This document summarizes a literature review on adoption and use of open source software. Key areas discussed include adoption at the national level, public sector adoption and public policy issues, private sector adoption, developer roles, and economic issues. The review highlights representative works in each area and identifies themes like a nation's interests in pursuing open source versus other stakeholder interests, and distinguishing between a nation considering open source versus preferring it in procurement.
This document provides a history of open source software, tracing its origins back to 1969 with the creation of Unix at Bell Labs. Key events included the early collaborative development of Unix and its licensing at low cost, encouraging modifications and sharing of code. However, in the 1980s AT&T commercialized Unix, restricting access to source code. This led Richard Stallman to found the Free Software Foundation and create the GNU Public License to promote freely modifiable source code. Overall, the document outlines the evolution from early collaborative development models to more restrictive commercial models, setting the stage for modern open source software.
Two nemeses of free and open-source software that affect healthcare informatics are lack of interoperability and vendor lock-in with proprietary systems. Open source software seeks to address issues like these by providing competition to commercial systems and promoting standards-based development. This can help solve problems with healthcare information systems like cost, maintenance difficulties from rapid changes, and issues with security, privacy, and digital consent. Open source healthcare informatics projects aim to create more responsive systems at lower cost through an open development model.
Fintech platform failure rates are disproportionately high, with an estimated 90% failure rate over many years. There is a lack of public information on effective strategies for fintech platforms to survive and succeed. Conventional strategy recommendations may also be less applicable in the fintech context. The authors conducted a literature review of 293 papers on fintech strategies and identified gaps. They developed a theoretical lens based on six strategic logics and evaluated current literature through this lens. Their findings provide a more nuanced understanding of strategic options for fintech platforms to balance differentiation from rivals with meeting stakeholder expectations in changing environments.
Open Source Software: Perspectives for Development (World Bank & Paul Dravis)Paul Dravis
Open Source Software: Perspectives for Development addresses 1) the opportunities and challenges from the dramatic growth of open source software, 2) how developing country policy makers and other key stakeholders make informed decisions and 3) the benefits, costs and implications of choosing open source solutions.
This document presents a systematic literature review of 38 empirical studies on factors relating to successful business intelligence (BI) system implementation. The review identified 10 key factors that frequently influenced implementation success based on their frequency of occurrence in the literature. These factors included management support, data source systems, organizational resources, IT infrastructure, vision, champion, team skills, project manager, user participation, and change management. The study aims to help researchers better identify relevant studies for literature reviews on factors impacting BI system implementation.
OPEN SOURCE TECHNOLOGY: AN EMERGING AND VITAL PARADIGM IN INSTITUTIONS OF LEA...ijcsit
Open Source Software is the major rival in the software market previously dominated by proprietary software products. Open Source Software(OSS) is available in various forms including web servers, Enterprise Resource Planning systems (ERPs), Academic management systems and network management systems and the development and uptake of such software by both commercial and non-commercial companies and institutions is still on the rise. The availability of OSS applications for every common type of enterprise, minimal licensing issues and availability of source code as well as ease of access has made the technology even more attractive in learning and teaching of software based courses in institutions of learning. Through embracing this technology, institutions of learning have been able to minimize general operations cost that could have otherwise been incurred in procuring similar proprietary software. Students and teaching staff can nowadays interact and modify the readily available source code hence making learning and teaching more practical
This document discusses the use of open source technology in institutions of learning in Kenya. It finds that students and teaching staff widely use open source software and tools in learning and teaching due to factors like ease of access, lack of vendor dependency, and enhancement of the learning process. Open source allows students to access source codes and modify software, supporting the learning of software development skills. Institutions also benefit from the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of open source. The study concludes that open source has become an important part of learning and operations in Kenyan educational institutions.
Recent analysis of litigation outcomes suggests that nearly half of the patents litigated to judgment were held invalid. Commonly available patent search software is predominantly keyword based and takes a “one-size-fits-all” approach leaving much to be desired from a practitioner’s perspective. We discuss opportunities for using text mining and information retrieval in the domain of patent litigation. We focus on post-grant inter partes review process, where a company can challenge the validity of an issued patent in order, for example, to protect its product from being viewed as infringing on the patent in question. We discuss both possibilities and obstacles to assistance with such a challenge using a text analytic solution. A range of issues need to be overcome for semantic search and analytic solutions to be of value, ranging from text normalization, support for semantic and faceted search, to predictive analytics. In this context, we evaluate our novel and top performing semantic search solution. For experiments, we use data from the database USPTO Final Decisions of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board. Our experiments and analysis point to limitations of generic semantic search and text analysis tools. We conclude by presenting some research ideas that might help overcome these deficiencies, such as interactive, semantic search, support for a multi- stage approach that distinguishes between a divergent and convergent mode of operation and textual entailment.
This document provides a history of open source software, tracing its origins back to 1969 with the creation of Unix at Bell Labs. Key events included the early collaborative development of Unix and its licensing at low cost, encouraging modifications and sharing of code. However, in the 1980s AT&T commercialized Unix, restricting access to source code. This led Richard Stallman to found the Free Software Foundation and create the GNU Public License to promote freely modifiable source code. Overall, the document outlines the evolution from early collaborative development models to more restrictive commercial models, setting the stage for modern open source software.
Two nemeses of free and open-source software that affect healthcare informatics are lack of interoperability and vendor lock-in with proprietary systems. Open source software seeks to address issues like these by providing competition to commercial systems and promoting standards-based development. This can help solve problems with healthcare information systems like cost, maintenance difficulties from rapid changes, and issues with security, privacy, and digital consent. Open source healthcare informatics projects aim to create more responsive systems at lower cost through an open development model.
Fintech platform failure rates are disproportionately high, with an estimated 90% failure rate over many years. There is a lack of public information on effective strategies for fintech platforms to survive and succeed. Conventional strategy recommendations may also be less applicable in the fintech context. The authors conducted a literature review of 293 papers on fintech strategies and identified gaps. They developed a theoretical lens based on six strategic logics and evaluated current literature through this lens. Their findings provide a more nuanced understanding of strategic options for fintech platforms to balance differentiation from rivals with meeting stakeholder expectations in changing environments.
Open Source Software: Perspectives for Development (World Bank & Paul Dravis)Paul Dravis
Open Source Software: Perspectives for Development addresses 1) the opportunities and challenges from the dramatic growth of open source software, 2) how developing country policy makers and other key stakeholders make informed decisions and 3) the benefits, costs and implications of choosing open source solutions.
This document presents a systematic literature review of 38 empirical studies on factors relating to successful business intelligence (BI) system implementation. The review identified 10 key factors that frequently influenced implementation success based on their frequency of occurrence in the literature. These factors included management support, data source systems, organizational resources, IT infrastructure, vision, champion, team skills, project manager, user participation, and change management. The study aims to help researchers better identify relevant studies for literature reviews on factors impacting BI system implementation.
OPEN SOURCE TECHNOLOGY: AN EMERGING AND VITAL PARADIGM IN INSTITUTIONS OF LEA...ijcsit
Open Source Software is the major rival in the software market previously dominated by proprietary software products. Open Source Software(OSS) is available in various forms including web servers, Enterprise Resource Planning systems (ERPs), Academic management systems and network management systems and the development and uptake of such software by both commercial and non-commercial companies and institutions is still on the rise. The availability of OSS applications for every common type of enterprise, minimal licensing issues and availability of source code as well as ease of access has made the technology even more attractive in learning and teaching of software based courses in institutions of learning. Through embracing this technology, institutions of learning have been able to minimize general operations cost that could have otherwise been incurred in procuring similar proprietary software. Students and teaching staff can nowadays interact and modify the readily available source code hence making learning and teaching more practical
This document discusses the use of open source technology in institutions of learning in Kenya. It finds that students and teaching staff widely use open source software and tools in learning and teaching due to factors like ease of access, lack of vendor dependency, and enhancement of the learning process. Open source allows students to access source codes and modify software, supporting the learning of software development skills. Institutions also benefit from the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of open source. The study concludes that open source has become an important part of learning and operations in Kenyan educational institutions.
Recent analysis of litigation outcomes suggests that nearly half of the patents litigated to judgment were held invalid. Commonly available patent search software is predominantly keyword based and takes a “one-size-fits-all” approach leaving much to be desired from a practitioner’s perspective. We discuss opportunities for using text mining and information retrieval in the domain of patent litigation. We focus on post-grant inter partes review process, where a company can challenge the validity of an issued patent in order, for example, to protect its product from being viewed as infringing on the patent in question. We discuss both possibilities and obstacles to assistance with such a challenge using a text analytic solution. A range of issues need to be overcome for semantic search and analytic solutions to be of value, ranging from text normalization, support for semantic and faceted search, to predictive analytics. In this context, we evaluate our novel and top performing semantic search solution. For experiments, we use data from the database USPTO Final Decisions of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board. Our experiments and analysis point to limitations of generic semantic search and text analysis tools. We conclude by presenting some research ideas that might help overcome these deficiencies, such as interactive, semantic search, support for a multi- stage approach that distinguishes between a divergent and convergent mode of operation and textual entailment.
Big data is prevalent in our daily life. Not surprisingly, big data becomes a hot topic discussedby commercial worlds, media, magazines, general publics and elsewhere. From academic point of view, isit a research area of potential worth being explored? Or it is just another hype? Are there only computer orIS related scholars suitable for big data research due to its nature? Or scholars from other research areas are alsosuitable for this subject? This study aims to answer these questions through the use of informetricsapproach and data source form the SSCI Journal database, leveraging informetric‟s robust natures ofquantitative power of analyze information in any form onto the data source of representativeness. This research shows that big data research is at its growth phase with an exponential growth patternsince 2012 and with great potential for years to come. And perhaps surprisingly, computer or IS relateddisciplinesare not on the top 5 research areas fromthis research results. In fact, the top five research disciplinesare more diversified then expected: business economics (#1), Government Law (#2), InformationScience/ Library Science (#3), Social Science (#4) and Computer Science (#5). Scholars from the USuniversities are the most productive in this subject while Asian countries, including Taiwan, are alsovisible. Besides, this study also identifies that big data publications from SSCI journal database during2005-2015 do fit Lotka‟s law. This study contributes tounderstand the current big data research trends and also show the ways toresearchers who are interested to conduct future research in big data regardless of their research backgrounds.
