Slide di Elia Zaru, Università degli Studi di Milano per il terzo seminario del ciclo 'Globalizzazione: tra storia e teoria politica'. Qui sintesi, video e testo: http://www.fondazionebassetti.org/it/focus/2017/08/globofobia_e_globofilia_interp.html

1. GLOBOFOBIA E GLOBOFILIA
INTERPRETAZIONI A CONFRONTO

2. “
”
GLOBOPHILIA CAN BE DEFINED GENERALLY AS AN IDEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
AFFIRMING THAT GLOBALISM IN EITHER ITS ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, OR
CULTURAL ASPECTS IS A BENEFICIAL AND NECESSARY SOCIAL FORCE IN THE
WORLD. CONCEIVED BROADLY, IN THIS WAY, THOSE WHO SUPPORT
GLOBOPHILIC IDEAS MAY VARIOUSLY HAIL FROM DIFFERING ENDS OF THE
POLITICAL SPECTRUM, BE IN FAVOR OF CULTURAL COSMOPOLITANISM OR
NOT, AND BELIEVE EITHER IN CAPITALIST OR ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC
FRAMEWORKS
R. KAHN, (2012), GLOBOPHILIA, IN G. RITZER (ED.), THE WILEY-BLACKWELL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GLOBALIZATION (OXFORD:
BLACKWELL).

3. GLOBOFILIACI
• MAGGIORE DEMOCRAZIA
• MAGGIORE RICCHEZZA
• DIVERSIFICAZIONE CULTURALE
• SOCIETÀ CIVILE GLOBALE
GLOBOFOBICI
• MINORE DEMOCRAZIA
• DISEGUAGLIANZE E IMPOVERIMENTO
• OMOGENEIZZAZIONE CULTURALE
• ATOMIZZAZIONE

4. “
”
GLOBOPHILIA IS MOST TYPICALLY A MONIKER USED TO DESCRIBE THE
PARTICULAR POSITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION IDEOLOGUES WHO LOBBY
FOR THE EXTENSION OF THE ‘WASHINGTON CONSENSUS’, NEOLIBERAL-
STYLED POLICIES OF CAPITALIST MODERNIZATION THROUGHOUT THE
WORLD, THEREBY ARGUING THAT SUCH GLOBALIZATION IS INEVITABLE
AS WELL AS SYNONYMOUS WITH THE CONTINUED REVELATION OF
DEMOCRATIC PROGRESS, CULTURAL DIVERSITY, CONSUMER CHOICE,
AND INCREASING SOCIAL EQUITY
R. KAHN, (2012), GLOBOPHILIA, IN G. RITZER (ED.), THE WILEY-BLACKWELL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GLOBALIZATION (OXFORD:
BLACKWELL).

5. THOMAS FRIEDMAN
(1953)
• T. FRIEDMAN (1999), THE LEXUS AND THE OLIVE TREE:
UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION (NEW YORK: FARRAR,
STRAUS GIROUX); TRAD. IT. (2000), LE RADICI DEL FUTURO. LA
SFIDA TRA LEXUS E L’ULIVO: CHE COS’È LA GLOBALIZZAZIONE
E QUANTO CONTA LA TRADIZIONE (MILANO: MONDADORI).
• T. FRIEDMAN (2005), THE WORLD IS FLAT: A BRIEF HISTORY
OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY (NEW YORK: FARRAR, STRAUS
GIROUX); TRAD. IT. (2007), IL MONDO È PIATTO – BREVE
STORIA DEL VENTUNESIMO SECOLO (MILANO: MONDADORI).

