1. Technical Fabrics

2. Definition of Technical Fabrics
Fabrics manufactured primarily for their technical
performance and functional properties rather than
their aesthetic or decorative characteristics

3. Methods for producing fabrics
Weaving
Knitting
Lace making
Net making
Felting A 3-D Fabric
Tufting
Non-woven processes

6. Woven Fabric Specifications
• Fabric construction
– Warp count x weft count/ ends per inch x picks per
inch
• Fabric area density / GSM
• Cover factor
• Type of weave
• Crimp
• Fabric width
• Thickness

7. Fabric area density
• The loom state cloth area density depends on the
weaving specification, that is, yarns, thread spacing
and weave, and on any additives, such as size, which
are used to improve the weaving process.
• Finished cloth area density is frequently altered by
chemical treatments .
• The area density of the fabric can be varied by
changing the linear density or count of the yarns used
and by altering the thread spacing, which affects the
area covered by the yarns in relation to the total area.

8. Cloth cover factor
Cloth cover factor = warp cover factor + weft cover factor
Cover factor in SI units =
Cover factor formula by Pierce =

9. Area density and cover factor
Low area density fabrics of open construction include
bandages
Light area density fabrics high cover factor fabrics
include medical filter fabrics
Heavy open cloths include Geotextiles fabrics
Heavy closely woven fabrics include cotton awnings.

10. Plain weave
90% technical fabrics have plain weave

11. Price: 13.40 euro / sq.m.
Areal weight: 165 g / sq.m.
Weaving style: Plain
Width: 0.91 or 1.27 meters ARAMID FABRIC
Warp: aramid fiber Kevlar 49, 5.1 ends(threads) / cm
Weft: aramid fiber Kevlar 49, 5.1 ends / cm
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ARAMID FIBER USED
Tensile strength (MPa): 2900
Elongation at break (%): 2.5

12. Price: 21.68 euro / sq.m.
CARBON FABRIC
Areal weight: 205 g / sq.m.
Weaving style: Plain
Width: 1.27 meters
Warp: carbon fiber,
Weft: carbon fiber,
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON FIBER USED
Tensile strength (MPa): 4900
Elongation at break (%): 2.1

13. Point paper diagram of a plain weave fabric.

14. Warp-faced plain fabrics
• Generally have a much higher
warp cover factor than weft
cover factor.
• If warp and weft yarns of similar
linear density are used, a typical
warp faced plain may have twice
as many warp ends as picks.

15. Weft-faced plain fabrics
Produced by using much higher weft cover factors
than warp cover factors
Weft-faced plains are little used because they are
more difficult to weave.

16. Rib fabrics
• The simplest modifications of plain
weave fabrics.
• Produced by lifting two or more warp
threads and/or two or more picks at the
same time.
• It results in larger warp and/or weft
covered surface areas than in a plain
weave fabric.

17. Matt fabrics (or hopsack)
• The simplest of the matt weaves is a 2/2
where two warp ends are lifted over
two picks
• Matt weave fabrics can be woven with
higher cover factors and have fewer
intersections.
• In close constructions they may have
better abrasion and better filtration
properties and greater resistance to
water penetration.
• In more open constructions matt
fabrics have a greater tear resistance
and bursting strength.

18. Twill fabrics
A twill is a weave that repeats on three or more ends
and picks and produces diagonal lines on the face of a
fabric.
Such lines generally run from selvedge to selvedge.
The direction of the diagonal lines on the surface of
the cloth are generally described as a fabric is viewed
along the warp direction.

19. When the diagonal lines are running
upwards to the right they are ‘Z twill’ or ‘twill
right’ and when they run in the opposite
direction they are ‘S twill’ or ‘twill left’
3 x 3 Twill weaves.
(a)2/1 Twill with Z twill line,
(b)2/1 twill with S twill line,
(c)1/2 twill with Z twill line,
(d)1/2 twill with S twill line,
(e)four repeats of (a) (2/1 twill with a Z twist line).