Open source software in government challenges and opportunitiesLuke Fretwell
This research identified many challenges to the use of such software in the government and its collaborative development, and in order to maximize its limited resources, the U.S. government must find solutions to address these challenges. They can be grouped into categories such as fears about low quality and malware; concerns about commercial support; inertia; procurement issues; and issues with certification and accreditation (C&A). Interviewees also reported a critical need for OSS guidance and education, and specific recommendations included: requiring that software and C&A materials developed with government funding be maximally shared and developed collaboratively; that the government receive full data rights for such material; and that the government should release such software as OSS by default.
IJRET-V1I1P5 - A User Friendly Mobile Search Engine for fast Accessing the Da...ISAR Publications
Mobile search engine is a meta search engine that imprisonments the user’s favorite in
the form of concepts by mining their click through data. But the search query is limited to small
words unlike those used when interacting with search engines through computers. It has become
popular because of presence of huge number of applications. Smartphone’s carry large amount of
personal information, such as user’s personal details, contacts, messages, emails, credit card
information, etc. User type specific search and finally Ontology based Search. Moreover opinion
mining is conducted to provide feedback and valuable suggestions given by the mobile users. Due
to the different characteristics of the content concepts and location concepts, use different
techniques for their concept extraction and ontology formulation. Moreover the individual users
can use this search engine, which runs on android platform. They can give feedbacks and
suggestions about the search result. Based on the feedback other users can get valuable
information about the services available in their location or nearby location.
Automated Discovery of Logical Fallacies in Legal Argumentationgerogepatton
This document summarizes an article that presents a model and system for discovering logical fallacies in legal argumentation. The model functions by formalizing legal text in Prolog. It assesses different parts of legal decision making like claims, applied laws, and decisions for detecting fallacies. The system checks arguments for validity, soundness, sufficiency, and necessity to identify fallacies. It is asserted that dealing with these challenges resolves fallacies in argumentation. The model provides a mechanism to discover non sequitur fallacies, where the conclusion does not follow the premises, in legal texts.
AUTOMATED DISCOVERY OF LOGICAL FALLACIES IN LEGAL ARGUMENTATIONijaia
This paper presents a model of an algorithmic framework and a system for the discovery of non sequitur fallacies in legal argumentation. The model functions on formalised legal text implemented in Prolog. Different parts of the formalised legal text for legal decision-making processes such as, claim of a plaintiff, the piece of law applied to the case, and the decision of judge, will be assessed by the algorithm, for detecting fallacies in an argument. We provide a mechanism designed to assess the coherence of every premise of a claim, their logic structure and legal consistency, with their corresponding piece of law at each stage of the argumentation. The modelled system checks for validity and soundness of a claim, as well as sufficiency and necessity of the premise of arguments. We assert that, dealing with the challenges of validity, soundness, sufficiency and necessity resolves fallacies in argumentation.
AUTOMATED DISCOVERY OF LOGICAL FALLACIES IN LEGAL ARGUMENTATIONgerogepatton
This paper presents a model of an algorithmic framework and a system for the discovery of non sequitur fallacies in legal argumentation. The model functions on formalised legal text implemented in Prolog. Different parts of the formalised legal text for legal decision-making processes such as, claim of a plaintiff, the piece of law applied to the case, and the decision of judge, will be assessed by the algorithm, for detecting fallacies in an argument. We provide a mechanism designed to assess the coherence of every premise of a claim, their logic structure and legal consistency, with their corresponding piece of law at each stage of the argumentation. The modelled system checks for validity and soundness of a claim, as well as sufficiency and necessity of the premise of arguments. We assert that, dealing with the challenges of validity, soundness, sufficiency and necessity resolves fallacies in argumentation.
AUTOMATED DISCOVERY OF LOGICAL FALLACIES IN LEGAL ARGUMENTATIONgerogepatton
This document presents a model for discovering logical fallacies in legal argumentation. The model analyzes formalized legal text implemented in Prolog to assess arguments for validity, soundness, sufficiency, and necessity. This helps identify errors in reasoning known as non sequitur fallacies. The system checks if a claim's premises adequately support its conclusion and the application of the relevant law. By examining the logic and consistency of arguments at each stage, the model aims to detect fallacies and ensure legally sound decision making.
งานวิจัยต่างประเทศเกี่ยวกับ information technologyTam Taam
1) The document discusses the shift in computing from a "computer-oriented" approach to an "information-oriented" one, where the focus is on developing useful applications rather than advanced hardware and system software.
2) It argues that an information-oriented approach does not diminish the importance of computers but allows for new types of computers without constraints. It will be the required approach for future computer research.
3) Establishing an information-oriented theory and basic technologies is needed, with a common base being languages that encompass natural and artificial languages to represent, process, store and communicate information.
When Ostrom Meets Blockchain: Exploring the Potentials of Blockchain for Comm...eraser Juan José Calderón
When Ostrom Meets Blockchain: Exploring the Potentials of Blockchain for Commons Governance by David Rozas (drozas@ucm.es), Antonio Tenorio-Fornés (antoniotenorio@ucm.es), Silvia
1 2
Díaz-Molina (smdmolina@ucm.es), and Samer Hassan (shassan@cyber.harvard.edu)
The Role of Foundations in Open Source ProjectsJavier Canovas
Slides of the presentation of the paper titled "The Role of Foundations in Open Source Projects", accepted in the Software Engineering in Society track of the International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE).
A Survey of Ontology-based Information Extraction for Social Media Content An...ijcnes
The amount of information generated in the Web has grown enormously over the years. This information is significant to individuals, businesses and organizations. If analyzed, understood and utilized, it will provide a valuable insight to its stakeholders. However, many of these information are semi-structured or unstructured which makes it difficult to draw in-depth understanding of the implications behind those information. This is where Ontology-based Information Extraction (OBIE) and social media content analysis come into play. OBIE has now become a popular way to extract information coming from machine-readable sources. This paper presents a survey of OBIE, Ontology languages and tools and the process to build an ontology model and framework. The author made a comparison of two ontology building frameworks and identified which framework is complete.
Integrating Public, Dynamic Metrics Into an Open Educational Resources PlatformKathleen Ludewig Omollo
The document presents a framework for integrating public, dynamic metrics into an open educational resources (OER) platform. Interviews with faculty, librarians, and specialists revealed that readily available metrics can strengthen relationships with content authors by demonstrating impact over time. Metrics also provide justification for the effort and costs associated with content development. The framework utilizes APIs from content hosting sites like YouTube and SlideShare to aggregate usage data and integrate metrics into customizable dashboards down to the individual resource level. This allows for detection of patterns and deeper analysis of OER usage over time.
The document discusses the differences and similarities between open source and open data. Open source refers to software where the source code is openly available, while open data refers to freely available data that can be used and shared by anyone. Both open source and open data aim for transparency and collaboration. However, open source focuses on programs and code, while open data focuses on freely sharing raw data for any purpose. Laws and adoption have also progressed further for open data compared to open source. Overall, the goals of openness are largely aligned between the two concepts.
Running head CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY .docxhealdkathaleen
This document discusses crime analysis technology and its role in fighting crimes. It provides background on crime analysis and how the use of technology has helped law enforcement more effectively solve and prevent crimes. Specifically, it discusses how predictive policing software using data from past crimes can help predict future severe crimes in an area. It also notes that 9 out of 10 law enforcement officials believe technology has helped agencies solve crimes by identifying links and trends. Additionally, the document proposes implementing crime analysis technology initiatives at the FBI to strengthen its ability to deal with terrorism and threats.
Running head CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 9
Crime Analysis Technology
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Crime Analysis Technology
Peer-Reviewed Article Analysis
Technology has evolved over the years in various sectors, with new technological innovations being developed. One of the areas that has witnessed great applications of technological evolution is in the detection and prevention of crime. This article will analyze the various technologies that are used to prevent and detect crime.
Byrne and Marx (2011) in their article reviews the topic in detail and gives insight in the role of technology in combating crime.
The key data that will be used in this research is secondary data from various peer-reviewed sources that review the topic of Crime Analysis Technology from various perspectives. Byrne and Marx (2011) presents various data on crime and the use of Information Technology in crime detection and prevention. For instance, it highlights that the percentage of schools in the United States that deploy metal detectors is approximately 2%. The article also approximates that as of 2006, one million CCTV cameras had been deployed in the United States, although the article does not provide current estimates on the same.
The article plays a great role in my final research. It gives a highlight of the various technological applications for crime prevention and detection. This can provide a background for further research, especially the technological innovations that are currently being developed. The article also presents figures about various elements of technology in crime prevention and detection such as the number of CCTV cameras, the crime rates such as the registered sex offenders, among others. Projections can therefore be made to the future.
The article mentions several significant facts. First, it classifies technological innovations in criminal justice as hard technology versus soft technology. Hard technology innovations include hardware and materials while soft technology innovations include information systems and computer software. Examples of hard technology is the CCTV cameras, metal detectors, and security systems at homes and schools. Examples of soft technology include predictive policing technology, crime analysis techniques, software, and data sharing techniques, among others. Both of the two categories of technological innovations are important in criminal justice. Another fact is the new technology of policing. The article identifies hard policing technological tools such as non-lethal weaponry and technologies for officer safety. It highlights soft policing technologies such as data-driven policies in policing and information sharing. Another important fact that the article mentions is the issues that should be con.