6. “
”
IN THE COLD WAR, THE MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION WAS:
‘WHOSE SIDE ARE YOU ON?’ IN GLOBALIZATION, THE MOST
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION IS: ‘TO WHAT EXTENT ARE YOU
CONNECTED TO EVERYONE?’. IN THE COLD WAR, THE SECOND MOST
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION WAS: ‘HOW BIG IS YOUR MISSILE?’.
IN GLOBALIZATION, THE SECOND MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTION IS: ‘HOW FAST IS YOUR MODEM?’
(FRIEDMAN 1999: 29)

7. “
”
YOU CAN'T ESCAPE THE SYSTEM. SOONER OR LATER
THE LEXUS ALWAYS CATCHES UP WITH YOU
(FRIEDMAN 1999: 59)

8. GLOBALIZZAZIONE:
• NUOVO SISTEMA GLOBALE
• SI FONDA SU TRE TIPOLOGIE DI EQUILIBRIO (TRA STATI, TRA STATI E MERCATI, TRA STATI E
INDIVIDUI)
• INTERAGISCE CON ASPETTI TRADIZIONALI
• SI ORIGINA IN UN MONDO SENZA MURI GRAZIE ALLE DEMOCRATIZZAZIONI DELLA
TECNOLOGIA, DELLA FINANZA E DELL’INFORMAZIONE

9. “
”
THE GOLDEN STRAITJACKET IS THE DEFINING POLITICAL-
ECONOMIC GARMENT OF THIS GLOBALIZATION ERA. THE
COLD WAR HAD THE MAO SUIT, THE NEHRU JACKET, THE
RUSSIAN FUR. GLOBALIZATION HAS ONLY THE GOLDEN
STRAITJACKET. IF YOUR COUNTRY HAS NOT BEEN FITTED
FOR ONE, IT WILL BE SOON
(FRIEDMAN 1999: 129)

10. “
”
TO FIT INTO THE GOLDEN STRAITJACKET A COUNTRY MUST EITHER ADOPT, OR BE SEEN AS MOVING TOWARD, THE
FOLLOWING GOLDEN RULES: MAKING THE PRIVATE SECTOR THE PRIMARY ENGINE OF ITS ECONOMIC GROWTH,
MAINTAINING A LOW RATE OF INFLATION AND PRICE STABILITY, SHRINKING THE SIZE OF ITS STATE BUREAUCRACY,
MAINTAINING AS CLOSE TO A BALANCED BUDGET AS POSSIBLE, IF NOT A SURPLUS, ELIMINATING AND LOWERING
TARIFFS ON IMPORTED GOODS, REMOVING RESTRICTIONS ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT, GETTING RID OF QUOTAS
AND DOMESTIC MONOPOLIES, INCREASING EXPORTS, PRIVATIZING STATE-OWNED INDUSTRIES AND UTILITIES,
DEREGULATING CAPITAL MARKETS, MAKING ITS CURRENCY CONVERTIBLE, OPENING ITS INDUSTRIES, STOCK AND
BOND MARKETS TO DIRECT FOREIGN OWNERSHIP AND INVESTMENT, DEREGULATING ITS ECONOMY TO PROMOTE
AS MUCH DOMESTIC COMPETITION AS POSSIBLE, ELIMINATING GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION, SUBSIDIES AND
KICKBACKS AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE, OPENING ITS BANKING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS TO PRIVATE
OWNERSHIP AND COMPETITION AND ALLOWING ITS CITIZENS TO CHOOSE FROM AN ARRAY OF COMPETING
PENSION OPTIONS AND FOREIGN-RUN PENSION AND MUTUAL FUNDS. WHEN YOU STITCH ALL OF THESE PIECES
TOGETHER YOU HAVE THE GOLDEN STRAITJACKET
(FRIEDMAN 1999: 130)

11. “
”
NO TWO COUNTRIES THAT BOTH HAD MCDONALD'S HAD FOUGHT A
WAR AGAINST EACH OTHER SINCE EACH GOT ITS MCDONALD'S. […]
WHEN A COUNTRY REACHED THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
WHERE IT HAD A MIDDLE CLASS BIG ENOUGH TO SUPPORT A
MCDONALD'S NETWORK, IT BECAME A MCDONALD'S COUNTRY. AND
PEOPLE IN MCDONALD'S COUNTRIES DIDN'T LIKE TO FIGHT WARS
ANYMORE, THEY PREFERRED TO WAIT IN LINE FOR BURGERS
(FRIEDMAN 1999: 277-278)

