get out of
the hot environment & stop sweating.
• On the affected area of skin there is a reduced amount
of sweat or no sweat at all.

49. 3. White/Yellow (Miliaria pustulosa)
• In this type the bumps on the skin become infected with
the bacteria living on the skin surface.
• The fluid inside the bumps contain pus.
4. Deep (Miliaria profunda)
• It is uncommon and caused when the blockage of sweat
ducts occurs at the level of middle layer of skin
(Dermis).
• It typically occurs in people who live in a hot climate
who repeatedly had miliaria rubra.

51. Wrinkles
• Wrinkles are known as Rhytide.
• It is a fold, ridge or crease on the skin.
• Wrinkles on skin is promoted by habitual facial
expression, aging, poor hydration, sun damage, smoking
& other various factors.
• Wrinkles are formed when the skin loses its elasticity.
• Skin retain the lines resulting from smiling & other
facial expressions, over the time these lines deepen into
face and forms the wrinkles.
• The first wrinkles appear in weak skin tissue around
eyes, cheeks & around lips.

52. Causes:-
a) Smoking
b) Exposure to uv-light
c) Repeated facial expressions
d) Age

53. Body odour
• It is perceived unpleasant smell that body can give when
bacteria present on skin breaks down the sweat into
acid.
• Body odour caused by combination of sweat & bacteria,
normally found in skin.

55. Causes of excessive sweating:-
• Emotional factors like anxiety, stress, embracement
leads to excessive sweat secretion.
• Illness & medications can also cause excessive
sweating.
• Hereditary problems.

57. Hair
• It is one of defining characteristics of mammals.
• It is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in
dermis.
• It is an important biomaterial primarily composed of
keratin protein.
• It acts as barrier to foreign particles.

58. Functions of hair:-
• Thermoregulation.
• Facilitation for evaporation of perspiration.
• Protection against foreign particles.
• Heat insulation on head.

59. Structure of hair
• Hair is divided in to two separate structures:-
1. Hair root:- located below epidermis.
2. Hair shaft:- located above epidermis.

61. 1. Hair root
a) Hair follicle:- It is tube like pocket in the skin or scalp
that contains the hair root.
b) Hair bulb:- It is lowest part of strand of hair,
thickened, club shaped.
c) Dermal papilla:- It is a small, cone shaped elevation
located at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the
hair bulb.

62. d) Arrector pili muscle:- It is a small involuntary
muscle in the base of the hair follicle, when it contracts
we get goosebumps.
e) Sebaceous glands:- They are oil glands in the skin
that are connected to hair follicles, it secretes sebum.

63. 2.Hair shaft
a) Hair cuticle:-
• It is outermost layer of hair.
• Consists of a single overlapping layers of transparent,
scale like cells.
• Protects inner structure of hair.
• Creates shiny and smoothness.
• It doesn't contain melanin.

64. b) Cortex:-
• It is the middle layer of hair.
• 90% of total hair weight come from this part.
• Elasticity and colour are results of protein in the
cortex.
• It contains moisture and determines texture of hair.
• It contain natural pigment called melanin.

65. c) Medulla:-
• It is a innermost layer of hair.
• Usually it is present in thick and coarse hair.
• It doesn’t possess any use hence it is not always
present.

66. Hair pigment
a) Melanin:- They are tiny grains of pigment in the
cortex that gives hair its natural colour.
b) Eumelanin:- It provides natural dark brown to black
hair colour.
c) Pheomelanin:- It provides natural colours ranging
from red to yellow colour.

67. Types of hair
a) Vallus hair:-
• They are short, fine, un-pigmented, downy and usually
appears on parts of the body that they are normally
considered as hairless regions like forehead, bald scalp,
eyelids.
• It doesn’t possess medulla.
• It helps with evaporation of perspiration (sweat).
• Women normally have 55% more vallus than men.

68. b) Terminal hair:-
• They are long, coarse, pigmented hair found on the
scalp, legs, arms.
• It is present in bodies of both male and female.
• It consists of medulla.

69. Hair growth cycle
The three stages of hair growth are:-
1. Anagen phase (Growth)
2. Catagen phase (Regression)
3. Telogen phase (Rest or Shedding)

70. 1. Anagen phase:-
• It is a growth phase.
• In this phase where the hair physically grows
approximately 1 to 1.5cm long per month.
• It begins in the papilla and can last from 2 to 6 years.
• As far as the hair stays in this phase, the longer it will
grow.
• During this phase, the cells in papilla divide to form new
hair fibres and follicle buries itself into dermal layer of
skin to nourish strand.
• About 80-85% of hair present on head are in anagen
phase.

71. 2. Ctagen phase:-
• It is a transition stage.
• At the end of anagen, mitotic activity of matrix cells is
diminished and follicle enters a highly controlled
involuntary phase known as catagen.
• The first sign of catagen is the stoppage of melanin
production in hair bulb and apoptosis of follicular
melanocytes.
• Ultimately the follicle is 1/6th of its original length
causing the hair shaft to be pushed upward.
• Catagen lasts approximately 2 weeks in humans,
regardless of the site and follicle type.