This document is an annotated bibliography on open source integrated library systems (ILS). It contains summaries of various sources that discuss open source ILS systems, with a focus on Koha and Evergreen. The sources are divided into three sections - overviews of open source software in libraries, evaluating open source ILS systems, and implementing the most discussed systems, Koha and Evergreen. The annotated bibliography provides concise summaries of each source and their relevance to research on open source ILS systems.
Opinion Mining Techniques for Non-English Languages: An OverviewCSCJournals
The amount of user-generated data on web is increasing day by day giving rise to necessity of automatic tools to analyze huge data and extract useful information from it. Opinion Mining is an emerging area of research concerning with extracting and analyzing opinions expressed in texts. It is a language and domain dependent task having number of applications like recommender systems, review analysis, marketing systems, etc. Early research in the field of opinion mining has concentrated on English language. Many opinion mining tools and linguistic resources have been built for English language. Availability of information in regional languages has motivated researchers to develop tools and resources for non-English languages. In this paper we present a survey on the opinion mining research for non-English languages.
Information overload for communities of practiceMurray Turoff
A study of emergency management professionals with emphasis on medical and public health done for NLM. These are slides of a paper presented at Web2008 during ICIS 2008 and you can request a copy of the paper from me directly as well as other work in this area. Check my website for the full NLM report
This document provides an overview of data mining techniques for software engineering. It discusses how software engineering data like code bases, execution traces, and bug databases contain valuable information about a project. Data mining can help with tasks like managing projects, improving quality, and understanding large systems. The document outlines challenges in mining software engineering data and how techniques must be customized. It also summarizes successful case studies and available data mining tools to help researchers apply these techniques.
The document discusses treatments for sleep apnea. CPAP is considered the most effective treatment as it reduces nighttime sleeplessness compared to oral appliances. The discussion will consider arguments for and against CPAP and oral appliances as treatments for sleep apnea. Pros of CPAP include its high effectiveness while cons include discomfort. Oral appliances have the pros of comfort but the con of lower effectiveness compared to CPAP.
How To Write Better Essays (12 Best Tips)Dustin Pytko
The document provides steps for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It explains that users must first create an account, then complete a request form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. Writers will bid on the request, and the user can choose a writer based on qualifications. The user can request revisions until satisfied with the paper.
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Semelhante a Adoption And Use Of Open Source Software Preliminary Literature Review
Big data is prevalent in our daily life. Not surprisingly, big data becomes a hot topic discussedby commercial worlds, media, magazines, general publics and elsewhere. From academic point of view, isit a research area of potential worth being explored? Or it is just another hype? Are there only computer orIS related scholars suitable for big data research due to its nature? Or scholars from other research areas are alsosuitable for this subject? This study aims to answer these questions through the use of informetricsapproach and data source form the SSCI Journal database, leveraging informetric‟s robust natures ofquantitative power of analyze information in any form onto the data source of representativeness. This research shows that big data research is at its growth phase with an exponential growth patternsince 2012 and with great potential for years to come. And perhaps surprisingly, computer or IS relateddisciplinesare not on the top 5 research areas fromthis research results. In fact, the top five research disciplinesare more diversified then expected: business economics (#1), Government Law (#2), InformationScience/ Library Science (#3), Social Science (#4) and Computer Science (#5). Scholars from the USuniversities are the most productive in this subject while Asian countries, including Taiwan, are alsovisible. Besides, this study also identifies that big data publications from SSCI journal database during2005-2015 do fit Lotka‟s law. This study contributes tounderstand the current big data research trends and also show the ways toresearchers who are interested to conduct future research in big data regardless of their research backgrounds.
Open source software in government challenges and opportunitiesLuke Fretwell
This research identified many challenges to the use of such software in the government and its collaborative development, and in order to maximize its limited resources, the U.S. government must find solutions to address these challenges. They can be grouped into categories such as fears about low quality and malware; concerns about commercial support; inertia; procurement issues; and issues with certification and accreditation (C&A). Interviewees also reported a critical need for OSS guidance and education, and specific recommendations included: requiring that software and C&A materials developed with government funding be maximally shared and developed collaboratively; that the government receive full data rights for such material; and that the government should release such software as OSS by default.
IJRET-V1I1P5 - A User Friendly Mobile Search Engine for fast Accessing the Da...ISAR Publications
Mobile search engine is a meta search engine that imprisonments the user’s favorite in
the form of concepts by mining their click through data. But the search query is limited to small
words unlike those used when interacting with search engines through computers. It has become
popular because of presence of huge number of applications. Smartphone’s carry large amount of
personal information, such as user’s personal details, contacts, messages, emails, credit card
information, etc. User type specific search and finally Ontology based Search. Moreover opinion
mining is conducted to provide feedback and valuable suggestions given by the mobile users. Due
to the different characteristics of the content concepts and location concepts, use different
techniques for their concept extraction and ontology formulation. Moreover the individual users
can use this search engine, which runs on android platform. They can give feedbacks and
suggestions about the search result. Based on the feedback other users can get valuable
information about the services available in their location or nearby location.
Automated Discovery of Logical Fallacies in Legal Argumentationgerogepatton
This document summarizes an article that presents a model and system for discovering logical fallacies in legal argumentation. The model functions by formalizing legal text in Prolog. It assesses different parts of legal decision making like claims, applied laws, and decisions for detecting fallacies. The system checks arguments for validity, soundness, sufficiency, and necessity to identify fallacies. It is asserted that dealing with these challenges resolves fallacies in argumentation. The model provides a mechanism to discover non sequitur fallacies, where the conclusion does not follow the premises, in legal texts.
AUTOMATED DISCOVERY OF LOGICAL FALLACIES IN LEGAL ARGUMENTATIONijaia
This paper presents a model of an algorithmic framework and a system for the discovery of non sequitur fallacies in legal argumentation. The model functions on formalised legal text implemented in Prolog. Different parts of the formalised legal text for legal decision-making processes such as, claim of a plaintiff, the piece of law applied to the case, and the decision of judge, will be assessed by the algorithm, for detecting fallacies in an argument. We provide a mechanism designed to assess the coherence of every premise of a claim, their logic structure and legal consistency, with their corresponding piece of law at each stage of the argumentation. The modelled system checks for validity and soundness of a claim, as well as sufficiency and necessity of the premise of arguments. We assert that, dealing with the challenges of validity, soundness, sufficiency and necessity resolves fallacies in argumentation.
AUTOMATED DISCOVERY OF LOGICAL FALLACIES IN LEGAL ARGUMENTATIONgerogepatton
This paper presents a model of an algorithmic framework and a system for the discovery of non sequitur fallacies in legal argumentation. The model functions on formalised legal text implemented in Prolog. Different parts of the formalised legal text for legal decision-making processes such as, claim of a plaintiff, the piece of law applied to the case, and the decision of judge, will be assessed by the algorithm, for detecting fallacies in an argument. We provide a mechanism designed to assess the coherence of every premise of a claim, their logic structure and legal consistency, with their corresponding piece of law at each stage of the argumentation. The modelled system checks for validity and soundness of a claim, as well as sufficiency and necessity of the premise of arguments. We assert that, dealing with the challenges of validity, soundness, sufficiency and necessity resolves fallacies in argumentation.
AUTOMATED DISCOVERY OF LOGICAL FALLACIES IN LEGAL ARGUMENTATIONgerogepatton
This document presents a model for discovering logical fallacies in legal argumentation. The model analyzes formalized legal text implemented in Prolog to assess arguments for validity, soundness, sufficiency, and necessity. This helps identify errors in reasoning known as non sequitur fallacies. The system checks if a claim's premises adequately support its conclusion and the application of the relevant law. By examining the logic and consistency of arguments at each stage, the model aims to detect fallacies and ensure legally sound decision making.
งานวิจัยต่างประเทศเกี่ยวกับ information technologyTam Taam
1) The document discusses the shift in computing from a "computer-oriented" approach to an "information-oriented" one, where the focus is on developing useful applications rather than advanced hardware and system software.
2) It argues that an information-oriented approach does not diminish the importance of computers but allows for new types of computers without constraints. It will be the required approach for future computer research.
3) Establishing an information-oriented theory and basic technologies is needed, with a common base being languages that encompass natural and artificial languages to represent, process, store and communicate information.
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Díaz-Molina (smdmolina@ucm.es), and Samer Hassan (shassan@cyber.harvard.edu)
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The amount of information generated in the Web has grown enormously over the years. This information is significant to individuals, businesses and organizations. If analyzed, understood and utilized, it will provide a valuable insight to its stakeholders. However, many of these information are semi-structured or unstructured which makes it difficult to draw in-depth understanding of the implications behind those information. This is where Ontology-based Information Extraction (OBIE) and social media content analysis come into play. OBIE has now become a popular way to extract information coming from machine-readable sources. This paper presents a survey of OBIE, Ontology languages and tools and the process to build an ontology model and framework. The author made a comparison of two ontology building frameworks and identified which framework is complete.
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The document discusses the differences and similarities between open source and open data. Open source refers to software where the source code is openly available, while open data refers to freely available data that can be used and shared by anyone. Both open source and open data aim for transparency and collaboration. However, open source focuses on programs and code, while open data focuses on freely sharing raw data for any purpose. Laws and adoption have also progressed further for open data compared to open source. Overall, the goals of openness are largely aligned between the two concepts.
Running head CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY .docxhealdkathaleen
This document discusses crime analysis technology and its role in fighting crimes. It provides background on crime analysis and how the use of technology has helped law enforcement more effectively solve and prevent crimes. Specifically, it discusses how predictive policing software using data from past crimes can help predict future severe crimes in an area. It also notes that 9 out of 10 law enforcement officials believe technology has helped agencies solve crimes by identifying links and trends. Additionally, the document proposes implementing crime analysis technology initiatives at the FBI to strengthen its ability to deal with terrorism and threats.
