Managing Salt-Affected Soils in Marginal Environments
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This document summarizes Dr. Ahmed H. ELNAGGAR's presentation on managing salt-affected soils for marginal agricultural systems. It discusses ICBA's work rehabilitating salt-affected lands in Ethiopia through their RAMSAP project. The project aims to improve food security and incomes by demonstrating how to recover 11 million hectares of degraded land through approaches like bio-drainage using tree plantations, halophyte plantations, and introducing salt-tolerant crop varieties. Over its duration, the RAMSAP project has introduced over 20 salt-tolerant genotypes, trained 750 farmers and extension workers, and expects to help reclaim 50,000 hectares of salt-affected land.
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Managing Salt-Affected Soils in Marginal Environments
- 1. Dr. Ahmed H. ELNAGGAR Soil Management Scientist, ICBA, UAE Management of salt affected soils for marginal agricultural systems
- 2. Contents • What ICBA stands for? • What is marginal environment? • Soil salinity extent and problems • Formation of soil salinity • Strategies and integrated approach for salinity management • Case Studies and projects
- 3. About ICBA ICBA is an international, non-profit agricultural research center established in 1999 through the visionary leadership of the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), and the Government of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
- 4. WHERE ICBA WORKED IN 2017
- 5. What are marginal environments? why should we worry about them? Watch the video: https://youtu.be/umrCDMs1Yqg
- 6. Salt affected soils 50 percent of the irrigated land in the arid and semi-arid regions have some degree of soil salinization problems.
- 7. Extent of soil salinity Source : FAO/UNESCO soil map of the world (1970-1980) FAO estimated that globally the total area of saline soils was 397 million ha and that of sodic soils 434 million ha.
- 9. Salinization I.N. Daliakopoulos, I.K. Tsanis, A. Koutroulis, N.N. Kourgialas, A.E. Varouchakis, G.P. Karatzas, C.J. Ritsema, The threat of soil salinity: A European scale review, Science of The Total Environment,Volume 573,2016, Pages 727-739 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.177.
- 10. Formation of soil salinity high salinity of the irrigation water can cause a build up of salts in the root zone, particularly if the internal drainage of the soils is restricted saline groundwater www.fao.org/3/x5871e/x5871e04.htm
- 11. Source : (Doering and Sandoval, 1976). Saline seeps Formation of soil salinity
- 12. Formation of soil salinity Salt transport and sea water intrusion Source: Rick M. Spechler, U.S. Geological Survey https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/karst
- 13. groundwater tables rise In the irrigated arid and semi-arid, when large additional quantities of water are artificially spread on the land for agriculture groundwater will raise the subsoil water level or may form a perched water table. When water table is within 1 to 2 m of the soil surface, it can contribute significantly to evaporation from the soil surface and therefore to the root zone salinization. Salinization problems can be more severe when the salinity of groundwater is high, as is usually the case in arid regions.
- 14. Localized redistribution of salts Localized redistribution of salts can often cause salinity problems of a significant magnitude. Source: http://www.fao.org/3/x5871e/x5871e06.htm
- 15. Major effects of soil salinity on crops Horie T, Karahara I, Katsuhara M. Salinity tolerance mechanisms in glycophytes: An overview with the central focus on rice plants. The Rice Journal 2012;5(1) 1-18.
- 16. Framework for soil salinity management
- 17. Strategies for management of soil salinity - Drainage projects - Engineering solutions - Physical treatment - Mechanical intervention - Breeding - Salt tolerance crops - Reduced yield - Halophytic crops - soil amendments - Irrigation techniques - tillage - leaching Strategies for managment of soil salinity Reclamation and Rehabilitation Adaption techniques Fertility Managenet
- 18. Case Study from ICBA projects Rehabilitation and Management of Salt-affected Soils to Improve Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia (RAMSAP project ) Partners: Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MoANR), Ethiopia, Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research (EIAR), Ethiopia, Directorate of Research and Training (DRT), Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Rural Development and Cooperative, South Sudan, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Ethiopia. Timeline: December, 2015 - December, 2019 Funding Agency: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Geographical Scope: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, The Republic of South Sudan
- 19. 5 regions Rehabilitation and Management of Salt-affected Soils to Improve Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia (RAMSAP project ) RAMSAP project is being implemented in 5 regions in Ethiopia. 1. Amibara in Afar region (high salinity) 2. Dubti in Afar region (high salinity), 3. Zeway-Dugda in Oromia region (Low to Medium salinity) 4. Shewa-Robit in Amhara region (Medium salinity) 5. Alamata in Tigray region(Medium salinity).
- 20. Problem Overview: • Increased soil salinization and reduced natural biodiversity. (9% of total land mass and 13% of the irrigated area) • Reduced farm and livestock productivity in Ethiopia and South Sudan. • With 11 million hectares of salt-affected soils, Ethiopia stands first in Africa in the extent of area of salt-affected soils due to human-induced and natural causes. • Ethiopia has over 120 million heads of cattle, sheep, goats, camels, horses. • Fodder production for such a large population of livestock is a huge challenge.
- 21. Project Objectives Demonstrate how to recover 11 M/ha of degraded land Improve food security and income of marginalized communities.