72. 3. Telogen phase:-
• This phase is defined as the duration between
complexation of follicular regression and the onset pf
the next anagen phase.
• This phase lasts for about 2-3 months
• Around 10-15% of all hairs present in body are in
telogen phase.
• Finally hairs fallout, approximately 50 to 80 hairs per
day are lost.

75. Oral cavity
• Lips
• Tongue
• Palate
• Retromolar trigone
• Floor of mouth
• Buccal mucosa
• Gingiva

76. • Hard palate:- The bony front portion of the roof of
the mouth.
• Soft palate:- The muscular back portion of the roof of
the mouth.
• Retromolar trigone:- The area behind the wisdom
teeth.
• Floor of the mouth:- Under the tongue.
• Buccal mucosa:- The innrer lining of lips and cheeks.
• Gingiva:- Gums.

77. Structure of Tooth
A healthy tooth can broadly be described in three parts:-
a) Crown:- It is the part of tooth which is visible above
the gum (gengiva).
b) Neck:- The region of the tooth that is at the gum line,
connecting the root and crown.
c) Root:- It anchors the tooth within the gum. It lies
below gum line and is not visible outside.

79. Common problems associated with
oral cavity
1. Sensitive tooth
2. Bleeding gum
3. Periodontitis
4. Dental cavities / Tooth decay
5. Discoloured / Yellow tooth
6. Tartar
7. Bad breath

80. 1.Sensitive tooth:-
• The sensitive nerves of tooth are covered by a layer
called Dentin.
• Dentin may become exposed to factors such as receding
gums or gum disease, overzealous brushing, tooth
whitening products.
• Once the dentin exposure happens, a person can
experience irritation or pain from eating foods that are hot
or cold.
• Even breathing in cold air can also cause pain, this
condition is termed as tooth sensitivity.

82. 2. Bleeding gums:-
• They are usually caused by inadequate plaque removal.
• Plaque contains germs which attack the healthy tissue
around the teeth.
• This will further cause the gums to become inflamed and
irritated, which will finally cause them to bleed while
brushing.
• This is also called gingivitis and it is the first stage of
gum disease.
• Poor oral hygiene, vitamin C deficiency can also cause
this condition.

84. 3. Periodontitis:-
• The accumulated plaque will eventually cause the gums
to separate and recede from the teeth if not removed.
• Germs can easily get trapped inside these pockets and
attacks the gums and bone which is supporting the teeth.
• Plaque will further harden into tartar and gingivitis has
further progressed into more serious condition called
periodontitis.
• Periodontitis can further cause tooth loss and may affect
overall health.

86. 4. Tooth decay:-
• When plaque forms on tooth, it secretes acids resulting in
stickiness and adhere to the tooth. It further attacks
enamel.
• If the plaque is not removed, it can damage the tooth
enamel.
• This condition is termed as tooth decay and if it is
untreated it will results in cavities or small holes on
teeth.
• It is basically caused by improper brushing or failure to
brush regularly and also results due to smoking and
consuming sugary foods.
• Lack of fluoride also contribute to dental decay.

88. 5. Discoloured / Yellow tooth:-
• Basically they are two types:-
1. Extrinsic discoloration:- It occurs in the outer layer
of tooth called enamel, enamel stains can range from
white streaks to yellow tints or brown spots.
2. Intrinsic discolouration:- It occurs in the inner
structure of tooth called dentin, this can range from
yellow to gray tint.

90. • Some of the major causes are
 Food/Drinks.
 Smoking/Chewing tobacco.
 Inadequate brushing to remove plaque and stains by
plaque.
 Ageing.
 Genetics.
 Excessive usage of fluoride.

91. 6. Tartar:-
• It is usually plaque that is hardened on teeth also known
as dental calculus.
• It can also form beneath the gums and can irritate gum
tissues.
• It gives plaque more surface area to grow.
• In long term it causes a yellowish to brown discoloration
on tooth.
• As tarter is hardened on teeth, it cannot be removed by
simple brushing and has to be mechanically removed by
dental professionals.

93. 7. Bad breath:-
• It is medically called as halitosis.
• It is an unpleasant odour generated by the mouth caused
due to poor oral hygiene or remained food particles or
gum disease.
• Bacteria living in our mouth can breakdown proteins and
release bad smelling sulphur waste. This can be further
worsen by proteins found in coatings of our mouth and in
diets.
• Bad breath can be caused or worsen by food, tobacco,
dry mouth, pregnancy, certain medications and poor oral
hygiene.

95. Types of smell:-
• A cheesy smell usually indicates that bad breath due to
nasal infection.
• A fruity smell may indicate uncontrolled diabetes due to
increased sugar level.
• A fishy smell may indicate kidney disease (increased
urea level can cause fishy smell).
• An acidic smell can be sign of asthma or cystic fibrosis.
• A sweet, musty smell may signal liver cirrhosis.
• A faecal odour may point out bowel obstruction.

96. THANK YOU