Running head CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 9
Crime Analysis Technology
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Crime Analysis Technology
Peer-Reviewed Article Analysis
Technology has evolved over the years in various sectors, with new technological innovations being developed. One of the areas that has witnessed great applications of technological evolution is in the detection and prevention of crime. This article will analyze the various technologies that are used to prevent and detect crime.
Byrne and Marx (2011) in their article reviews the topic in detail and gives insight in the role of technology in combating crime.
The key data that will be used in this research is secondary data from various peer-reviewed sources that review the topic of Crime Analysis Technology from various perspectives. Byrne and Marx (2011) presents various data on crime and the use of Information Technology in crime detection and prevention. For instance, it highlights that the percentage of schools in the United States that deploy metal detectors is approximately 2%. The article also approximates that as of 2006, one million CCTV cameras had been deployed in the United States, although the article does not provide current estimates on the same.
The article plays a great role in my final research. It gives a highlight of the various technological applications for crime prevention and detection. This can provide a background for further research, especially the technological innovations that are currently being developed. The article also presents figures about various elements of technology in crime prevention and detection such as the number of CCTV cameras, the crime rates such as the registered sex offenders, among others. Projections can therefore be made to the future.
The article mentions several significant facts. First, it classifies technological innovations in criminal justice as hard technology versus soft technology. Hard technology innovations include hardware and materials while soft technology innovations include information systems and computer software. Examples of hard technology is the CCTV cameras, metal detectors, and security systems at homes and schools. Examples of soft technology include predictive policing technology, crime analysis techniques, software, and data sharing techniques, among others. Both of the two categories of technological innovations are important in criminal justice. Another fact is the new technology of policing. The article identifies hard policing technological tools such as non-lethal weaponry and technologies for officer safety. It highlights soft policing technologies such as data-driven policies in policing and information sharing. Another important fact that the article mentions is the issues that should be con.
This document is an annotated bibliography on open source integrated library systems (ILS). It contains summaries of various sources that discuss open source ILS systems, with a focus on Koha and Evergreen. The sources are divided into three sections - overviews of open source software in libraries, evaluating open source ILS systems, and implementing the most discussed systems, Koha and Evergreen. The annotated bibliography provides concise summaries of each source and their relevance to research on open source ILS systems.
Opinion Mining Techniques for Non-English Languages: An OverviewCSCJournals
The amount of user-generated data on web is increasing day by day giving rise to necessity of automatic tools to analyze huge data and extract useful information from it. Opinion Mining is an emerging area of research concerning with extracting and analyzing opinions expressed in texts. It is a language and domain dependent task having number of applications like recommender systems, review analysis, marketing systems, etc. Early research in the field of opinion mining has concentrated on English language. Many opinion mining tools and linguistic resources have been built for English language. Availability of information in regional languages has motivated researchers to develop tools and resources for non-English languages. In this paper we present a survey on the opinion mining research for non-English languages.
Information overload for communities of practiceMurray Turoff
A study of emergency management professionals with emphasis on medical and public health done for NLM. These are slides of a paper presented at Web2008 during ICIS 2008 and you can request a copy of the paper from me directly as well as other work in this area. Check my website for the full NLM report
This document provides an overview of data mining techniques for software engineering. It discusses how software engineering data like code bases, execution traces, and bug databases contain valuable information about a project. Data mining can help with tasks like managing projects, improving quality, and understanding large systems. The document outlines challenges in mining software engineering data and how techniques must be customized. It also summarizes successful case studies and available data mining tools to help researchers apply these techniques.
Semelhante a Adoption And Use Of Open Source Software Preliminary Literature Review (20)
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This document discusses different scholars' attempts to answer the question of what causes economic growth over history. It mentions Ibn Khaldun in the 14th century proposing that economic growth occurs through the expansion of towns to cities, increasing demand and specialization of labor. It also references Adam Smith, David Hume, Karl Marx, and later economists like Alfred Marshall and Robert Solow who studied this question. While many prominent thinkers have tried to address this challenging issue, it remains an important but still unresolved question in economics and academic studies.
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The document discusses file sharing and web piracy. It provides a brief history of file sharing and considers arguments from both sides of the issue. Some see file sharing as unethical and equivalent to theft, as it costs media industries billions in lost profits each year. Others view it as fair use. The document aims to summarize the issue and present the author's personal stance.
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Here are the key points about commercialization of art in China:
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Princess Dakota lives in the far away world of The Enchantments but finds herself transported to Winfred, West Virginia through time travel. As a princess by day and superhero by night, Dakota possesses special abilities that will help her navigate this unfamiliar world. However, she must first figure out how she arrived in Winfred and how to return home.
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The document discusses the similarities and differences between four ancient river valley civilizations: Egypt along the Nile River, the Indus Valley civilization in modern-day Pakistan, Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq, and China along the Yellow River. All four societies developed agriculture, technology, cities, and forms of government or rule, though they differed in their political and social structures, with Egypt and Mesopotamia having kings who ruled as gods and China having an emperor, while the Indus Valley is more mysterious without a clear ruler. Gender roles also varied between focusing on agriculture for men and childrearing for women.
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The document discusses how coalitions play a major role in shaping American politics. Coalitions between parties, officials, and organizations influence major decisions made in the U.S. Over time, allied groups tend to experience changes. The 2016 election year featured new coalition formations and breakdowns. Parties strive to maintain or gain power by taking steps to tip the scales in their favor through coalitions.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Adoption And Use Of Open Source Software Preliminary Literature Review
1. Adoption and Use of Open Source Software: Preliminary Literature Review
Nathan W. Moon and Paul M.A. Baker, Ph.D., AICP
Center for Advanced Communications Policy
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
Executive Summary
This paper presents the preliminary findings from a literature review focusing on
opportunities and barriers to open source adoption and use. Rather than present a comprehensive
overview of scholarship on the subject, this review highlights work that is representative of
deeper literatures of given subjects. Each of the articles cited here provides an entrée into more
literature on that subject. The key pertinent areas include:
• Technology adoption at national level
• Public policy issues and adoption within public sector
• Private Sector Adoption and Use
• Developer Roles in Adoption and Use
• Economic issues pertaining to Open Source Software
Introduction
This paper presents the preliminary findings of a literature review and annotated
bibliography on open source software, with a particular emphasis on themes that are applicable
to the creation of open source potential indices (OSPIs). In that regard, this literature review
highlights themes related to the adoption and use of open source software, with the nation, type
of user, or sector as the unit of analysis. The literature review also addresses broader
methodological issues concerned with the formation of such indices, as well as the data sources
used by researchers.
In addition to a brief analysis, this literature review presents relevant articles, arranged by
theme, and presented in the form of a matrix. An annotated bibliography is also provided. The
current iteration of this literature reviews draws upon the scholarly literature on open source
software using databases such as EBSCO, EconLit, Academic Search Premier, ProQuest
Research Library, and JSTOR. This means that certain useful sources pertaining to open source
software, including such books as Steven Weber’s The Success of Open Source (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 2005) and Joseph Feller et al.’s (eds.) Perspectives on Free and Open
Source Software (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007) have not yet been integrated within this review.
These lengthier sources will receive consideration in the final version.
What the Academic Literature Tells Us about Open Source Research
2. At the forefront of much research into open source software has been the work done by
economists, most of whom are intrigued by what appears to be a distinct mode of technological
development, innovation, and, especially, distribution. Lerner and Tirole (2005b) suggest four
questions/issues of interest to scholars studying open source software: 1) technological
characteristics conducive to smooth open source development, 2) optimal licensing of open
source, 3) the coexistence of open source and proprietary software, and 4) the potential for the
open source model to be carried over to other industries (i.e. the portability of the “open source”
concept). While technological issues are germane to the adoption of open source, just as
important are social issues. In his examination of the Linux operating system, Weber (2000)
identifies three key issues for social scientists to ponder: 1) motivation of individuals who
develop open source; 2) coordination of activities in the supposed absence of a hierarchical
structure, and 3) growing complexity in open source projects and its management.
Questions such as these can only be answered with the gathering of reliable data. And a
number of social scientists have emphasized a need for empirical data in order to substantiate
some of the claims made about open source software. Ghosh, in Feller et al., (2007) explains
why little empirical evidence exists for explaining why or how the open source model works.
Hard data on the monetary value of OSS collaborative development is almost non-existent. Most
models for economic evaluation and measurement require the use of money, and noneconomic
activity such as the creation and development of free software is hard to measure in any
quantifiable sense. (There are studies for nonpriced goods, e.g. knowledge, and these are useful
in judging influence of such goods in organizations, markets, and other socioeconomic structures
dominated by monetary indicators. But measurement is more complex and ambiguous in a
context where the primary economic activity - the generation of free software through
collaborative networks - is unusual in its avoidance of the use of money as a mode of exchange.)
Ghosh contends, therefore, that the lack of objective, "census-type" sources means that many
indicators, quantitative and qualitative, may require the use of surveys.
He identifies two problems with such surveys, however:
1. Who can we survey? There is no universal, clearly recognized objective data on the
population to be surveyed.
2. Issues of Secondary Sources: Empirical data on FLOSS developers is not only hard to
collect, but once collected, might be somewhat unreliable. So, there is a reason to use
secondary sources to match subjective empirical data, and methods of validating them (a
"handy excuse for papers that do not cite empirical data")
Other critics have argued that no empirical evidence exists to substantiate the claims that have
been made about open source software.
