vaccition modern in 21st century

1. HARITH RIYADH
GROUPRD3
AKAKI TSERETELI STATE UNIVERSITY
STNATION MODERN IN 21VACCI
CENTURY
Vaccination: Injection of a killed microbe in order to stimulate the
immune systemagainst the microbe, thereby preventing disease.
Vaccinations, or immunizations, work by stimulating the immune system, the
natural disease-fighting systemof the body. The healthy immune system is
able to recognize invading bacteria and viruses and produce substances
(antibodies) to destroy or disable them. Immunizations prepare the immune
system to ward off a disease. To immunize against viral diseases, the virus
used in the vaccine has been weakened or killed. To only immunize against
bacterial diseases, it is generally possible to use a small portion of the dead
bacteria to stimulate the formation of antibodies against the whole bacteria.
In addition to the initial immunization process, it has been found that the
effectiveness of immunizations can be improved by periodic repeat injections
or "boosters." Also see Vaccines (in the plural) and Vaccine of a specific type
Twenty-firstcentury vaccines
Vaccines were developed in the twentieth century to address the needs
of a society where morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases
in the early years of life was the major health challenge. Thanks to the
success of vaccines, in the twenty-firstcentury people live longer, and
we should consider how vaccination can be redesigned to meet the
needs of healthcare systems thatare struggling to cope with the new
longevity.
Today vaccines address mostly infant diseases and wehave more than
10 vaccines recommended in Western countries for infant vaccination,
one (papillomavirus) recommended for adolescent women and one
(influenza) recommended for the elderly. In developing countries, there

2. are only five recommended vaccines, all for infants. However, thanks to
the technological revolution, genomics and the great progress in
immunology, today it is possibleto design vaccines able to prevent many
of the diseases of modern society. For instance, we could develop a
vaccination plan wherepregnant women receive a booster vaccine
during the third trimester to generate and passively transfer to the
foetus antibodies against those diseases of the firstfew days or months
of life, such as group B streptococcus (GBS), tetanus, hepatitis B,
meningococcus, pneumococcus, respiratorysyncytialvirus (RSV),
influenza, using the strategy that has evolved naturally to protect
newborns. Infantswould then be vaccinated starting at four to five
months of age to build their own active immunity. The next vaccination
event would be in adolescents, who would receive those vaccines that
prevent the chronic diseases and cancer associated with infectious
diseases, such as papillomavirus (associated with ovarian cancer),
hepatitis C (which is associated with liver cancer) and chlamydia
(associated with infertility) and those vaccines that would be useful
during pregnancy, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and GBS. Some
vaccines like CMV and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) also have the potential to
slow ageing of the immune system, oneof the major problems beyond
the age of 50.
When the immune systemstarts to wane, vaccination could be used to
fight, delay or eliminate those diseases that are typical of a modern
ageing society. These are resurgentinfectious diseases, such as
influenza, pneumococcus, RSV, thosediseases associated with the risk of
hospitalization (mostly nosocomialdiseases) and cancer.
Finally, there are numerous other health risks in modern society that
could be minimized by using vaccination as an insurance. These include
(i) prevention of those infections caused by antibiotic resistant micro-
organisms thatare a major threat during hospitalization, such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Clostridium
difficile, (ii) prevention of pandemic influenza by appropriatepre-
pandemic vaccination using vaccines with an established safety record,

3. and (iii) vaccines for travellers to areas where there are diseases no
longer presentin the country of origin. There is thus a strong rationale
for vaccines as the best insuranceagainst the risks of diseases associated
with modern society.
(such Vaccine, Polio)..
CENTURYST
VACCTATION IN 21NTEVE
2003: First nasal influenza vaccine approved in U.S. (FluMist)
June 17 2003 -- The FDA approved FluMist, an influenza vaccine that is
the firstnasally administered vaccine to be marketed in the United
States. Itis also the firstlive virus influenza vaccineapproved in the U.S.
FluMist (Influenza Virus VaccineLive, Intranasal) is approved to prevent
influenza illness due to influenza A and B viruses in healthy children and
adolescents, ages 5-17 years, and healthy adults, ages 18-49. Children 5-
8 years old need two doses at least 6 weeks apart in their first year of
influenza vaccination with FluMist, and individuals 9-49 years old need
one dose.
According to the Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention (CDC),
influenza, or "flu," is responsiblefor an average of approximately 36,000
deaths per year in the United States. Rates of infection are highest
among children ages 5-14 years; however themost severeillnesses and
deaths occur among individuals with underlying medical conditions,
children less than 2 years of age, and those over 65 years old.
"This new vaccine provides another option for protection against
influenza and will potentially increasethe availability of the injected
killed virus vaccinefor those people at highest risk," said FDA
Commissioner Mark B. McClellan, M.D., Ph.D. "Having enough supplies
of flu vaccine available has sometimes been a challenge because there
are few manufacturers, thevaccine needs to be changed every year, and
certain strains of the virus grow slowly during the vaccine development
process."