12. “
”
THE SPREAD OF CAPITALISM HAS RAISED LIVING STANDARDS HIGHER, FASTER AND
FOR MORE PEOPLE THAN AT ANY TIME IN HISTORY. IT HAS ALSO BROUGHT MORE
POOR PEOPLE INTO THE MIDDLE CLASSES MORE QUICKLY THAN AT ANY TIME IN
HUMAN HISTORY. SO WHILE THE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR IS GETTING WIDER –
AS THE WINNERS IN TODAY'S GLOBALIZATION SYSTEM REALLY TAKE OFF AND
SEPARATE THEMSELVES FROM EVERYONE ELSE - THE FLOOR UNDER THE POOR HAS
BEEN RISING STEADILY IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD. IN OTHER WORDS, WHILE
RELATIVE POVERTY MAY BE GROWING IN MANY COUNTRIES, ABSOLUTE POVERTY IS
ACTUALLY FALLING IN MANY COUNTRIES
(FRIEDMAN 1999: 384)

13. “
”
A HEALTHY GLOBAL SOCIETY IS ONE THAT CAN BALANCE THE LEXUS
AND THE OLIVE TREE ALL THE TIME, AND THERE IS NO BETTER MODEL
FOR THIS ON EARTH TODAY THAN AMERICA. AND THAT'S WHY I
BELIEVE SO STRONGLY THAT FOR GLOBALIZATION TO BE
SUSTAINABLE AMERICA MUST BE AT ITS BEST - TODAY, TOMORROW,
ALL THE TIME. IT NOT ONLY CAN BE, IT MUST BE, A BEACON FOR THE
WHOLE WORLD. LET US NOT SQUANDER THIS PRECIOUS LEGACY
(FRIEDMAN 1999: 513)

14. • CROLLO DEL MURO DI BERLINO
• NETSCAPE
• “WORK-FLOW PHASE”
• OPEN-SOURCING
• OUTSOURCING
• OFFSHORING
• SUPPLY CHAIN ING.
• INSOURCING
• INFORMING
• DISPOSITIVI

15. “
”
THAT TIPPING POINT ARRIVED SOMETIME AROUND THE YEAR 2000. THE NET RESULT OF
THIS CONVERGENCE WAS THE CREATION OF A GLOBAL, WEB-ENABLED PLAYING FIELD
THAT ALLOWS FOR MULTIPLE FORMS OF COLLABORATION-THE SHARING OF
KNOWLEDGE AND WORK-IN REAL TIME, WITHOUT REGARD TO GEOGRAPHY,
DISTANCE, OR, IN THE NEAR FUTURE, EVEN LANGUAGE. NO, NOT EVERYONE HAS
ACCESS YET TO THIS PLATFORM, THIS PLAYING FIELD, BUT IT IS OPEN TODAY TO MORE
PEOPLE IN MORE PLACES ON MORE DAYS IN MORE WAYS THAN ANYTHING LIKE IT
EVER BEFORE IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD. THIS IS WHAT I MEAN WHEN I SAY THE
WORLD HAS BEEN FLATTENED
(FRIEDMAN 2005: 119)

16. “
”
NO TWO COUNTRIES THAT ARE BOTH PART OF A
MAJOR GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN, LIKE DELL'S, WILL
EVER FIGHT A WAR AGAINST EACH OTHER AS LONG
AS THEY ARE BOTH PART OF THE SAME GLOBAL
SUPPLY CHAIN
(FRIEDMAN 2005: 277)

17. PATRICK J.
BUCHANAN
(1938)
• P. BUCHANAN (2001), THE DEATH OF THE WEST (NEW YORK:
ST. MARTIN’S PRESS).
• P. BUCHANAN (2006), STATE OF EMERGENCY
(NEW YORK: ST. MARTIN’S PRESS).
• P. BUCHANAN (2012), SUICIDE OF A SUPERPOWER (NEW YORK:
ST. MARTIN’S PRESS).