Contra such critics, Lerner and Tirole emphasize that aspects of open source software
appear initially puzzling to an economist. But scholars’ ability to answer confidently many of
the issues raised here questions is likely to increase as the open source movement itself grows
and evolves. At the same time, they believe much of open source activities can be understood
within existing economic frameworks, despite the presence of claims to the contrary. One such
demonstration is their empirical analysis of the determinants of license choice using the
SourceForge database1
, a compilation of nearly 40,000 open source projects.
1
http://sourceforge.net/
2
3. Themes
When considering opportunities and barriers to the adoption and use of open source
software, particularly non-technological factors, a number of themes are emergent in the
literature:
Adoption at national level: Scholars have examined the adoption of open source by national
governments, via policy mechanism/regulatory approaches. By 2001, Peru, Brazil, Argentina,
France, and Mexico all had measures pending that would mandate the use of free software on
government computers. Other national and local-level efforts were also taken up in such
countries as Germany, Spain, Italy, and Vietnam to establish official alternatives to the use of
closed, proprietary software by government. For many free software practitioners, it was the
seemingly uncontainable momentum of their movement and the sheer technical strength of free
software itself—more than any particular local actions or activities—that were to credit for its
global successes. However, Chan (2006) argues that Peru provides an alternative case to this
free market explanation. The Peruvian national government became directly invested in the
issue, and free software in that nation became an instrument to directly address limitations of the
state and its relation to global markets. Through free software, stakeholders sought to refashion
the state as a strengthened entity that could act independently from or in challenge to
transnational corporate interests. Chan argues that if free software in other nations had
frequently expressed a confidence that it would and should spread without government's
intervention, Peru's legislative developments signaled a departure from such free market logics
and signaled that something other than free software's technological spread were of most concern
to its advocates. When considering open source adoption at the national level, one key issue is
the government’s interests in pursuing this option versus those of other stakeholders who stand to
benefit from such a decision.
Chae and McHaney (2006) examined an initiative announced by China, Japan, and South
Korea in 2003 to promote open source software and platforms that favored non-Microsoft
products such as Linux. When considering the reasons for this partnership and the nations’
rationales for pursuing open source, the authors focused on, 1) geography, 2) similar languages
and traditions, 3) security, 4) political and economic forces (e.g., alternative vs. Microsoft), and
5) technological self-reliance. Particularly germane are East Asian countries where e-
government initiatives are underway, as well as concern about the security and vulnerability of
commercial software (e.g. South Korea’s experience with the 2003 “SQL Slammer” worm).
Related to such rationales for national adoptions is May’s (2006) analysis, arguing that open
source software adoption in sub-Saharan African nations can help curtail the costs and problems
associated with closed software licenses and intellectual property rights issues.
Public Sector Adoption and Public Policy Issues: An issue distinct from direct national
adoption involves parsing the role public policy should (or even can) play in open source
decisions. Whereas some governments have begun to procure open source software, others have
actually channeled public funds to large-scale open source development projects. The distinction
here, as made by Lee (2006), is that a nation that “considers” OSS signifies its desire to establish
a level playing field within the public sector’s IT procurement policies—such policy is not
actually pro-OSS policy because it neither constitutes a government preference for OSS or
3
4. means the government will choose it. However, when policy makers decide to “prefer” OSS
over proprietary software, the decision is likely to be criticized as procurement discrimination by
proprietary software developers. Lee argues that when making public policy decisions on open
source, government users should taking into account society’s long term interests, not just its
interests as a consumer.
Other issues germane for policy makers include OSS’s impact on e-government
initiatives. While official discourse and government policy for non-proprietary software
suggests that its introduction into government will bring more 'politics as usual' rather than
democratization, Berry and Moss (2006) discuss circumstances in which the discourse and
practice of non-proprietary software contribute to opening-up and democratizing e-government.
OSS can protect and extend transparency and accountability in e-governments and offer scope
for technology to be socially shaped by citizens and associations as well as by administrators and
private interests. Simon (2005) and Seiferth (1999) also bring attention to political issues such as
standards settings and open licensing that impact the public policy of open source.
Private Sector Adoption and Use: Even within national contexts, the private sector remains an
important factor when considering the opportunities and barriers to the adoption of open source.
In her discussion of IBM’s embrace of open source, Samuelson (2006) draws attention to several
developments: 1) an anti-Microsoft strategy among firms; 2) consequence of changed business
models in the software industry; and 3) manifestation of an open innovation strategy for
promoting faster and more robust technical advances. Meanwhile, Bonaccorsi and Rossi (2006)
call attention to the larger issues surrounding the private sectors’ decisions whether to embrace
open source, including economic (price/license policy independence), social (conforming to
values of OS community), and technological (exploiting feedback and contributions from
developers, promoting standardization, security issues) motivations.
Role of Developers in Adoption and Use Decisions: A growing body of literature has also
emerged to query the role that OSS developers themselves may play in the adoption and use of
open source in both the public and private sectors. The motivations of open source developers in
the literature have generally been described by a taxonomy that considers two components of
motivation—intrinsic (e.g., fun, flow, learning, community) and extrinsic (e.g., financial
rewards, improving future job prospects, signaling quality). Krishnamurthy (2006) makes a case
for incorporating both elements in developing an integrative theory about developer motivation.
Three elements are identified as being unique to open source development: 1) diversity of project
structures, 2) co-existence of companies and communities and, 3) co-existence of creative and
commercial elements. Four factors are identified by the author as important mitigating and
moderating factors in the conversation surrounding developer motivation: 1) financial incentives,
2) nature of task, 3) group size, and 4) group structure. Such issues are important because the
motivations of open source developers shape socially the adoption of these systems by firms and
governmental agencies.
In that vein, Bonaccorsi and Rossi (2006) provide empirical evidence on the incentives of
the firms that engage in OS activities. Findings on firms' motivations were compared with the
results of surveys on individual programmers in order to analyze the role played by different
classes of incentives (social, economic and technological) in determining the involvement in the
movement of different typologies of agents (individual vs. organizations). In conclusion, the
different ways in which individual developers and companies approach open source can impact
4
5. its adoption within private and public sectors. Unlike innovation based on a strong professional
culture involving close collaboration between professionals in academia and/or corporations, Lin
(2006) argues that open source development entails a global knowledge network, which consists
of: 1) a heterogeneous community of individuals and organizations who do not necessarily have
professional backgrounds in computer science but have developed the competency to understand
programming and working in a public domain; and 2) corporations, which results in a hybrid
form of software development.
Economic Issues Pertaining to Open Source Software: As previously noted, economists have
shown a great deal of interest in the issues posed by open source software. While some have
argued that open source is incongruous with existing theoretical models, many economists have
followed Lerner and Tirole’s lead in attempting to use existing models to better understand the
phenomenon. An especially important issue has been the relationship between open source
software and the software market in general. Regarding the propensity of would-be users to
adopt open source, Comino and Manenti (2005) contend that mass-market consumers can be
divided between those who are informed about the existence of OSS and those who are
uninformed. Since OSS producers have little incentive to advertise, there may be a substantial
mass of uniformed consumers, leading to market failures that may justify government
intervention. Related to this assertion is Forge’s (2006) analysis of the packaged software
industry. Contra monopolistic trends related to the packaged software industry in the U.S., Forge
finds that the way forward in economic terms for Europe may well be to follow and encourage
open source software for reasons of creating a strong software industry and for a counterbalance
to current monopolistic trends. The paper's findings emphasize the need for investment,
education and encouragement in open source software, by both the public and private sectors, to
build a strong knowledge-based society in Europe. Other related issues discussed in this
literature review concern open source licensing and responses by open source developers to
market externalities.
Methods and Sources
The scholarship on the adoption and use factors for open source may be categorized into the
types of research. Most prevalent is research that tends to be theoretical or presents a given
model to explain a particular set of barriers and opportunities. These generally draw upon
secondary sources. Next, case studies are common for building on or contributing to much of the
theoretical research. Much of these have relied upon primary sources such as newspapers and
government documents, though a few have also gathered information from correspondence or
interviews. Finally, empirical research is the least common, but perhaps most useful means for
gathering data. Studies such as these often draw upon survey data.
5
6. Issue Study Focus Findings Method Data
Source
Adoption of
open source
at national
(governmen
tal) level
Vaism
an
(2007)
Open
source in
Iran,
Middle
East/role of
women
Three years ago, Iran decided to run its
government computer system on open-source
software. The Islamic Republic had long relied on
pirated copies of Microsoft’s software, a result of
the US embargo that forbids American companies
from providing technical support to Iran. A recent
European Union survey found that only 1.5% of
European open-source coders are female. Not so
in Iran, where, by some estimates, half of all
software engineers coming out of the country's
universities are women. Of the three coders who
developed Iran's first official open-source project,
two were women. Similar patterns are now
emerging elsewhere in the Middle East. In Syria,
which is also under a US embargo, women are
estimated to make up at least 50% of the coding
workforce.
Report Media
sources
Chae
and
McHa
ney
(2006)
Collaborati
ve open
source
initiative
by Japan,
China, and
Korea
Factors involving geography, politics, economics,
and security motivated CJK’s open source-based
software initiative
Case
study/Anal
ysis
News
media
sources
May
(2006)
Open
source
adoption in
sub-
Saharan
Africa
Argues that opens source software can ameliorate
many of the problems associated with intellectual
property rights from closed source software
Policy
analysis
Governmen
t
documents;
media
sources
Xiaob
ai
(2005)
Open
source vs.
proprietary
software in
China
This paper looks at implications of the emerging
global Intellectual Property (IP) regime for
Developing Countries (DC) and their attempts to
improve their technological capabilities. It further
highlights the new perspectives for DCs opened
by the emergence of non-proprietary (open
source/free) software, such as Linux. A case study
of the battle between Microsoft and Linux in
China is used to explore the dilemmas faced by
China in determining what IP regime (strict or
weak) to adopt, and the threats and opportunities
that either may pose for indigenous technology
development. Based on the case analysis, the
paper criticizes the simplistic polarized views that
have been presented of the implications of the
global IP regime and of the potential of non-
proprietary software. It explores some of the
complex considerations about the interplay
between technology strategy and IP protection for
China and discusses the policy implications for
China and other DCs.
