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- 1. Bee Issues in Agriculture and Potential Impacts on the Processing Industry Hannah Gaines Day and Claudio Gratton Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin-Madison
- 4. Is the US next?
- 5. What makes systemic pesticides different?
- 19. Systemic pesticides • Benefits – Very effective – Less toxic to birds and mammals – Effective longer
- 20. Systemic pesticides • Benefits – Very effective – Less toxic to birds and mammals – Effective longer • Drawbacks – Present in nectar and pollen – Remain in environment longer – Toxic to bees
- 21. How important are bees? • 85% of all flowering plants (Ollerton et al. 2011) • 35% of global crop production (Klein et al. 2007) R. Winfree
- 22. One in every three bites you eat is dependent on insect pollination. DIRECTLY
- 23. One in every three bites you eat is dependent on insect pollination. INDIRECTLY
- 24. With bees
- 25. Without bees
- 26. Pollinators • Birds, bats, bees, moths, butterflies • Bees are the MOST IMPORTANT pollinators – Actively collect pollen – Floral constancy – Branched hairs
- 27. Result of poor pollination
- 29. Bees and Midwest agriculture
- 30. Crop pollination by honey bees Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
- 34. Native bees are also great crop pollinators • Active earlier in season and day • Collect both pollen and nectar • Buzz pollination • No rental fees • Keep honey bees moving • Not susceptible to honey bee diseases
- 36. Solitary bee life cycle Spring Winter Fall Summer (Photos: Dennis Briggs)
- 37. Bee diversity in Wisconsin • Cranberry ~180 species (H. Gaines Day, unpubl.) • Pickling cucumber ~60 species (Lowenstein et al. 2012) • Apple ~70 species (R. Mallinger, unpubl.)
- 38. Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
- 39. Native bees and crop pollination Winfree, R. et al.. 2008. Wild bee pollinators provide the majority of crop visitation across land-use gradients in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:793-802. Photo: Rachael Winfree
- 40. Fruit set increases with bee diversity Klein et al. 2003
- 41. Bees are in decline worldwide © Peter Schroeder © Jodi DeLong © Derrick Ditchburn © Johanna James-Heinz
- 42. Causes of bee decline • Mites, disease, pesticide exposure Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
- 43. vanEngelsdorp et al. (in prep)
- 44. Honey bee rental rates (CA) 1995-2005
- 45. 2008 Honey bee rental rates (CA) 2006 1995-2005, plus almonds, 2006-2008 2007
- 46. Colony Collapse Disorder • • • • • Disease/pathogen? Viruses? Pests? Stress? Not cell phones or Bt crops (Duan et al. 2008) • Poor diet? • Insecticide exposure?
- 47. Colony Collapse Disorder • • • • • Disease/pathogen? Viruses? Pests? Stress? Not cell phones or Bt crops (Duan et al. 2008) • Poor diet? • Insecticide exposure?
- 48. Honey bee decline and diet (Alaux et al. 2010) =
- 49. Honey bee decline and diet (Alaux et al. 2010) • Bees diet is made of pollen and nectar • Diverse diet = healthier bees, stronger immune system
- 50. Honey bee decline and diet (Alaux et al. 2010) =
- 51. Modern agricultural landscapes are food deserts for bees.
- 52. Even small flower patches can provide vital floral resources for bees
- 53. Honey bee decline and pesticides • 118 different pesticides found in honey bee hives (Mullin et al. 2010)
- 54. Honey bee decline and pesticides Risk = toxicity x exposure
- 55. Honey bee decline and pesticides Risk = toxicity x exposure
- 56. Honey bee decline and pesticides • Lethal effects • Sub-lethal effects
- 57. Honey bee decline and pesticides • Synergism between chemicals – Combinations of pesticides more toxic
- 58. Honey bee decline and pesticides • Synergism between chemicals – Combinations of pesticides more toxic • Unexpected effects of “safe” chemicals – Inerts, Fungicides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
- 59. Honey bee decline and pesticides Risk = toxicity x exposure
- 60. Honey bee decline and pesticides • Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012) – Planter dust, contaminated soil
- 61. Honey bee decline and pesticides • Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012) – Planter dust, contaminated soil – Weedy flowers near treated fields
- 62. Honey bee decline and pesticides • Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012) – Planter dust, contaminated soil – Weedy flowers near treated fields – Contaminated pollen and nectar Purdue extension Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
- 63. Honey bee decline and pesticides • Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012) – Planter dust, contaminated soil – Weedy flowers near treated fields – Contaminated pollen and nectar – Contaminated water
- 65. How are we addressing these issues? • Research • New EPA labeling • Corn Dust Research Consortium – Industry, government, university, non-profit – Develop new lubricants and polymers to reduce dust and contamination in dust
- 66. Why do these issues matter to you? • Pollinator-dependent crops • Your actions have broader effects than the field boundaries • Everyone needs to eat Purdue extension
- 67. What can you do to help? • Identify and preserve native bees and bee habitat already present on your farm. © NRCS Lynn Betts
- 68. What can you do to help? • Identify and preserve native bees and bee habitat already present on your farm. • Provide flowers and nesting resources. K. Ullmann Photo: Bob Hammond, CO Coop Ext
- 69. What can you do to help? • Identify and preserve native bees and bee habitat already present on your farm. • Provide flowers and nesting resources. • Adjust current practices to protect bees. – Spray timing, drift, chemistries
- 70. Small actions by many people can make a big change.
- 73. Further resources The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)
- 74. Further resources The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)
- 75. Further resources Gratton Lab at UW-Madison http://gratton.entomology.wisc.edu/ My contact information: Email: hgaines@gmail.com Cell: 774-392-0498