4. "In addition, for those people who are eligible for the new vaccine and
are reluctant to get a shot, such as healthy children over the age of 5,
the availability of FluMist will be especially welcome."
2006: First vaccine for human papillomavirus (which is a cause
of cervical cancer).
HPV vaccines are recommended for all 11- and 12-year-olds to protect
against infection with the types of HPV (human papillomavirus) that
most commonly causehealth problems such as HPV cancers and
disease.
HPV vaccination is importantbecause it prevents cancer. All three of the
HPV vaccines, Cervarix, Gardasil, and Gardasil9, can preventmost cases
of cervical cancer in females, if given before a person is exposed to the
virus. Two HPV vaccines, Gardasiland Gardasil9, can preventmany
cases of vaginaland vulvar cancers in women, as well as mostcases of
anal cancer and genital warts in both females and males. Protection
fromHPV vaccination is expected to be long-lasting. The best way a
person can be sureto get the mostbenefit fromHPV vaccination is to
complete all three doses beforebeing exposed to HPV infection.
Women should still get regular Pap tests in addition to receiving HPV
vaccine.
Cervical cancer scientist awarded Nobel Prize2008:
Professor Haraldzur Hausen discovered that cervicalcancer was caused
by a virus, making it possibleto develop a vaccine for the disease. The
scientist proved that a group of viruses called human papillomaviruses
(HPV) caused cervicalcancer. This discovery led to the development of
the HPV vaccine, which protects againstcervical cancer, and is now
widely available.
2012 :First quadrivalent (4-strain) influenza vaccine.
For years, flu vaccines weredesigned to protect against three different
flu viruses (trivalent). This included an influenza A H1N1 virus, an

5. influenza A H3N2 virus and one B virus. Experts had to choose one B
virus, even though there are two very different lineages of B viruses that
both circulate during mostseasons. This meant the vaccinedid not
protect against the group of B viruses not included in the vaccine.
Adding another B virus to the vaccine aims to give broader protection
against circulating flu viruses.
Who can get the quadrivalentflu vaccine?
Different vaccines are approved for differentage groups. Thereis a
quadrivalentflu shot that can be given to children as young as 6 months
of age. Other quadrivalent flu shots areapproved for people 3 years and
older. The quadrivalent nasalspray vaccineis approved for people 2
through 49 years of age who do not have contraindications to the nasal
spray vaccine. Refer to the table of 2015-16 approved influenza vaccines
in the U.S. for more information.
2013: First vaccine for enterovirus 71, one cause of hand foot
mouth disease.
Chinese researchers havedeveloped the world’s firstever vaccine
against a strain of enterovirus that can causehand, footand mouth
disease, a condition commonly affecting small children that can lead to
deadly infection of the brain and spinal cord membranes.
Hand, foot and mouth diseasecauses fever and blisters around the
hands, feet and mouth. Itis transmitted by contact with faecal matter,
blisters or saliva of an infected person.
Hand, foot and mouth diseasecan be caused by a range of different
germs, including a group called enteroviruses. Onekind of enterovirus,
called enterovirus 71 (EV71) is of particular concern as it can cause
severedisease in children, sometimes leading to potentially fatal
meningitis and encephalitis.
According to a paper published in the journalThe Lancet, the new
vaccine protects against enterovirus 71 (EV71).

