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Prof. Eduardo Bessa
Tópicos
 Forrageio
 Teorema do valor marginal
 Comportamento críptico
 Vigilância e alarme
 Mimetismo e distração
 Evasão
 Retaliação e mobilização
Forrageio
 Todo animal é heterotrófico, portanto
precisa obter alimento
 Comportamento alimentar
Forrageamento ótimo
 A ingestão de um alimento deve
oferecer a maior relação entre o custo
de obter o alimento e o benefício de
ingeri-lo
 Mais benefício (alimentos mais nutritivos,
maiores)
 Menos custo (alimentos mais fáceis de
achar, abrir)
2
1
B(Benefício)=E(Energia)/C(Custo)
E¹>E²
C¹>>C²
B¹<B²
Forrageio ótimo de
mexilhões
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Tamanho dos mexilhões (cm)
Valor calórico
Fragilidade da
concha
Percentual
consumido
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frutosconsumidos
Tempo
Ficou até o fim Saiu cedo Ótimo
Valor marginal
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Quantidadedefrutos
consumidos
Tempo
Tempo ideal para
abandonar a mancha
Camuflagem
Vigilância
 Localizar o predador antes de ser
localizado ou de tornar-se um alvo
 A vigilância rouba tempo de outras
atividades
 Vigilância e socialidade (efeito dos
muitos olhos)
 Companheiros podem se aproveitar da
pista de que um predador se aproxima
Distração
Evasão
Saltitar para que?
 Avisar coespecíficos sobre predador
 Avisar ao predador sobre habilidade
Saltitar para que?
Gritos de alarme
 Alertar coespecíficos de um risco
(aparentados ou recíprocos)
 O grito pode ter um custo, ou não
 Padrões nos gritos de alarme (variação
de frequência e som rascante, não-
linear)
Aplicação de sons de
alarme
Mimetismo
 Batesiano (spp palatáveis se parecem
com impalatáveis)
 Muelleriano (várias spp impalatáveis se
parecem)
Retaliação
Mobilização
Síntese
 A alimentação passa por localizar, capturar,
manipular e digerir o alimento
 Animais tomam decisões econômicas na
escolha do alimento
 Para evitar ser predados os animais
procuram primeiro não ser vistos
 Em seguida têm estratégias de evitar a
captura
 Por fim, resistem à manipulação
Exercício
A B C D E F G H I J
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Evitando virar almoço
 http://scienceblogs.com.br/?s=almo%C3
%A7o
CHC
 http://chc.cienciahoje.uol.com.br/multimi
dia/revistas/reduzidas/256/files/assets/b
asic-html/page4.html

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Estratégias de sobrevivência animal: forrageio, vigilância e evasão