Biodiesel is a new source of Energy and this powerpoint provide a concise introduction to it. By Homa Bazireh

1. 1
By
Homa Bazireh & Arezoo Kavehzadeh

2. Why new sources of energy ?
 Transportation system plays an important role to develop the
economy of any country in the world.
 It has been reported that only the transportation sector have 63%
share in the step up of total global liquid fuel consumption from the
year of 2010 to 2040.
 It is very important to mention that, there are about 22% of global
GHG (greenhouse gas) emission comes only from the
transportation sector.
 worldwide researchers are trying to find out cleaner energy source
for transportation sector.
 Among the renewable energy sources, the biodiesel is considered
as the most feasible cleaner fuel worldwide.
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3. Why new sources of energy ?
 Due to the finite stock of fossil fuels and its negative impact on
the environment, many countries across the world are now
leaning toward renewable sources energies to ensure energy for
the countries development security. Biodiesel is one kind of
biofuel that is renewable, biodegradable and has similar
properties of fossil diesel fuel.
1. solar energy
2. wind energy
3. Biofuel
4. hydropower
5. geothermal
6. ocean energy
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4. Different Sorts of Biofuels
a) Bioethanol
1- Liquid b)Bioether
c)Biodiesel
Biofules
2- Gas Biogas
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5. Different Sorts of Biofuels
 Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from
carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn,
sugarcane, or sweet sorghum and Cellulosic biomass.
 Bioethers are created by wheat or sugar beet by the reaction of
reactive iso-olefins (iso-butylene) with bioethanol.
 Biodiesel is produced from oils using transesterification and the
composition is similar to fossil diesel.
 Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of
organic material by anaerobes.
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6. Potential sources of biodiesel
 Oil crops are the main pillar for biodiesel production. It is very important to choose the
suitable feedstock for biodiesel production as feedstock alone costs 75% of biodiesel
production cost.
 At present up to 350 oil-bearing crops have been identified worldwide for biodiesel
production which is categorized as edible oil, non-edible oil
 The most common edible oil sources are: peanut oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil,
safflower, corn oil, rice bran oil, palm oil, coconut oil, used fried oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil,
castor oil, milkweed seed oil and linseed oil, wheat and common non-edible oil sources
are: Jatropha curcas, Pongamia glabra (karanja), Madhuca indica (Mahua), Salvadora
oleoides (Pilu), cotton seed oil, Tobacco, Calophyllum inophyllum, Eruca Sativa Gars,
terebinth, rubber seed oil, desert date, fish oil, Jojoba, neem oil, leather pre-fleshings,
apricot seed, Pistacia chinensis Bunge Seed, sal oil, Moringa oleifera and croton
megalocarpus.
 In addition to the crops oil, microalgae, terpenes, waste cooking oil and animal fats are
also used for biodiesel production.
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7. Various feedstock
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8. Different potential
biodiesel feedstock
 Different countries have different
potential biodiesel feedstock.
 The percentage of oil contents and yield
are the main factors for considering any
source for biodiesel production.
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https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7_%DA%A9%
D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3#/media/File:Jatropha_curcas1_henning.jpg
Jatropha
Palm Oil
Castor Oil