6. The study involved 10,245 children aged between six and 35 months
who lived in four different places in China. Half were given two doses of
the vaccineand half were given a placebo.
“During active surveillance, vaccine efficacy was 90% againstEV71-
associated hand, foot and mouth diseaseand 80·4% againstEV71-
associated disease,” the researchers said in their paper.
The vaccine also demonstrated 100% efficacy againstEV71-associated
hospitalisation, “suggesting that it could havea significantimpact on
public health by preventing severeoutcomes of EV71 infection,” say the
authors.
However, the researchers said that their vaccine did not protect against
coxsackievirus A (CA) 16, a diseasecommonly associated with
enterovirus71 thatcan also cause hand, foot and mouth disease.
They also cautioned that during the 12 month study of the children,
“only a small proportion of cases of hand, foot and mouth were
confirmed as associated with EV71, indicating that EV71 might not be
the dominantpathogen in this hand, foot and mouth season.”
“Despite its high efficacy for preventing EV71-associated hand, footand
mouth disease, the EV71 vaccinemight havelittle part in reducing the
overall incidence of hand, foot and mouth, even by universalmass
immunisation of children,” the researchers said.
2015: First vaccine for malaria.
RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) is a vaccine that confers partial protection against
malaria in young children. Itwas developed through a partnership
between GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals (GSK) and the PATH Malaria
Vaccine Initiative (MVI), with supportfromtheBill & Melinda Gates
Foundation, and froma network of African research centres that
performed the studies. The clinical testing of RTS,S is at least 5–10 years
ahead of other candidate malaria vaccines.
RTS,S is a vaccine against Plasmodiumfalciparum, the most deadly
malaria parasite globally, and the mostprevalent in Africa. It offers no
protection against P. vivax malaria, which predominates in many

7. countries outside of Africa. The vaccine is being assessed as a
complementary malaria controltool that could potentially be added to –
and not replace – the core packageof proven malaria preventive,
diagnostic and treatment measures.
On 23 October 2015, 2 independent advisory groups comprised of the
world’s foremost experts on vaccines and malaria – the Strategic
Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization and the Malaria
Policy Advisory Committee (MPAC) – recommended pilot
implementations of RTS,S in a limited number of African countries.
These pilot implementations could pave the way for wider deployment
of the vaccine in 3 to 5 years, if safety and effectiveness are considered
acceptable
2015 :First vaccine for ebola.
Results froman interim analysis of the Guinea Phase III efficacy vaccine
trial show that VSV-EBOV (Merck, Sharp & Dohme) is highly effective
against Ebola. The independent body of international experts - the Data
and Safety Monitoring Board – that conducted the review, advised that
the trial should continue.
While the vaccine up to now shows 100% efficacy in individuals, more
conclusiveevidence is needed on its capacity to protect populations
through what is called “herd immunity”. To that end, the Guinean
national regulatory authority and ethics review committee have
approved continuation of the trial. The technique being used in vaccine
trial is called "ring vaccination" which was used in the 1970s to eradicate
smallpox. Ring vaccination controls an outbreak by vaccinating all
suspected individuals in an area around the outbreak
:2015:NHS vaccinates babies against meningitis B
n the UK fromSeptember 2015 babies born on or after 1 July 2015 are
being offered the MenB (meningococcalgroup B) vaccine as part of the

8. routine immunisation scheduleand babies born on or after 1 May are
being offered the vaccine as part of a one off catch-up campaign.
In Ireland, the National Immunisation Advisory Committee(NIAC), which
advises the Irish Government, haveconditionally recommended the
vaccine, but weare still waiting to hear whether it will be made freely
available to Irish infants.
The vaccine is available free of charge to people in the UK and Ireland
with medical conditions that increase their risk of the disease.
Stocks of the vaccine are also available privately in the UK and Ireland,
so people who are not entitled to the vaccineon the NHS can get it if
they pay for it.
References
http://www.who.int/medicines/emp_ebola_q_as/en
-b-ishttp://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/pages/meningit
vaccine.aspx
vaccine-ebola-http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/31/health/guinea
nes.org/content/timelines/allhttp://www.historyofvacci//
vaccination-history-http://www.immune.org.nz/brief
-of-history-http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/pages/the
vaccination.aspx
.