This document provides an overview of animal disease survey, surveillance, and monitoring in East Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It discusses key concepts like surveillance, monitoring, and surveys. The goals of surveillance are outlined as rapid detection of disease outbreaks, early identification of problems, and assessment of health status. Approaches to surveillance include active and passive methods based on who initiates data collection. National surveillance aims to promote participatory disease surveillance from the village to national levels. Estimates of economic losses due to diseases like mastitis and helminthiasis are also presented to demonstrate the benefits of prevention and control programs.

1. General Overview On Animal Disease Survey
Surveillance & Monitoring
Training For Animal Health Professionals From
East Oromia Region

2. Background On Monitoring,
survey & Surveillance(MOSS)
National Surveillance and the future
approach
Disease Control Activities
Outline Of The Presentation

3. Surveillance:-
Systematic Ongoing Collection, Collation, And Analysis Of Data
Related To Animal Health And The Timely Dissemination Of
Information So That Action Can Be Taken.
Is The Routine Collection Of Information On Disease, Productivity
And Other Characteristics Possibly Related To Them In A Population
Monitoring Excluded any immediate control action
Monitoring:-

4. Survey” Is Used To Indicate An Investigation Or A Study In Which
Information Is Systematically Collected For A Specific Aim Or Conceptua
Hypothesis the Time Frame For This Type Of Investigation Is A Specific And Usually
Short Period Of Time This Is In Contrast To Surveillance And Monitoring, Which
Involve
Can Be Considered As A Monitoring
System That May Transition Into A
Surveillance System If Action Is Taken
To Prevent Or Control The Disease.
Therefore,
The Terms “Surveillance,”
“Monitoring,” And “Survey”
Share Several Common

5. Surveillance 1.
Gathering,
Recording And
Analysis Of Data
2.
Dissemination of
information to
interested parties,
so that
3.
Action can be
taken to control
disease.

7. Data Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Information

8. Goals of Surveillance
Maintenance Of High Standards Of Animal Health And Welfare,
And The Protection Of Public Health (By The Control Of
Zoonoses And Foodborne Infections

9. ; r a p i d d e t e c t i o n o f
d i s e a s e o u t b r e a k s
E a r l y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f d i s e a s e
p r o b l e m s ( e n d e m i c a n d n o n -
e n d e m i c
As s e s s m e n t o f t h e h e a l t h s t a t u s o f a
d e f i n e d p o p u l a t i o n ;
d e f i n i t i o n o f p r i o r i t i e s f o r d i s e a s e
c o n t r o l a n d p r e ve n t i o n ;
identification of new and emerging diseases;
• evaluation of disease control programme
provision of information to plan and conduct
research;
• confirmation of absence of a specific disease.

10. Surveillanc
e
Disease
Status
Absent
Present
Early detection
Demonstrate
freedom
Case finding
Measure level of
disease
In General
•Purposes Of Surveillance Can Be Summarised As Follows;
Purpose

11. • This Describes How Rapidly The Surveillance
System Is Able To Produce Information, And
Is Related To The Periodicity Of Surveillance
Timeliness
Population
coverage
• This Describes Whether The Animals Under Surveillance
Are Representative Of The Population Or Not
Representativeness

12. Representat
ive
:
biased:
THE SURVEILLANCE SAMPLE MAY BE:

13. C O N T I . . . .
=

14. Risk-based
Surveillance
Sampling
Time
Continuous
Periodic/Ad
hoc
Continuous
Periodic/Ad
hoc
Comprehensiv
e
Representati
ve

15. Approaches to surveillance have been classified in many different
ways based on,
Sampling Approaches, Cost, Periodicity,
• Disease Focus, Data Gathered And So On
One useful to classify surveillance is to describe who makes the primary
observation and how frequently these observations are made.
This classification is equivalent to the more commonly used classification of
 ACTIVE / PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE.