Case study Governmen
t
documents;
media
publications
Alons
o et
Open
source
Alonso et al analyze the impact of a decision by
the regional government in Extremadura, Spain to
Case study Governmen
t
6
7. al.
(2004)
adoption in
Spain
support development of free and open source
software during the early 2000s. They do it
against a background of political philosophical
concerns for the loss of community in a high-tech
and scientific society. Following through, they
argue that a technoscientific policy may be judged
on grounds other than straightforward economic
benefit, for which case, benefits of a particular
policy have included communitarian
development.
documents;
media
sources
Chan
(2004)
Open
source
adoption in
Peru
Peru’s practices departed from language of
technical and economic rationality repeatedly
invoked to explain free software's adoption in
other nations. Insisted instead on a new framing
of free software as necessarily engaged and
invested in processes of governance and political
reform
Case study Governmen
t
documents;
interviews;
media
sources
Public
sector
adoption of
open source
(public
policy)
Berry
and
Moss
(2006)
Open
source
software’s
impact on
e-
government
initiatives
Analysis of official discourse and government
policy for non-proprietary software suggests that
its introduction into government will bring more
'politics as usual' rather than democratization; the
authors of this paper envisage circumstances in
which the discourse and practice of non-
proprietary software contribute to opening-up and
democratizing e-government, by protecting and
extending transparency and accountability in e-
governments and by offering scope for
technology to be shaped by citizens and
associations as well as by administrators and
private interests.
Theoretical
/
Model
Secondary
source
literature;
case studies
Lee
(2006)
Benefits
and risks of
government
policy
favoring
open
source
When making public policy decisions on open
source, government users should taking into
account society’s long term interests; not just its
interests as a consumer
Policy
analysis
Secondary
source
literature;
government
documents
Michl
er
(2005)
Procureme
nt decisions
by national
government
s
Merits of open source software, particularly in the
context of Australian Government procurement,
have been the subject of considerable debate in
recent times. Considers the merits of open source
software through an examination of both the legal
and technical risks associated with the product In
concluding, it is determined that there is a
positive argument for mandating open source
software as a viable alternative to its closed
source counterpart.
Legal
analysis/ca
se study
Governmen
t
documents;
Australian
case law
Simon
(2005)
Convergen
ce by
government
s
worldwide
to open
standards
and the
Given the equally rapid changes in the
information technology marketplace, the
successful adoption of these new technologies by
governments will depend on how well the
strengths of proprietary software and OSS are
understood and applied--especially with respect to
the use of open standards to speed deployments of
integrated capabilities that respond to emerging
Analysis Secondary
literature;
case study
7
8. ways in
which open
source
embraces
this
convergenc
e
challenges.
Seifert
h
(1999)
Open
licensing in
the United
States
Open source licensing plays important role in
releasing source codes; Use of open content
licensing to release the associated electronic
information; Adoption of open licensed systems
by the Department of Defense.
Case study Governmen
t documents
Private
sector
adoption/us
e of open
source
Bonac
corsi
and
Rossi
(2006)
Examinatio
n of
incentives
of the firms
that engage
in OS
activities
Firms’ motivation for open source may be
understood as economic (price/license policy
independence), social (conforming to values of
OS community), and technological (exploiting
feedback and contributions from developers,
promoting standardization, security issues)
Model/
theoretical
Survey (146
Italian open
source
firms)
Mirall
es,
Sieber
, and
Valor
(2006)
OSS
Adoption
by IT
Department
s
In this paper, authors propose that due to the
particularities of the Open Source Software (OSS)
development process and its perceived "social"
connotations, traditional ways of explaining IT
adoption are insufficient to understand the case of
OSS diffusion. Evidence shows that OSS fails in
many cases to displace dominant market leaders
even in the case of user's unhappiness with the
prevalent solution, while in some others OSS is
adopted without a clear advantage. Using a
qualitative research approach, authors highlight
the existence of a new context, in which the
adoption of Linux-based OSS platforms by
companies is not led only by traditional drivers.
User communities and broader social
responsibility considerations have been found to
exert some degrees of pressure on the IT decision
maker. Through the analysis of some significant
cases authors propose a framework that helps to
depict under which conditions significant OSS
adoption may unfold.
Theoretical
/
Comparati
ve case
study
11 firms in
France:
interviews
and
company
documents
Samue
lson
(2006)
Discusses
IBM
Corp.'s
adoption of
an open
source
software
model
IBM’s embrace of open source may be
understood in three ways: 1) an anti-Microsoft
strategy; 2) consequence of changed business
models in the software industry; and 3)
manifestation of an open innovation strategy for
promoting faster and more robust technical
advances.
Legal
analysis
IBM
publications
; secondary
literature
West
and
Dedric
k
(2006)
OSS
Adoption
Authors present a qualitative study of how
organizations do (or do not) adopt a new
computer server platform standard; namely, Linux
using PC-compatible hardware. While discussions
of Linux typically focus on its open source
origins, our respondents were interested primarily
in low price. Despite this relative advantage in
Comparati
ve case
study;
Interviews
4 MIS
departments
in U.S.;
Interviews
with CIOs
of
companies.
8
9. price, incumbent standards enjoyed other
advantages identified by prior theory; namely,
network effects and switching costs. Authors
show when, how, and why such incumbent
advantages are overcome by a new standard. They
find that Linux adoption within organizations
began for uses with a comparatively limited scope
of deployment, thus minimizing network effect
and switching costs disadvantages. Authors
identify four attributes of information systems
that potentially limit the scope of deployment:
few links of the system to organizational
processes, special-purpose computer systems,
new uses, and replacement of obsolete systems.
Authors also identify an organizational level
variable-internal standardization-which increases
scope of deployment and, thus, the attractiveness
of the incumbent standard.
Gosai
n
(2003)
Culture of
OSS
developers
via
Slashdot
Slashdot is a major virtual meeting ground for the
Open Source development community. The
discourse at Slashdot is interpreted in this study,
and in combination with primary interviews and
secondary archival analysis, yields rich insights
about the signifying practices, contradictions,
norms, incentive structures and values systems
that characterize the community that it supports.
The characteristics of the site such as the
emphasis on collaboration to manage information,
its distinctive interpolation, the reputation-
maintenance mechanisms, use of Open Source
tools, and adoption of norms such as "release
early, release often" reflect the broader Open
Source ideals. Using an ethnomethodology
perspective, this study provides clear examples to
recover what reflective members 'know' from
their practical mastery in everyday affairs of the
community. We find that the site taps into the
emergent social construction of the community
and effectively mediates that construction.
Ethnograp
hic study
Interviews,
Slashdot
archives
West
and
Dedric
k
(2001)
Standards
adoption
Firms that sponsor proprietary de facto
compatibility standards must trade off control of
the standard against the imperative for adoption.
For example, Microsoft and Intel in turn gained
pervasive adoption of their technologies by
appropriating only a single layer of the standards
architecture and encouraging competition in other
layers. In reaction to such proprietary strategies,
the open source movement relinquished control to
maximize adoption.
Case study Secondary
literature
Adoption of
open source
by
educational
institutions
Chum
ney
and
Zhou
(2008)
MIT’s
Open
Course
Ware
initiative
This paper discusses the open source movement
as it relates to educational platforms. It begins
with examining the value of information in the
American economy and reviewing the legal
mechanism which primarily affords protection to
information in our legal system, namely copyright
Case study Media
sources
9
10. law. The impact of the Internet on both
information and education is studied. The
culmination of stringent copyright laws and the
ubiquity of the Internet are put forth as the
impetus for the modern open source movement
and the open education movement. The view of
"education as a good" is posited as well as the
impact of the Internet on education. The
philosophy and impact of the open source
education movement are also studied, with
particular attention paid to MIT’s Open
Knowledge Initiative (OKI) and
OpenCourseWare (OCW) Project. Some
obstacles to MIT's initiatives are reviewed.
Finally, the information is examined and a
conclusion put forth about the efficacy and future
of open source education software.
Van
Rooij
(2007)
Perceptions
of
technology
and
academic
decision-
makers
about open
source
benefits
and risks
versus
commercial
software
application
s
Interviews revealed perceived barriers to open
source adoption and the extent to which the
outsourcing concept could alleviate risks.
Recommendations for overcoming adoption
barriers are offered.
Survey Telephone
survey
Water
s
(2007)
Benefits
derived by
U.S.
schools
from open
source
software
Growing number of K-12 districts are converting
to open source software, both to cope with tight
budgets and to escape proprietary vendor lock-in
and expensive upgrade cycles
Survey/ana
lysis
Interviews
with
education
leaders
(K-12 Open
Technologi
es
Leadership
Initiative)
Role of
OSS
developers
in public
and private
sector
adoption
Duena
s et al.
(2007)
Compariso
n of open
source
project
incubators
Open source development is often regarded as a
chaotic environment where new initiatives'
success or failure just happens by chance.
However, successful open source communities
are applying incubation processes for managing
the risks associated with creating new projects.
This article analyzes the qualitative and
quantitative aspects of the incubation process,
focusing on the Apache and Eclipse communities.
After performing a quantitative and qualitative
comparative analysis of these communities, the
authors identified aspects that affect the
incubation period's duration and community size.
Comparati
ve case
study
Governance
documents
and other
project
documents
from
Apache and
Eclipse
10
11. The similarities led them to propose a two-stage
model for the incubation process, which might
facilitate its applicability to other open source or
industrial organizations.