18. QUATTRO MINACCE PER L’OCCIDENTE:
• INVASIONI (MIGRAZIONI)
• CROLLO DEMOGRAFICO
• MULTICULTURALISMO
• PERDITA DELLE SOVRANITÀ NAZIONALI

19. “
”
AN ECONOMIC UNION LIKE THE EUROPEAN UNION IS NOT A NATION. AN ECONOMY
IS NOT A COUNTRY. AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM SHOULD STRENGTHEN THE BONDS OF
NATIONAL UNION, BUT THE NATION IS OF A HIGHER ORDER THAN THE CONSTRUCT
OF ANY ECONOMIST. A NATION IS ORGANIC; A NATION IS ALIVE; A N~TION HAS A
BEATING HEART. A CONSTITUTION DOES NOT CREATE A NATION. A NATION WRITES A
CONSTITUTION THAT IS THE BIRTH CERTIFICATE OF THE NATION ALREADY BORN IN THE
HEARTS OF ITS PEOPLE. SO IT WAS WITH THE AMERICAN NATION. FOR A NATION TO
ENDURE, ITS PEOPLE MUST FORM A MORAL AND A SOCIAL COMMUNITY AND SHARE
HIGHER VALUES THAN ECONOMIC INTERESTS
(BUCHANAN 2006: 141)

20. “
”
NATIONS EVERYWHERE ARE PUTTING THEIR OWN INTERESTS FIRST,
WHICH SOME OF US PREDICTED DECADES AGO. FOR
GLOBALIZATION’S FATAL DEFICIENCY IS THAT IT DOES NOT ENGAGE
THE HEART. IT HAS NEVER WON OVER PEOPLES FOR WHOM LOVE
AND LOYALTY GO NO HIGHER THAN THEIR OWN COUNTRY. IT
NEVER WILL. NO ONE WILL FIGHT AND DIE FOR SOME VAGUE NEW
WORLD ORDER
(BUCHANAN 2012: 900)

21. “
”
ONE CANNOT BE A CITIZEN OF THE WORLD. IDENTITY IS LOCAL. […] IN
THE NEW POST-POST COLD WAR WORLD, WITH NATIONALISM
RETURNING AND ETHNONATIONALISM SURGING, AMERICA NEEDS TO
LOOK BEYOND THE IDEAS AND INSTITUTIONS OF GLOBALIST IDEOLOGY
AND START LOOKING OUT AGAIN, AS WE SHOULD HAVE DONE, TWO
DECADES AGO, FOR OUR OWN COUNTRY AND OUR OWN PEOPLE
FIRST
(BUCHANAN 2012: 902)

22. TAKIS FOTOPOULOS
(1940)
• T. FOTOPOULOS (1997), TOWARD AN
INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY (LONDON:
CASSELL); TRAD. IT. (1999), PER UNA
DEMOCRAZIA GLOBALE (MILANO:
ELEUTHERA)
• T. FOTOPOULOS (2005),
THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL CRISIS
AND INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY (ATHENS:
GORDIOS)

23. “
”
LA DEMOCRAZIA POLITICA COMPORTA LA CREAZIONE DI ISTITUZIONI POLITICHE DI DEMOCRAZIA DIRETTA, DI
MODO CHE TUTTE LE DECISIONI SIANO PRESE DA ASSEMBLEE LOCALI DI CITTADINI; LA DEMOCRAZIA
ECONOMICA COMPORTA LA CREAZIONE DI ISTITUZIONI CHE GARANTISCANO LA PROPRIETÀ COMUNE DELLE
RISORSE PRODUTTIVE (LE FONTI DELLA RICCHEZZA SOCIALE) E IL LORO CONTROLLO COLLETTIVO DA PARTE
DELLE ASSEMBLEE LOCALI; LA DEMOCRAZIA SOCIALE COMPORTA LA CREAZIONE DI ISTITUTI DI
AUTOGESTIONE DELLE FABBRICHE, DEGLI UFFICI E PIÙ GENERALMENTE DEI LUOGHI DI PRODUZIONE DI BENI
O DI SERVIZI, COMPRESI QUELLI CULTURALI, ARTISTICI E SCOLASTICI; LA DEMOCRAZIA ECOLOGICA
COMPORTA LA CREAZIONE DI ISTITUZIONI E DI UNA CULTURA CHE ASSICURINO LA REINTEGRAZIONE DELLA
SOCIETÀ NELLA NATURA
HTTP://WWW.INCLUSIVEDEMOCRACY.ORG/ID_ITALIAN.HTM)