16.  Active surveillance:
investigator initiated collection of surveillance information
 Passive surveillance:
observer initiated provision of surveillance information , from
the data provider
 Outbreaks of major TADs (FMD, PPR, CBPP, CCPP, LSD,
SGP, Camel pox, RVF, AHS, Br, ND, HPAI, ) needs to be
reported

17. Where farmers make the primary observation, it is passive
surveillance.
When a veterinarian makes the first observation, it means that the
veterinarian is examining the animal without first having been
alerted to any problem by the owner, it is active surveillance

18.  There are two important features of the passive farmer disease
reporting system:
– It Is Continuous. In most situations, famers are in contact with their
animals
every day. If disease occurs, they will recognise it
rapidly.
– It is comprehensive. Virtually all the farmed animals in the country are
covered by this surveillance system.
 Both are important advantages for surveillance.

19. Surveillance Based On Passive Farmer Reporting
Has A Number Of Important Weaknesses As Well.
A Number Of Other Approaches To Surveillance
Have Been Developed, Based On The Use Of
Farmer Observations, To Overcome Some Of The
Weaknesses Of Farmer Passive Reporting. These
Include:---

22. National surveillance conti...
Promote use of participatory Diseases Surveillance (PDS) in disease
investigation
Develop and enforce guidelines for veterinary information and disease
outbreak reporting systems including obligations of private practitioners
from village to national level;
Carry our regular active surveillance for selected diseases on risk
assessment to inform control strategy and policy development;

23. Choose the right survey design
Prevalence: occurrence of a disease in given population
in a given point of time
Incidence: occurrence of a disease in given population
over a given period of time
Sero-monitoring:-is evaluation of herd/population immunity
level following vaccination program OR
Detection: to demonstrate freedom from disease

24. Sampling methods
Sampling method is classified into two:
– Probability sampling
– Non-probablity sampling
 Probability sampling:
Simple random sampling
Probability proportional to size sampling
Systematic random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Multi-stage samples
Cluster samples

25. Sample size determination
presentationEpiZ.xlsx

26. Tab 1: Classification of Epi. surveillance
Classification Options
1. Disease status Present, absent
Disease type Endemic, exotic, re-emerging, new (emerging)
2. Sampling method Census, random, systematic, convenience,
haphazard, volunteer, event-based
3. Population selection geographic location, species, breed, livestock sector, herd type
Unit of interest National, region, kebele, farm, animal, batch
4. How the data collected Active, passive
Degree of autonomy Independent, integrated with other program (eg. Disease control
program, Lab. Diagnostic tests)
Study design Case reporting, existing data (remote sensing, vet. Surgeons,
lab.s, farmers, abattoirs), survey, continuous monitoring or
sentinel
Postal, telephone, focus group, internet, visit, workshops

27. An operational, unified national disease reporting system with
effective communications is developing
Disease reporting, disease surveillance, outbreak investigation
will be managed under the database
The information system/database is including data from veterinary
laboratories , woredas, abattoirs and quarantine
National Disease Reporting System

28. Major Strategies (13 Pillars + 5 subsidiary )
Veterinary servicesSurveil
lance
Preven
tion
and
control
Clinical
services
Lab
services
Public
health
Quarantine
Emerge
ncy
prepare
dness
Input
supply
Privati
zation
Legisla
tions
Animal
welfare
Animal
health
extensio
n
Communic
ation and
resource
mobilizatio
n
National surveillance and Disease prev. And control perspective to AHS

29. National Animal Disease Reporting Database
12/5/2015 VSD-MoA 29
VSD-MoA
National surveillance conti...

30. Notifiable diseases reporting
Notifiable diseases reporting system is introduced by new technologies such as mobile
phones and digital pen to enhance real time reporting of notifiable diseases;
12/5/2015 VSD-MoA 30digital pen
mobile phones Reporting Sys
National surveillance conti...