Krishn
amurt
hy
(2006)
Trends in
the
research on
motivation
in open
source
Current literature favors a taxonomy that
considers two components of motivation—
intrinsic and extrinsic. Author makes a case for
incorporating both elements in developing an
integrative theory about developer motivation.
Three elements are identified as being unique to
FLOSS development: diversity of project
structures, co-existence of companies and
communities, and co-existence of creative and
commercial elements
Model Interviews
and surveys
based off of
Sourceforge
; Slashdot
discussion
groups;
survey of
141 Linux
developers,
etc.
(metadata,
mostly)
Lin
(2006)
Dynamics
of
collaboratio
n between
open
source
community
and
corporation
s
Current open source development entails a global
knowledge network, which consists of 1) a
heterogeneous community of individuals and
organizations who do not necessarily have
professional backgrounds in computer science but
have developed the competency to understand
programming and working in a public domain;
and 2) corporations
Policy
analysis
Interviews
(fieldwork
undertaken
at European
FLOSS
conferences
; 10 semi-
structured
interviews
with
developers
from EU)
Legal
aspects of
open source
McGh
ee
(2007)
Legal
analysis of
open
source
licensing
McGhee discusses the rise of free and open
source software (FOSS) as an alternative to
traditional commercial software products and how
this new software brings a host of unique legal
issues that must be evaluated before any gains
may be realized. Mr. McGhee reviews the case
law and explains when companies should be
aware of the particular situations that emphasize
FOSS licensing compliance. The author
concludes that free and open source software can
be either a tremendous boon to companies that
use it intentionally or a potential logistic,
economic, and legal nightmare for those that do
not. In any event, he believes that FOSS
compliance should no longer be ignored.
Legal
analysis
Court cases
involving
OSS
McGo
wan,
Stephe
ns, &
Grube
r
(2007)
Attitudes
toward
intellectual
property
This article helps to clarify and articulate the
ideological, legal, and ethical attitudes regarding
software as intellectual property (IP). Computer
software can be viewed as IP from both ethical
and legal perspectives. The size and growth of the
software industry suggest that large profits are
possible through the development and sale of
software. The rapid growth of the open source
movement, fueled by the development of the
Linux operating system, suggests another model
is possible. The large number of unauthorized
Comparati
ve case
studies/leg
al analysis
Court
documents/
media
sources
11
12. copies of software programs suggests that many
people do not believe in laws regarding software
copyright. There are many and varied views of
software as IP, even within the information
systems (IS) profession. In this article, four
distinct subgroups of IS professionals are
identified. The article describes the four
subgroups and their respective ideological views
on software ownership; it explores the subgroups'
attitudes regarding software laws; and finally, it
explains the ethical positions embraced by each
subgroup.
Economic
aspects of
open source
Gaude
ul
(2007)
OSS
developers’
considerati
on of the
market
Paper traces the history of TEX, the open source
typesetting program. TEX was an early and very
successful open source project that imposed its
standards in a particularly competitive
environment and inspired many advances in the
typesetting industry. Developed over three
decades, TEX came into competition with a
variety of open source and proprietary
alternatives. Argue from this case study that open
source developers derive direct and indirect
network externalities from the use of their
software by others and must therefore consider
non-developers' needs to make their software
more attractive to a broader audience and more
competitive with proprietary alternatives.
Counters Raymond (2001) about “bazaar”; sees
OSS as hierarchical and highly structured.
Case study TEX
newsgroup
Bonac
corsi,
Giann
angeli,
and
Rossi
(2006)
OSS
business
models
The paper analyzes the strategies of software
firms that have entered the open source (OS)
field. The notion of the OS business model is
discussed in the light of a substantial body of
theoretical literature concerning strategic
management and the economics of innovation, as
well as specialized literature on OS. Empirical
evidence based on a survey of 146 Italian
software firms shows that firms have adapted to
an environment dominated by incumbent
standards by combining the offering of
proprietary and OS software under different
licensing schemes, thus choosing a hybrid
business model. The paper examines the
determinants of the degree of openness toward
OS and discusses the stability of hybrid models in
the evolution of the industry.
Survey Survey of
146 Italian
software
fiims.
Forge
(2006)
Impact of
OSS on
packaged
software
industry
The paper briefly traces the economic
significance of the software industry and the
dominance in packaged software of the large US
publishers, the phenomena of natural monopolies
building in software packages, and the need for
different industry structure for Europe, as it
exhibits a small to medium-sized enterprise
(SME) and system integrator structure. It then
examines the balancing affects of OSS. The paper
Theoretical Secondary
(governmen
t) data sets
from E.U.
and U.S.
12
13. also addresses the role that poor software plays in
creating new costs or externalities for its users
when it fails, contrasting the robustness of open
source in defect repair. The paper finds that the
way forward in economic terms for Europe may
well be to follow and encourage OSS for reasons
of creating a strong software industry and for a
counterbalance to current monopolistic trends.
The paper's findings emphasise the need for
investment, education and encouragement in
OSS, by both the public and private sectors, to
build a strong knowledge-based society in
Europe. The paper introduces the ideas of the
basic economic mechanisms of volume sales of
software as a good, with analysis of the industry
impacts of confluence of the network effect
coupled with the law of increasing returns with
volume to drive monopolistic positions in the
proprietary software package industry.
Gehrin
g
(2006)
Economic
analysis of
open
source
The institutional framework of open source, not
merely the low cost of open source software,
makes it an attractive alternative mode of
organizing the production and distribution of
software and software-related services.
Alternative organizations will be formed and
existing organizations will be transformed to take
advantage of its opportunities
Economic
analysis
Secondary
literature
Comin
o and
Manen
ti
(2005)
Impact on
social
welfare of
government
policies
supporting
OSS
Mass-market consumers can be divided between
those who are informed about the existence of
OSS and those who are uninformed. Since OSS
producers have little incentive to advertise, there
may be a substantial mass of uniformed
consumers, leading to market failures that may
justify government intervention. Authors study
three government policies: (a) mandated adoption,
whereby the government forces public agencies,
schools, and universities to adopt OSS, (b)
information provision, whereby the government
informs the uninformed users about the existence
and the characteristics of OSS, and (c) subsidy,
whereby the government makes a payment to
consumers if they adopt OSS. They show that
mandated adoption and information provision
may increase social welfare, but the subsidy
always reduces it. When network externalities are
added to the model, we show that mandated
adoption and information provision may increase
social welfare if they help the market to tip
towards standardization.
Economic
analysis
Theoretical
models
Dahla
nder
and
McKel
vey
(2005)
Probing
differences
between
OSS users
and non-
users
Explores three issues, which have not been
extensively explored in the literature, namely, (1)
how frequently a group of skilled people use
OSS, (2) reasons for differences among users and
non-users in terms of use and attitudes, and (3)
how frequently, and why, some users contribute
Survey/
Questionna
ire
Surveys of
students/gra
duates at
Linkoping
University
(Sweden)
13
14. to OSS projects (and thereby become developers).
In doing so, authors consider the opportunity
costs of use and development of OSS, which has
been largely neglected in the literature. Authors
find that the individuals have a rather pragmatic
attitude to firms and that many are active in both
firms and OSS community, which raises many
questions for future research about the role and
influence of firms on the development and
diffusion of OSS.
Main reasons not to develop: 1) Lack of time; 2)
not necessary; 3) not used enough; 4) other
and Rice
University
(N=75; 62,
effectively,
50; 60)
Lerner
and
Tirole
(2005a
)
How OSS
activities
may be
understood
in
economic
frameworks
Aspects of open source software appear initially
puzzling to an economist. As authors have
acknowledged, our ability to answer confidently
many of the issues raised here questions is likely
to increase as the open source movement itself
grows and evolves. At the same time, authors
believe much of open source activities can be
understood within existing economic frameworks,
despite the presence of claims to the contrary. The
labor and industrial organization literatures
provide lenses through which the structure of
open source projects, the role of contributors, and
the movement's ongoing evolution can be viewed.
Economic
analysis
Literature
review
Lerner
and
Tirole
(2005
b)
Open
source
licensing
This article is an initial exploration of the
determinants of open source license choice. It first
highlights how the decision is shaped not just by
the preferences of the licensor itself, but also by
that of the community of developers. The article
then presents an empirical analysis of the
determinants of license choice using the
SourceForge database, a compilation of nearly
40,000 open source projects. Projects geared
toward end-users tend to have restrictive licenses,
while those oriented toward developers are less
likely to do so. Projects that are designed to run
on commercial operating systems and whose
primary language is English are less likely to have
restrictive licenses. Projects that are likely to be
attractive to consumers--such as games--and
software developed in a corporate setting are
more likely to have restrictive licenses. Projects
with unrestricted licenses attract more
contributors. These findings are broadly
consistent with theoretical predictions.
Survey SourceForg
e
Galla
way
and
Kinne
ar
(2004)
Legal
analysis of
copyright
law
As digitized information becomes an increasingly
large part of the economy, new realities are
challenging the very nature of our past-binding,
coal-and-steel era conceptions of scarcity,
property, consumption, and production and of
profit as the unchallenged engine of the economy.
Institutionalists have a hundred-year history of
skeptical scrutiny of these very same notions. At
Legal
analysis
Secondary
literature
14
15. the same time, institutionalists understand that in
any age there is no greater obstacle to a clear
analysis of contemporary challenges than a
culture’s own habits of thought. It seems clear
that in the area of copyrights (at the very least)
Congress and the Supreme Court are headed in
exactly the wrong direction. It is also clear that
much of this can be explained by their clinging to
a mythical ideal of an industrial economy rife
with competition but devoid of power and
strategic behavior. If the full promise of the
digital revolution is to be realized, institutionalists
must do their part in speaking out against the
ceremonial adherence to old-economy ideals and
outdated institutions.
