Tool for assessing effective domain

3. ATTITUDE SCALE
 To assess the attitude or belief of an individual
 Designed to measure attitudes of a subject or group of subject
towards issues, institution, and groups of people.
 “An attitude may be defined as a learned emotional response set
for or against something” Barr, David, Johnson
Meanings of attitude
 Thurstone defines an attitude as the degree of positive or
negative affect associated with some psychological objects.
 Concept attitude denotes the “sum total of a man’s inclinations
and feelings, prejudices or bias, ideas, tears about any specific
topic.”
 Attitude continuum extending from favourableness through
neutral to unfavourableness.

4. 
According to frerman (1965) there are three assumption
upon attitude scale;
 The scale should deal with a controversial question
 An individual’s feelings and insights is regard to the
question will determine his responses to various
statements
 The statements can be scaled regarding the degree to
which the favour are opposed to question under
consideration
Assumptions

5. CHARACTERISTICS
 It provides for quantitative measure on a uni-dimensional
scale of continuum.
 It uses statements from the extreme positive position to
extreme negative position.
 It generally uses a five point scale as:
Strongly agree(SA), Agree(A), Undecided(U),Disagree(D) and
Strongly disagree(SD). The individual gets the score as the
sum of item credits.
 It is usually standardized and norms are worked out
 It disguises the attitude object rather than directly asking
about the attitude on the subject

6. PURPOSE
 In educational research , these scales are used
especially for finding the attitudes of persons on
issues like co-education, religions education,
democracy in schools etc depending upon the
need of the situation.
Some Attitude Scales
Methods of measuring attitudes indirectly, used for
research purposes are;
 Thurstone Technique
 Likert’s Method of summated Rating
 Guttman’s scale

7. THURSTONE’S TECHNIQUE
 Attitude is accepted as an uni-dimensional linear continuum.
 A large number of statements of various shades of favourable and
unfavourable opinions.
 large number of judges exercising complete detachment sort out into
eleven piles ranging from the most statements to the most favourable
ones.
 First category each judge places the statements considers most
favourable to the object.
 Second ,those considered next most favourable.
 Eleventh category considers most unfavourable .
 Tabulations are made which indicate the number of judges who
placed each item in each category.
 Calculating cumulated proportions for each item and ogives are
constructed.
 Median of the frequency distribution in which the scores range from
0 to 11

8. Thurstone’s technique is also known as the technique of
‘equal appearing intervals’
statements Scale
value
 I think this company treats its employees better than
any other company does.
 If I had to do it over again I’d still work for this
company.
 The workers put as much over on the company puts
over on them.
 You have got to have pull with certain people around
here to get ahead.
 An honest man fails in this company
10.4
9.5
5.1
2.1
0.8
CONTINUES………….

9. LIKERT’S SCALE
 Subject’s response to each item may be considered as
his or her rating of attitude on a 5- point scale.
 Strongly agree(SA), Agree(A),
Undecided(U),Disagree(D) and Strongly disagree(SD).
The individual gets the score as the sum of item credits.
 Collection of a number of statements about the subject.
 Items that to be either definitely favourable or definitely
unfavourable to the attitude
 All favourable statements are scored from the maximum
to minimum.
 From a score of 5 to 1or 5 for strongly agree and so on 1
for strongly disagree.
 Total of these scores on all items measures a
respondents favorableness.

10. CONTINUES…..
 Eg : scale consists of 30 items , the following score
values
30*5=150 ( most favourable response)
30*3=90 (neutral attitude)
30*1=30 (most unfavourable attitude)
It is thus known as a method of summated ratings.
Subject’s response to each item may be considered as his
or her rating of attitude on a 5- point scale and the total
score is obtained after all these weights are summated ,
the method is known as SUMMATED RATINGS .

11. GUTTMAN SCALE
 Guttman applied this model in 1941 that each statement
has an idea relationship of one type or another with the
exacting measurement of the attitude.
 Study in investigating a youngsters attitude to career.
 The item in the questionnaire which following.
1. Military career is an attractive and yes no
progressive career.
2. Multinational companies pay a
heavy salary yes no
Any set of items that produces a pattern of
responses is called Guttman Scale.

12. LIMITATIONS OF ATTITUDE SCALE
 An individual may conceal his real attitude and
express socially acceptable opinions only.
 An individual may not really know how he feels
about a social issue.
 An individual may not be able to express his attitude
towards a situation in abstract.
 It is unlikely that the statements are of equal value in
forness or againstness