24. “
”
THE BASIC UNIT OF DECISION MAKING IN AN INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY IS THE DEMOTIC
ASSEMBLY, I.E. THE ASSEMBLY OF DEMOS, THE CITIZEN BODY IN A GIVEN GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
THAT DELEGATES POWER TO DEMOTIC COURTS, DEMOTIC MILITIAS ETCETERA. HOWEVER, APART
FROM THE DECISIONS TO BE TAKEN AT THE LOCAL LEVEL, THERE ARE A LOT OF IMPORTANT
DECISIONS TO BE TAKEN AT THE REGIONAL OR CONFEDERAL LEVEL, AS WELL AS AT THE
WORKPLACE. SO, AN INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY TODAY CAN ONLY TAKE THE FORM OF A
CONFEDERAL DEMOCRACY THAT IS BASED ON A NETWORK OF ADMINISTRATIVE COUNCILS
WHOSE MEMBERS OR DELEGATES ARE ELECTED FROM POPULAR FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC
ASSEMBLIES IN THE VARIOUS DEMOI, WHICH, GEOGRAPHICALLY, MAY ENCOMPASS A TOWN
AND THE SURROUNDING VILLAGES, OR EVEN NEIGHBOURHOODS OF LARGE CITIES
(FOTOPOULOS 2005: 205)

25. “
”
POLITICAL GLOBALISATION REFERS TO THE WITHERING AWAY OF THE NATION-STATE
(AT LEAST AS FAR AS ECONOMIC SOVEREIGNTY IS CONCERNED). CULTURAL
GLOBALISATION, REFERS TO THE PRESENT HOMOGENISATION OF CULTURE, AS
EXPRESSED FOR INSTANCE BY THE FACT THAT ALMOST EVERYBODY IN TODAY’S’
‘GLOBAL VILLAGE’ WATCHES MORE OR LESS THE SAME TV SERIALS AND VIDEOS,
CONSUMES – OR ASPIRES TO CONSUME – THE SAME PRODUCTS AND SO ON.
FINALLY, SOCIAL GLOBALISATION REFERS TO THE HOMOGENISATION OF TODAY’S’
MODE OF LIFE WHICH IS BASED ON INDIVIDUALIST AND CONSUMERIST CULTURE
T. FOTOPOULOS (2001), GLOBALISATION, THE REFORMIST LEFT AND THE ANTI-GLOBALISATION “MOVEMENT”, IN
“DEMOCRACY & NATURE: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY”, 7(2), P. 234)

26. • T. FOTOPOULOS (2016), BREXIT, GLOBALIZATION AND THE BANKRUPTCY OF THE GLOBALIST “LEFT, IN “THE
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY”, 12(1/2), PP. 26-58
• T. FOTOPOULOS (2016), AUSTRIAN ELECTIONS, GLOBALIZATION, THE MASSIVE RISE OF NEO-NATIONALISM AND THE
BANKRUPTCY OF THE LEFT, IN “THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY”, 12(1/2), PP. 63-75
• T. FOTOPOULOS (2016), THE REVOLUTION OF THE VICTIMS OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE USA AND THE MASSIVE
COUNTER-ATTACK, “THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY”, 12(1/2), PP. 116-133
• T. FOTOPOULOS (2016), DIEM25: A MANIFESTO FOR DEMOCRATIZING EUROPE OR FOR PERPETUATING THE EU ELITES’
DOMINATION OF THE EUROPEAN PEOPLES? – TOWARDS A DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITY OF SOVEREIGN NATIONS, IN
THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY”, 12(1/2), PP. 5-25