- 22. EXTENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SALTAFFECTED LANDS IN ETHIOPIA
- 23. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF SOIL SALINITY DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA Water shortage for irrigation Declining irrigation water quality Lack of infrastructure for water transportation and drainage Technical faults in developing local diversion canals generate changes in the river course
- 24. • Baseline socio-economic survey. • Soil salinity characterization Rehabilitation and Management of Salt-affected Soils to Improve Agricultural Productivity
- 25. Approaches for rehabilitation • Bio-drainage to control waterlogging – tree plantation in the marginal soil – Species such as Eucalyptus hybrid, Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica can successfully be grown on salt-affected – The tree plantation for biodrainage is suitable where engineering approaches to control groundwater table are not feasible due to economic and technical reasons.
- 26. • Halophytes plantation for highly salt-affected lands – Halophyte plantation may help in rehabilitation of saline lands, landscaping, bioenergy generation, carbon dioxide sequestering. – Halophytic forage and seed products can replace conventional ingredients in animal feeding systems, with some restrictions on their use due to partially high salt content and antinutritional compounds present in some species Approaches for rehabilitation
- 27. Achievements • +20 salt-tolerant genotypes introduced and seed multiplication units established • 750 extension workers and farmers trained • Policy discussions initiated with government and research organizations in Ethiopia • The project is directly targeting 5,000 smallholder farmers for seed distribution. We expect that this phase of the project will help in reclaiming 50,000 ha. :
- 28. Center of Excellence looking at Agriculture for Tomorrow Thank you! ICBA is a founding member of the Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture (AIRCA) www.biosaline.org
Notas do Editor
- Primary / Natural Salinity: -From weathering of soil parent materials containing salts and trace elements (including soluble salts –chlorides of Na, Ca, Mg + Sulfates and Carbonates/Bicarbonates) Secondary Salinity (caused by our human activities): -Replace native vegetation with irrigated ag, use of salt-containing groundwater or surface water sources; shallow groundwater impacts -Additional salts from fertilizers, composts, other amendments -Combined with inadequate drainage and limited plan/ability to export
- Saline seeps, common in North America, Australia and other countries, are the result of excessive leaching that results from reduced evapotranspiration after a change in land use from a natural forest vegetation to a cereal grain crop or a shift in cropping pattern such as the introduction of a fallow season in a grain farming system. The percolating water passing through saline sediments is intercepted by impermeable horizontal layers and conducted laterally to landscape depressions causing extensive soil salinization (Doering and Sandoval, 1976).
- Salinity problems are also caused by the ingress of sea water through tidal waves, underground aquifers or through wind transport of salt spray. Soluble salts have also been continually exchanged between land and sea - most transfer of salts from the sea taking place through the uplift of marine sediments and exposure on the earth’s surface.
- Soluble salts move from areas of higher to lower elevations, from relatively wet to dry areas, from irrigated fields to adjacent unirrigated fields, etc. Salts may also accumulate in areas with restricted natural drainage caused by the construction of roads and rail lines or other developmental activities. Evaporation of stagnant waters may leave considerable amounts of salts on the soil surface.
- Excess soil salinity causes poor and spotty stands of crops, uneven and stunted growth and poor yields, the extent depending on the degree of salinity. The primary effect of excess salinity is that it renders less water available to plants although some is still present in the root zone..
- 11 M/ha land in Ethiopia exposed to salinity = 9% of total land mass and 13% of the irrigated area. Annual population growth rate = 2.5%, securing food and livelihood of people will be a challenge. Increasing productivity of existing salt-affected lands and protecting new areas from the spread of salinity is of vital importance for Ethiopia. RAMSAP project is being implemented in 5 regions in Ethiopia. Amibara in Afar region (high salinity) Dubti in Afar region (high salinity), Zeway-Dugda in Oromia region (Low to Medium salinity) Shewa-Robit in Amhara region (Medium salinity) Alamata in Tigray region(Medium salinity). Achievements: Characterization of soils (include salinity) Seed multiplication and production units are established in different regions to produce sufficient seed of selected salt-affected crops and forages Capacity building and policy dialogue: So far, 750 irrigation and extension workers and farmers are trained. This include 550 men and 200 women. Formal and informal meetings were organized with the farmers and researchers to seek their feedback to strengthen scaling up strategy. High level discussions were also held with officials from MoA and research organizations in Ethiopia. The project is directly targeting 5,000 smallholder farmers for seed distribution. We expect that this phase of the project will help in reclaiming 50,000 ha.
- Therefore, there is a strong need for improved forage varieties that are resistant to biotic (pests and diseases) and abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity
- These include (Barley = 3; Sorghum = 5; Quinoa = 5; Cowpea = 3; Sesbania = 3; Pearl Millet = 2)
- Seed multiplication and production units are established in different regions to produce sufficient seed of selected salt-affected crops and forages Capacity building and policy dialogue: So far, 750 irrigation and extension workers and farmers are trained. This include 550 men and 200 women. Formal and informal meetings were organized with the farmers and researchers to seek their feedback to strengthen scaling up strategy. High level discussions were also held with officials from MoA and research organizations in Ethiopia.