22. Twill fabrics
• For any construction twills will have longer floats, fewer
intersections and a more open construction than a plain
weave fabric with the same cloth particulars.
• Broken twills, waved twills, herringbone twills are
extensively used for suiting and dress fabrics.
• The smallest repeat of a twill weave consists of 3 ends x 3
picks.

23. Satins and sateens in Britain
Satin Sateen
• A satin is a warp-faced weave • A sateen, frequently referred
to as a ‘weft sateen’, is a weft-
• Satins normally have a much faced weave .
greater number of ends than • Sateens are generally woven
picks per centimeter. with a much higher number
of picks than ends.
• To avoid confusion a satin is
frequently described as a
‘warp satin’.

25. Use of Satins and Sateens
Satins and sateens are widely used in uniforms,
industrial and protective clothing

27. Triaxial weaves
• Two sets of warp yarns are generally inserted at 60° to
the weft

28. Triaxial weaves
The tear resistance, bursting resistance of Triaxial
fabrics is greatly superior to that of standard fabrics
They have a wide range of technical applications
including sailcloths, tyre fabrics, balloon fabrics.

29. Crimp

30. Classification of Weaving Machines
• Single-phase weaving machines
– Machines with shuttles (looms):
• Hand operated (hand looms)
• Non-automatic power looms (weft supply in shuttle changed
by hand)
• Automatic weaving machines
– Shuttle less weaving machines:
• Projectile In single phase machines, one weft thread is laid
• Rapier across the full width of the warp sheet followed
by the beat-up and the formation of the next shed
• Jet machines in preparation for the insertion of the next pick.
– air (with or without relay nozzles)
– liquid (generally water) In multiphase machines, several
phases of the working cycle take place
• Multiphase weaving machines at any instant so that several picks are
being inserted simultaneously.

31. Shedding Mechanisms
Crank
Cam or tappet
Dobbies
Jacquards

32. Weft Insertion Mechanisms
Shuttle
Projectile
Rapier
Air jet
Water jet

33. Projectile looms…
• They are used not only for weaving a vast range of
standard fabrics but also for heavy industrial fabrics
of up to 8m wide, for
– sailcloth,
– conveyor belts,
– tyre cord fabrics,
– awnings,
– Geotextiles,
– airbags and
– a wide range of filter fabrics of varying area density and
porosity.

34. L680W series high-efficiency fibre glass rapier
cross weaving machine
Suitable for the weaving of various gridding
cloth used in civil engineering, hydraulic
construction, building materials, chemical
engineering ann transportation areas

35. OMNI plus 800 air jet weaving
machine
• Gauze
– Gauze is a lightweight, open-texture fabric produced in
plain weave, used for bandages, food wrapping etc.
• Parachute
– Parachute is industrial, heavy-filament, rib stop cloths
made of fine nylon fibre
• Tyre cord
– Tire cord is a fabric used to reinforce the tires of
vehicles

36. OMNI plus 800 air jet weaving
machine
• Umbrella cloth
– Umbrella cloth is usually made with a cotton warp and
rayon or nylon filling, which is then treated to make it
water repellent.
• Camping tent cloth
– Camping tent cloth is a fabric used for the outer
covering of tents for recreational camping.

37. OptiMax rapier weaving
machine
Conveyer belt
Conveyor belt is a continuously moving strip or surface
for transporting a load of objects from one place to
another.
Filter cloth
Filter cloths are mainly made up of monofilaments
and/or multifilament's.

38. Woven either on
rapier or air-jet technology
• Sail cloth
– Sail cloth is any heavy, plain-weave canvas fabric,
usually made of cotton, linen, polyester, jute, nylon etc.
that is used for sails and apparel.
• Seat fabrics
– Seat fabrics are used to cover seats in the transport
industry (automotive, aviation, etc.)
• Air bags
– Airbag is a heavy denier nylon fabric for personal
protection in various forms of transportation.
– Most airbag fabrics are woven with rapier weaving
technology.