28. Globale
Locale
Globale
Locale
Globofilia Globofobia

29. “
”
I SKETCH ASPECTS OF A CRITICAL THEORY OF GLOBALIZATION THAT WILL DISCUSS THE FUNDAMENTAL
TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY, POLITICS, AND CULTURE IN A DIALECTICAL FRAMEWORK
THAT DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN PROGRESSIVE AND EMANCIPATORY FEATURES AND OPPRESSIVE AND
NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES. […] I ARGUE THAT THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION IS THEORIZING IT
AS AT ONCE A PRODUCT OF TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION AND THE GLOBAL RESTRUCTURING OF
CAPITALISM IN WHICH ECONOMIC, TECHNOLOGICAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL FEATURES ARE
INTERTWINED. FROM THIS PERSPECTIVE, ONE SHOULD AVOID BOTH TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC
DETERMINISM AND ALL ONE-SIDED OPTICS OF GLOBALIZATION IN FAVOR OF A VIEW THAT THEORIZES
GLOBALIZATION AS A HIGHLY COMPLEX, CONTRADICTORY, AND THUS AMBIGUOUS SET OF INSTITUTIONS
AND SOCIAL RELATIONS, AS WELL AS ONE INVOLVING FLOWS OF GOODS, SERVICES, IDEAS,
TECHNOLOGIES, CULTURAL FORMS, AND PEOPLE
D. KELLNER (2002), THEORIZING GLOBALIZATION, IN “SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY”, 20, 3, P. 286

30. “
”
MY INTENTION IS TO PRESENT GLOBALIZATION AS CONFLICTUAL,
CONTRADICTORY, AND OPEN TO RESISTANCE AND DEMOCRATIC
INTERVENTION AND TRANSFORMATION, NOT JUST AS A
MONOLITHIC JUGGERNAUT OF PROGRESS OR DOMINATION, AS IN
MANY DISCOURSES. THIS GOAL IS ADVANCED BY DISTINGUISHING
BETWEEN ‘GLOBALIZATION FROM BELOW’ AND THE ‘GLOBALIZATION
FROM ABOVE
D. KELLNER (2002), THEORIZING GLOBALIZATION, IN “SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY”, 20, 3, P. 293

31. ANTONIO NEGRI (1933)
MICHAEL HARDT (1960)
• A. NEGRI, M. HARDT (2000), EMPIRE (CAMBRIDGE: HARVARD
UNIVERSITY PRESS); TRAD. IT. (2002), IMPERO. IL NUOVO ORDINE
DELLA GLOBALIZZAZIONE (MILANO: RIZZOLI).
• A. NEGRI, M. HARDT (2004), MULTITUDE. WAR AND DEMOCRACY IN
THE AGE OF EMPIRE (NEW YORK: PENGUIN BOOKS); TRAD. IT. (2004),
MOLTITUDINE. GUERRA E DEMOCRAZIA NEL NUOVO ORDINE IMPERIALE
(MILANO: RIZZOLI).
• A. NEGRI AND M. HARDT (2009), COMMONWEALTH (CAMBRIDGE:
THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS); TRAD. IT. (2010),
COMUNE. OLTRE IL PRIVATO E IL PUBBLICO (MILANO: RIZZOLI).

32. “
”
EMPIRE IS MATERIALIZING BEFORE OUR VERY EYES. OVER THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES, AS
COLONIAL REGIMES WERE OVERTHROWN AND THEN PRECIPITOUSLY AFTER THE SOVIET
BARRIERS TO THE CAPITALIST WORLD MARKET FINALLY COLLAPSED, WE HAVE WITNESSED AN
IRRESISTIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE GLOBALISATION OF ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES.
[…] IT IS CERTAINLY TRUE THAT, IN STEP WITH THE PROCESSES OF GLOBALISATION, THE
SOVEREIGNTY OF NATION-STATES, WHILE STILL EFFECTIVE, HAS PROGRESSIVELY DECLINED. […]
OUR BASIC HYPOTHESIS IS THAT SOVEREIGNTY HAS TAKEN A NEW FORM, COMPOSED OF A
SERIES OF NATIONAL AND SUPRANATIONAL ORGANISMS UNITED UNDER A SINGLE LOGIC OF
RULE. THIS NEW GLOBAL FORM OF SOVEREIGNTY IS WHAT WE CALL EMPIRE
(NEGRI AND HARDT 2000: XI-XII)

