#GlobalEducationMeeting Household Investments in education: equity concerns
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Suzanne Grant Lewis, Director of IIEP-UNESCO, delivered this presentation during the Global Education Meeting, in Brussels, Belgium, on 3 December 2018. Learn more about the meeting: https://en.unesco.org/themes/education/globaleducationmeeting2018
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#GlobalEducationMeeting Household Investments in education: equity concerns
- 3. It is difficult to know the true cost of education Source: Various Education Sector Analyses 3.8% 4.4% 6.0% 2.1% 9.3% 7.3% 7.9% 6.3% Nepal Côte d'Ivoire Vietnam Uganda Total expenditure on education, as share of GDP Without NEA With NEA
- 4. Households contribute significantly to education financing 24% 33% 49% 57% VietNam - 2015 Cote d'Ivoire - 2015 Nepal - 2013 Uganda - 2014 Household contribution to education total expenditures (recurrent and capital) Source: Various Education Sector Analyses
- 5. Expenditure on tutors is high, unequally distributed & exacerbates inequality 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% First Second Third Fourth % households with private tuition expenditure by household per capita consumption expenditure quartiles - Bangladesh 2000 2005 2010 Source: Pallegedara & Mottaleb, 2018
- 6. The distribution of household contribution within the system is inequitable 36% 42% 39% 35% 56% 65% 52% 14% 8% 11% 14% 44% Primary Education Lower secondary Education Upper secondary Education Higher Education Average - SSA countries considered Chad, 2011 Niger, 2016 Source: Various Education Sector Analyses
- 7. Recommendations: Better h/h data and greater data use Education Sector AnalysisNational Education Accounts Education sector plans Simulations/costing models
Notas do Editor
- Photo credit: ©JL. Yameogo
- Determining the true cost of education is challenging (expensive, time- and effort-intensive and requires sufficient installed capacity), especially for households. The Golden standard is to have NEAs (see changes in graphs). Alternative methods include: Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS) Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire Survey (CWIQS) Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) Living Conditions Survey (LCS) Other household surveys Transition to household expenditures (next slide)
- While some countries, like Laos and Senegal, don’t require households to contribute to education financing, other countries rely heavily on this. Accounting for household contributions is essential to knowing how much is really spent on education, since the share is so significant. When the burden on households to pay for their education is too heavy, issues of equity and accessibility may arise. Having NEAs allows policy makers to have accurate information on household expenditure which can lead to the design of better public policies. Even with NEA, certain costs remain hidden, like household expenditure in tutoring. Transition to Shadow education (next slide)
- Over time, more and more families turn to private tutoring, with wealthier families almost twice more likely to do so than poorer families. More educated families are also more likely to use private tutoring than less educated ones. Unequal access to private tutoring means that the inequality gap in quality of education (and later in incomes) tends to increase. The same holds for China (Liu & Bray, 2017), in rural India and Pakistan (Aslam & Atherton, 2011), in Malaysia and Sri Lanka (Palleguedera, 2011) and in South Korea (Kim, 2010) These inequalities extend to impact minorities and women, who are less likely to benefit from private tutoring. Transition to equity concerns (next slide)
- Household contributions to education remains high, even in primary Some countries, like Chad, present highly regressive systems, with the overall population paying high amounts for education in lower levels, while paying much less in higher levels, which are usually available only for the families with a higher income. Other countries, like Niger, have a more progressive system, where broad base education is cheaper, and the proportion of the contribution for higher levels increases, affecting mostly the most well-off families. Overall, relative contribution of households not necessarily increases when progressing in the system -> equity challenge All countries included in this calculation are French-speaking (except for two Portuguese-speaking). This is the complete list: Benin, 2010 Burundi, 2013 Cameroun, 2011 Chad, 2011 Comoros, 2010 Cote d'Ivoire, 2013 Guinea Bissau, 2013 Mali, 2015 Niger, 2016 Sao Tomé-et-Principe, 2010 Togo, 2011
- The Gold standard is to have NEAs but it is also necessary to use the ESA process to seek out and collect better data Alternative methods include: Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS) Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire Survey (CWIQS) Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) Living Conditions Survey (LCS) Other household surveys