10. Microalgae
 Unlike other oil crops, microalgae extremely rapidly and many are exceedingly rich in oil.
Microalgae commonly double their biomass within 24 h. Biomass doubling times during
exponential growth are commonly as short as 3.5 h. Oil content in microalgae can exceed
80% by weight of dry biomass.
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11. Oil extraction techniques
 First, the seed needs to be separated from the fruits.
 Then the drying process is done in the oven or under the sun
to expected moisture contents.
 To extract oil, it is very important to grate the kernel to get a
higher percentage of oil.
 The main techniques available to extract oil can be classified
by:
(a) mechanical extraction
(b) chemical extraction
(c) enzymatic extraction.
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12. The characterization of vegetable oil
 The characterization of vegetable oil is necessary to evaluate their viability for
biodiesel production.
 The vegetable oils are mainly characterized by some of the fuel properties such
viscosity
density
calorific value
flash point
acid value
cloud point
pour point
Carbon residue
oxidation stability
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13. Effect of fatty acid composition of vegetable oils
 Fatty acid composition of any source of biodiesel is a very important parameter which helps
to select the efficient method to produce biodiesel.
 The fatty acid composition mainly depends on the type and quality of the source and also
the geographical condition in which the plant grows.
 The fuel properties such as cetane number, the heat of combustion, melting point and
viscosity of pure fatty compounds enhance with increasing chain length and reduce with
increasing unsaturation.
 The available fatty acids in vegetable oils are palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids.
 Some of the vegetable oils also contain other fatty acids such as lauric (12:0), myristic
(14:0), Palmitoleic (C16:1), Oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), linolenic (18:3), arachidic (20:0),
beheric (22:0) and lignoceric (24:0)
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14. Production of biodiesel
 According to the literature, vegetable oil cannot be used directly in diesel
engines because of its higher viscosity which causes a problem such as
poorer atomization of the fuel spray and less accurate operation of the fuel
injectors in the engine.
 However, some process could be used to produce biodiesel as well as
reduce the viscosity of vegetable oils. The available techniques are
 Pyrolysis: is the process in which one substance is converted into another
substance by heat in the present of catalyst.
 dilution : Dilution is the process in which vegetable oils are mixed with the
diesel fuel to reduce the viscosity as well as to be used in the engine.
 micro-emulsification: is the formation of microemulsions which is the
potential solution to solve higher viscosity issue of vegetable oils
 transesterification
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15. Comparison of biodiesel production
techniques
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16. Biodiesel production
Among the all conversion technic, transesterification
process is the economical and efficient process which is
widely used for biodiesel production.
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17. Biodiesel Applications
Biodiesel
Application
Heavy
vehicles
Light
vehicles
Remote
generation
Marine
sectors
Equipment
machinery
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19. Biodiesel advantages
 i. Biodiesel emits fewer emissions such as
CO2, CO, SO2, PM and HC compared to diesel
 ii. Producing biodiesel is easier than diesel and
is less time consuming.
 iii. Biodiesel can make the vehicle perform
better as it has higher cetane number.
 iv. Biodiesel prolongs engine life and reduces
the need for maintenance.
 v. It can be used without adding additional
lubricant, unlike diesel engine.
 vi. Biodiesel holds a great potential for
stimulating sustainable rural
 development and a solution for energy security
issue.
 vii. Biodiesel is more cost efficient than diesel
because it is produced locally
 viii. Biodiesel does not need to be drilled,
transported, or refined like diesel
 ix. Biodiesel is better than diesel fuel regarding
sulfur content, flashpoint, aromatic content, and
biodegradability
 x. It is safer to handle, being less toxic, more
biodegradable, and having a higher flash point.
 xi. Non-flammable and non-toxic, reduces tail
pipe emissions, visible smoke and noxious
fumes and odors.
 xii. No required engine modification up to B20
 xiii. Higher combustion efficiency, portability,
availability, and renewabilityof biodiesel.
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20. Biodiesel disadvantages
 i. It emits higher NOx emission than
diesel.
 ii. Higher pour and cloud point fuel
freezing in cold weather causing a cold
weather starting.
 iii. Biodiesel has a corrosive nature
against copper and brass.
 iv. The higher viscosity due to the large
molecular mass and chemical structure
of vegetable oils leads to a problem in
pumping, combustion, and atomization in
the injector system of a diesel engine.
 v. Biodiesel lower engine speed and
power. The biodiesels on the average
decrease power by 5% compared to that
of diesel at rated load
 vi. Coking of injectors on the piston and
head of the engine.
 vii. Biodiesel degradation under storage
for prolonged periods.
 viii. The high viscosity, in long-term
operation, introduces the formation of
injector deposits, plugging of filters, lines
and injectors, ring sticking and
incompatibility with conventional
 ix. Lubricating oils. Carbon deposits on
piston and head of the engine.
 x. Biodiesel causes excessive engine
wear.
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21. Conclusion
 The best method for biodiesel production is
transesterification.
 Most of the researchers reported that the use of biodiesel in
diesel engine reduces engine power slightly but reduces the
harmful emission significantly.
 The proper types of biodiesel is varied from country to
country.
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22. Bibliography
 Mahmudul HM, Hagos FY, Mamat R, Adam AA, Ishak WF, Alenezi R. Production,
characterization and performance of biodiesel as an alternative fuel in diesel
engines–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017 May
1;72:497-509.
 Mardhiah HH, Ong HC, Masjuki HH, Lim S, Lee HV. A review on latest
developments and future prospects of heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel
production from non-edible oils. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2017
Jan 1;67:1225-36.
 Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology advances. 2007 Jun
30;25(3):294-306.
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23. Thanks for your patience
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