33. “
”
THE REVOLTING MASSES, THEIR DESIRE FOR LIBERATION, THEIR
EXPERIMENTS TO CONSTRUCT ALTERNATIVES, AND THEIR
INSTANCES OF CONSTITUENT POWER HAVE ALL AT THEIR BEST
MOMENTS POINTED TOWARD THE INTERNATIONALIZATION
AND GLOBALISATION OF RELATIONSHIPS
(NEGRI AND HARDT 2000: 42-43)

34. “
”
GLOBALISATION, OF COURSE, IS NOT ONE THING,
AND THE MULTIPLE PROCESSES THAT WE RECOGNIZE
AS GLOBALISATION ARE NOT UNIFIED OR UNIVOCAL
(NEGRI AND HARDT 2000: XV)

35. “
”
THERE ARE TWO FACES TO GLOBALISATION. ON ONE FACE, EMPIRE SPREADS GLOBALLY ITS
NETWORK OF HIERARCHIES AND DIVISIONS THAT MAINTAIN ORDER THROUGH NEW
MECHANISMS OF CONTROL AND CONSTANT CONFLICT. GLOBALISATION, HOWEVER, IS ALSO
THE CREATION OF NEW CIRCUITS OF COOPERATION AND COLLABORATION THAT STRETCH
ACROSS NATIONS AND CONTINENTS AND ALLOW AN UNLIMITED NUMBER OF ENCOUNTERS.
THIS SECOND FACE OF GLOBALISATION IS NOT A MATTER OF EVERYONE IN THE WORLD
BECOMING THE SAME; RATHER, IT PROVIDES THE POSSIBILITY THAT, WHILE REMAINING
DIFFERENT, WE DISCOVER THE COMMONALITY THAT ENABLES US TO COMMUNICATE AND ACT
TOGETHER
(NEGRI AND HARDT 2004: XIII)

36. “
”
ONE PRIMARY EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION […] IS THE
CREATION OF A COMMON WORLD, A WORLD THAT,
FOR BETTER OR WORSE, WE ALL SHARE
(NEGRI AND HARDT 2009: VII)

37. “
”
IN MANY CHARACTERISATIONS THE PROBLEM RESTS ON A FALSE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN THE GLOBAL AND THE
LOCAL, ASSUMING THAT THE GLOBAL ENTAILS HOMOGENISATION AND UNDIFFERENTIATED IDENTITY WHEREAS THE
LOCAL PRESERVES HETEROGENEITY AND DIFFERENCE. […] THIS VIEW CAN EASILY DEVOLVE INTO A KIND OF
PRIMORDIALISM THAT FIXES AND ROMANTICIZES SOCIAL RELATIONS AND IDENTITIES. WHAT NEEDS TO BE
ADDRESSED, INSTEAD, IS PRECISELY THE PRODUCTION OF LOCALITY, THAT IS, THE SOCIAL MACHINES THAT CREATE
AND RECREATE THE IDENTITIES AND DIFFERENCES THAT ARE UNDERSTOOD AS THE LOCAL. […] GLOBALITY SIMILARLY
SHOULD NOT BE UNDERSTOOD IN TERMS OF CULTURAL, POLITICAL, OR ECONOMIC HOMOGENISATION.
GLOBALISATION, LIKE LOCALISATION, SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD INSTEAD AS A REGIME OF THE PRODUCTION OF
IDENTITY AND DIFFERENCE, OR REALLY HOMOGENISATION AND HETEROGENISATION. […] THE LEFTIST STRATEGY OF
RESISTANCE TO GLOBALISATION AND DEFENCE OF LOCALITY IS ALSO DAMAGING BECAUSE IN MANY CASES WHAT
APPEAR AS LOCAL IDENTITIES ARE NOT AUTONOMOUS OR SELF-DETERMINING BUT ACTUALLY FEED INTO AND
SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAPITALIST IMPERIAL MACHINE
(NEGRI AND HARDT 2000: 44-45)