31. Eradication
Control
Prevention
Major Epizootics
‘listed’ Disease
Other Major disease
and Zoonosis
Endemic
Classification and major principles for the control
animal diseases

32. Strategies of the country for Control and/or eradication ….
 Strengthen the means of sanitary and medical prevention and control of
diseases through:
o Mass/ring /Risk based vaccination (FMD, AHS, CBPP, LSD, SGP, ND, PPR,
rabies, anthrax, black-leg, Pasteurellosis, etc)
o Movement restriction (RVF, FMD, LSD, AHS, SGP, PPR, CBPP, etc)
o Controlling arthropod vectors (RVF, AHS, LSD, Trypanosomosis, etc)
o Public education (Tb, rabies, brucellosis, etc)

33. National surveillance conti...
I-Pen
App
Question Type
Date Captured Date
XY Location Alpha
Cell Number Alpha
Q1. Specie Select one
Q2. Symptons Select many
Q3. Tentative Diagnosis Select one
Q4. Cases Select one
Q5. Deaths Numeric
Q6. At Risk Numeric
Take Picture JPEG

34. Estimation of Economic Loss Due To Mastitis Eg. Darolabu
No of milking cows in the wereda (CSA, 2003) 28,009 28,009
Possible No of teat 112,036 112,036
Prevalence of active teat (HRVL) 96.25% 93.8%
No of active teat 107,834 105,089
Prevalence of mastitis at teat level (HRVL) 14.3% 5.5%
Teats with mastitis 15,420 5779
Average daily milk prod./cow/teat (CSA, 2003) 0.3595L 0.3595L
Average daily milk loss/liter 5543.5L 2077.5L
Average Lactation period (CSA, 2003) 9month 9month
Average milk loss /lactation/L(CSA, 2003) 1,496,745 560,925
Milk cost /L/ETB (Market assessment) 12.0 12.0
Economic loss by ETB 17,960,940 6,731,100
Possible expense for Rx Cost will be 9641x46.35=446, 860.3
Overall gain after implementation

35. Darolabu Kombolcha Meta Odabultum Total
Before Impn 17,960,940 6,827,904 11,656,190 5,970,202 42,415,237
After Impn 6,731,100 3,105,792 1,618,344 1,416,492 12,871,728
Treatment cost 446,860.30 140,533.20 452,051.50 243,476.50 1,282,921.50
Overall gain 10,782,979.70 3,581,578.80 9,585,794.50 4,310,233.50 28,260,586.50
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
AxisTitle

36. 21.7
11.6
23.1 23.4 22.9 23.4
14.8 15.7
10.4 9.4
7.8
15.7
60
32
9.5
Prevalence of Bovine Mastitis in Each woredas
under W/H/Z
Series1

37. Estimation of Economic Loss Due to
Helmenthiasis
If the Implementation Activity Covers All
The PAs of the Wereda

38. Estimation of Economic Loss Due To Helmenthiasis according to CSA, 2003 Eg.
Doba wereda on caprine spps
Variables Before After
No of caprine spps (CSA, 2003) 90975 90975
Prevalence of the disease (HRVL) 88.9% 24.28%
Population Infected 80877 22089
Averege live weight (FAO) 25kg 25kg
Dressing percentage (FAO) 50% 50%
Meat/kg/animal 12.5kg 12.5kg
Body loss due to endoparasitism(Researchers) 8% 8%
Meat loss/kg/animal 1kg 1kg
Overall Meat loss/kg 80877 22089
Meat price/kg (Market Assessment) 140birr 140birr
Economic loss by ETB 11,322,780 3,092,460
Overall gain after implementation program 8,230,320 ETB

39. Estimation of Economic losses by internal parasite before & after
implementation program of sheep & goat
Ovine Caprine Ovine Caprine Ovine Caprine Ovine Caprine
Doba Ciro Mesela Boke
Before Impln 3,407,740 11,322,780 2,970,240 9,194,920 2,457,840 3,487,540 495,180 6,443,500
After Impln 1,217,020 3,092,460 1,800,120 3,141,740 1,666,560 1,714,020 200,480 1,775,200
Overall Gain 2,190,720 8,230,320 1,170,120 6,053,180 791,280 1,773,520 294,700 4,668,300
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
EconomiclossbyETB

40. The way for ward
 presentationSelected kebeles for national sero survellace
of PPR.pdf