4. 1
Corporate Sources & Uses of Funds
2
National Capital Markets
3
Development Banks
4
Project Finance
Financial Markets vs Financial Intermediaries; Globalization of Financial Markets
As International Financial Centers
World Bank Group; Regional & National Development
Financing large-scale capital investment
5. Learning Objectives
To describes trends and differences in corporate
financing
To define securitization and explain the forces that
underlie it
To explain why bank lending is on the decline worldwide
T o explain what is meant by the globalization of
financial markets
To identify the functions and consequences of financial
markets
To describe the links between national and
international capital markets
To explain why firms may choose to raise capital
overseas
To descibes the types and roles of development banks
8. External finance come from
investor / lender.
Debt is the preferred alternatives
– accounts for the overwhelming
share of external funds.
While, New stock issues play a
relatively small and declining role
in financing investment.
9. Whether debt/ equity,
the issuer will turn to
investment banker to
assist in designing and
marketing the issue.
And compensated by
the spread between the
price at which they buy
the security and the
price at which they can
resell it to the public.
11. Financial Market
Any market place where buyers and sellers participate in the trade of
assets such as equities, bonds, currencies, & derivatives.
Typically defined by having transparent pricing, basic regulations on
trading, costs and fees and market forces determining the prices of
securities that trade.
Financial Intermediary
An entity that acts as the middleman between two parties in a financial
transaction.
Typical intermediary: commercial bank. Also includes investment banks,
insurance companies, broker-dealers, mutual funds and pension funds.
Investopedia
12.
13. Securitization is the process
through which an issuer
creates a financial instrument
by combining other financial
asset and then marketing
different tiers of the repackaged
instruments to investors.
Investopedia
15. Trends in external financing:
Bank
Borrowing
German, French, & Japanese industry
Corporate
Borrowing
U.S. & British industry
16. Recent technological & telecommunications
improvement have greatly reduced the
cost of
obtaining and processing
information about the conditions that affect
the creditworthiness of potential borrowers.
“
17. Investors are now more likely to find it costeffective to lend directly to companies rather
than
indirectly
through
financial
intermediaries, such as commercial
banks.
“
20. Different financial system in terms of
Corporate Governance
Market-oriented financial system
in U.S. and U.K. (refer to Anglo-Saxon model).
Bank-centered finance financial system
in Germany, France, & Japan (CEJ type financial system).
21. Keiretsu
is a large industrial grouping with a major
bank at the center. Keiretsu ties a complex
web of tradition, cross-shareholding,
trading relationship, management, and
information swapping.
24. The cost of accessing
capital market directly
=
Japanese companies
turn to corporate bond
=
Shareholder-oriented
management approach
25.
26. The world has become one vast,
interconnected market. Markets
for government securities &
certain stocks, foreign exchange
trading, interbank borrowing &
lending, operates continously
around the clock and around the
world in enormous
size.
“
29. Financial Functions
Mobilize saving
Allocate resources
Facilitate risk transfer & risk mgt.
Monitor managers
Exert corporate control
Supply liquidity
Factors Promoting WellFunctioning Markets
Secure property right
Contract easily enforceable
Meaningful accounting information
Transparent financial statement
Accountability of borrowers &
investors
Borrowers & Investors bear the
consequences of their decisions
Consequences
Greater capital accumulation
Better projects
More innovation
Managerial accountability
Preffed time pattern of consumption
Result
Stronger economic growth
Greater consumer satisfaction
30.
31. International Financial
Markets
Financial markets where
foreigner can both borrow and
lend money
Entrepots
Channels through which
foreign fund pass
Switzerland, Luxembourg,
Singapore, Hongkong,
Bahamas, Bahrain
Important Int’l Financial
Center
London
Tokyo
New York
Germany & France
Requirement for becoming
In’t Financial Center
Political Stability
Minimal government
intervention
33. 1
2
3
The Foreign Bond Market
Portion of the domestic bond market that represents issues
floated by foreign companies or governments
The Foreign Bank Market
Portion of domestic bank loans suppllied to foreigners for use
abroad
The Foreign Equity Market
Placing stocks in foreign market – to diversify the equity
funding risk
35. Critics for Financial Market globalization:
The investors only seeks for the highest risk-adjusted return,
they will swift to abandon countries whose economic fundamentals
are questionable.
They will demand bigger premium for the risk of holding the
country,
It will lead to the devaluations of the country’s currency.
The devaluation raises the cost of imports and boost its interest
rate.
36. Financial markets are in the business of
gathering and processing information from
savers and borrowers around the worlds in
order to perform their real function, which
is to price capital and allocate to its most
uses.
Markets reflect the perceptions of risk and
reward of its participants, and do not
create the underlying reality that caused
the bad perceptions of Financial Markets.
38. Three types of Development bank:
Regional Development Banks
39. Function of Development bank:
• provide equity & debt financing to aid in the economic
development of under developed areas.
• Include extending intermediate- to long-term capital directly.
• strengthening local capital markets.
• supplying management consulting services.
40. World Bank Group: multinational
finance
institution
that
was
established at the end of WWII to
help provide long-term capital for
the reconstruction and development
of member countries.
41. IBRD
IBRD makes loans for projects of high
economic priority.
A government guarantee is a necessity for
World Bank funding.
Bank’s main emphasized on large
infrastructure projetcs (roads, dams, power
plant, education, & agriculture).
Loans are tied up to debtor nations economic
policies: freer trader, more open investment,
lower budget deficits, & more vigorous private
sector.
42. IFC
Finance various projects in the private sector
through loans and equity participations and to
serve as a catalyst for flows of additional
private capital investment to developing
countries.
Doesn’t require government guarantees.
Emphasized on manufacturing firm that have
reasonable chance of earning the investor’s
rate of return and will provide economic
benefits of the nation.
Concentrate its lending & equity in
investment-grade-conglomerate.
Help companies to conduct business in a more
open and investor-friendly manner.
43. IDA
Founded in 1960, to makes loans (soft/ highly
concessionary) for project in LDCs.
Require a government guarantee.
44.
45. Regional Development Bank
Provide funds for financing of manufacturing, mining, agriculture,
& infrastructure projects considered important to development.
46. Regional Development Banks
Leading Regional Development banks
:
African Development Bank (ADB)
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
European Investement Bank (EIB)
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
Atlantic Development Group for Latin America (ADELA)
Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD)
47. National Development Bank
Have the same characteristics of success: they must attract
capable, investment-oriented management; and they must
have large enough supply of economically viable projects.
49. Project Financing
The raising of funds to finance a project in which the providers of
the funds look primarily to the cash flow from the project as
the source of funds to service their loans and provide the return
of and a return on their equity investment in a project.
50. Key Attributes
Of project financing
:
Focus on the economically separable nature of investment projects
suitable for project financing.
Nonrecourse lenders have resort only to the project assets and cash
flows (no sponsor).
The underlying assets in project are large, illiquid industrial assets.
Project have a finite life, at the end of which all debt and equity
investors are repaid.
51.
52. Competition among companies for capital
force them to be more financial transparent, and
improve corporate governance with greater focus on
the rights of shareholder rather than managers.