Hawki
ns
(2004)
Cost-
benefit
analysis of
OSS vs.
proprietary
software
Large quantities of software, ranging from
operating systems to web servers to games, are
now available as "open source software" or "free
software". In many cases, this software is backed
by large profit seeking corporations such as IBM.
Traditional economic analysis is used to identify
the costs and benefits to firms of using open
source rather than proprietary solutions,
particularly in the case of the firm releasing code
to the world when not obliged to do so. Examples
of large companies backing open source are
examined in light of the profit motive.
Additionally, open source is also analyzed as a
quasi-public good.
Economic
analysis
Theoretical
models
based on
secondary
literature
Miscellaneo
us
Ebert
(2007)
Open
source and
its relation
to
innovation
Engineers using free and open source software
created many of today's most innovative products
and solutions. FOSS also changed the way we
develop software. IEEE Software's Open Source
column first appeared in this magazine in July
2004. In this last column, the editor revisits what
we've learned over the past three years as 17
articles from 11 different authors (and companies)
examined a dedicated FOSS component, tool, or
product and reported lessons learned in selecting,
implementing, and maintaining it.
Literature
review
Secondary
literature
Colem
an
(2004)
Political
meanings
of open
source
Open source is one local instantiation of liberal
values--rearticulation centered on reposing the
relationship between intellectual property and free
speech law by redirecting the use of licenses to
protect expressive activity. Through open
source’s visibility, circulation, and use, the
juridical understanding of free speech is shifting
while some of the ingrained assumptions of
intellectual property law have already been
partially destabilized, the wider effect of which
has been to open up a social space for new legal
possibilities.
Theoretical Secondary
literature
15
16. Annotated Bibliography (arranged in alphabetical order)
Alonso, Andoni, Luis Casas, Carlos Castro, and Fernando Solis, “Research, Development, and
Innovation in Extremadura: A GNU/Linex Case Study,” Philosophy Today 48 (2004): 16-22.
Alonso et al analyze the impact of a decision by the regional government in Extremadura, Spain
to support development of free and open source software during the early 2000s. They do it
against a background of political philosophical concerns for the loss of community in a high-tech
and scientific society. Following through, they argue that a technoscientific policy may be
judged on grounds other than straightforward economic benefit, for which case, benefits of a
particular policy have included communitarian development.
Berry, David and Giles Moss, “Free and Open-Source Software: Opening and Democratizing
E-Government’s Black Box,” Information Polity: The International Journal of
Government and Democracy in the Information Age 11, no. 1 (2006): 21-34.
This article considers the implications that the use of free and open-source software in
government might have for democracy and public participation. From a constructionist
perspective, the democratic 'effects' of non-proprietary software are contingent on how the
practice of free and open-source software is discursively represented and constituted as it is
translated into new e-government systems. On these premises, an analysis of official discourse
and government policy for non-proprietary software suggests that its introduction into
government will bring more 'politics as usual' rather than democratization. Nevertheless, on the
basis of an alternative discourse of ethics and freedom evident in the Free Software and Open
Source communities, the authors of this paper envisage circumstances in which the discourse and
practice of non-proprietary software contribute to opening-up and democratizing e-government,
by protecting and extending transparency and accountability in e-governments and by offering
scope for technology to be shaped by citizens and associations as well as by administrators and
private interests.
Bonaccorsi, Andrea and Cristina Rossi, “Comparing Motivations of Individual Programmers and
Firms to Take Part in the Open Source Movement: From Community to Business,”
Knowledge, Technology & Policy 18, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 40-64.
The first urgent question for any scholar willing to study the Open Source (OS) movement has
been clearly put by Glass (1999, 104): I don't know who these crazy people are who want to
write, read and even revise all that code without being paid anything for it at all. A growing body
of economic literature has been addressing the motivations at the basis of the participation in the
OS movement since when the new paradigm has become successful and triggered the entrance
on the market of firms offering Open Source based products and services (Open Source firms).
However, most of the empirical analyses focus on individual developers and neglect companies
that adopt Open Source business models. This paper contributes to the literature by providing
empirical evidence on the incentives of the firms that engage in OS activities. Findings on firms'
motivations are compared with the results of the surveys on individual programmers aiming at
analyzing the role played by different classes of incentives (social, economic and technological)
16
17. in determining the involvement in the movement of different typologies of agents (individual vs.
organizations).
Bonaccorsi, Andrea, Silvia Giannangeli, and Cristina Rossi, “Entry Strategies Under Competing
Strategies: Hybrid Business Models in the Open Source Industry,” Management Science 52, no.
7 (July 2006): 1085-1093.
The paper analyzes the strategies of software firms that have entered the open source (OS) field.
The notion of the OS business model is discussed in the light of a substantial body of theoretical
literature concerning strategic management and the economics of innovation, as well as
specialized literature on OS. Empirical evidence based on a survey of 146 Italian software firms
shows that firms have adapted to an environment dominated by incumbent standards by
combining the offering of proprietary and OS software under different licensing schemes, thus
choosing a hybrid business model. The paper examines the determinants of the degree of
openness toward OS and discusses the stability of hybrid models in the evolution of the industry.
Chae, Bongsug (Kevin) and Roger McHaney, “Asian Trio’s Adoption of Linux-Based Open
Source Development,” Communications of the ACM 49, no. 9 (September 2006): 95-99.
This article discusses China, Japan, and South Korea joining forces for an initiative to promote
open source software and platforms that favor non-Microsoft products such as Linux. The
countries have further promised to jointly develop a Linux-based open source operating system
and promote open source development through active government- and private-level R&D
activities and information sharing. The countries have also promised to collaborate in covering
the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
Numerous factors involving geography, politics, economics, and security motivated
CJK’s open source-based software initiative. Most importantly, the three countries are
geographically close and have maintained relationships over thousands of years. The countries
share Chinese characters and similar traditions, offering an ideal basis for developing regional
standards for new computer software, hardware, and electronic devices. Security concerns seem
to be another important driving force. Today, government services and administration rely
heavily on technology. Thus, governments are concerned about information security and tend to
be cautious about storing data in the proprietary formats of commercial software vendors. This
concern seems to be higher in East Asian countries where e-government initiatives are picking
up.
Chan, Anita. “Coding Free Software, Coding Free States: Free Software Legislation and the
Politics of Code in Peru,” Anthropological Quarterly 77, no. 3 (Summer 2004):
In December 2001, a legislative proposal was introduced to the Peruvian Congress that
would have mandated the use of free software on government computers. The introduction of the
bill, dubbed the Law for the Use of Free Software in Government Agencies, or Proposition 1609,
added Peru to a growing list of countries pursuing legal measures for the adoption of free
software by government. Similar measures had begun in Brazil, Argentina, France, and Mexico
—and within a year, they would be joined by dozens of other national- and local-level efforts in
Germany, Spain, Italy, and Vietnam—all seeking to establish official alternatives to the use of
17
18. closed, proprietary software by government. But it was Peru alone that uniquely managed to
capture international public attention in the work surrounding its legislative efforts.
For many free software practitioners, it was the seemingly uncontainable momentum of
their movement and the sheer technical strength of free software itself—more than any particular
local actions or activities—that were to credit for its global successes. Yet a closer examination
of the practices that surround the emergence of free software legislation in Peru reveals a
distinctly different account. Far from presuming free software's steady advancement, the
proponents of Peru's free software legislation undertook various forms of local and non-local
work, advocacy, and activism to propel the visibility of their movement. Further, their practices
departed from the language of technical and economic rationality that had been repeatedly
invoked to explain free software's adoption. They insisted instead on a new framing of free
software as necessarily engaged and invested in processes of governance and political reform. If
free software had frequently expressed a confidence that it would and should spread without
government's intervention, Peru's legislative developments signaled a departure from such free
market logics and signaled that something other than free software's technological spread were of
most concern to its advocates.
Chumney, Wade M., and Zehai Zhou, “Legal and Business Perspectives of Open Source
Education Software,” Journal of American Academy of Business 13, no. 1 (2008): 208-214.
This paper discusses the open source movement as it relates to educational platforms. It begins
with examining the value of information in the American economy and reviewing the legal
mechanism which primarily affords protection to information in our legal system, namely
copyright law. The impact of the Internet on both information and education is studied. The
culmination of stringent copyright laws and the ubiquity of the Internet are put forth as the
impetus for the modern open source movement and the open education movement. The view of
"education as a good" is posited as well as the impact of the Internet on education. The
philosophy and impact of the open source education movement are also studied, with particular
attention paid to MIT’s Open Knowledge Initiative (OKI) and OpenCourseWare (OCW) Project.
Some obstacles to MIT's initiatives are reviewed. Finally, the information is examined and a
conclusion put forth about the efficacy and future of open source education software.
Coleman, Gabriella. “The Political Agnosticism of Free and Open Source Software and the
Inadvertent Politics of Contrast.” Anthropological Quarterly 77, no. 3 (Summer 2004):
507-519.
Free and open source software (FOSS) is one local instantiation of liberal values, a rearticulation
centered on reposing the relationship between intellectual property and free speech law by
redirecting the use of licenses to protect expressive activity. FOSS sensibilities of freedom and
the growing hacker assertion that source code is speech, largely regimented as politically neutral
through liberal values, are also rooted in methodologies, values, and techniques constituted
around the act of writing code and expressed visibly in a wider public social sphere of hacking.
Through FOSS' visibility, circulation, and use, the juridical understanding of free speech is
shifting while some of the ingrained assumptions of intellectual property law have already been
partially destabilized, the wider effect of which has been to open up a social space for new legal
possibilities.
18
19. Comino, Stefano, and Fabio M. Manenti, “Government Policies Supporting Open Source
Software for the Mass Market,” Review of Industrial Organization 26, no. 2 (March 2005):
217-240.
This paper analyzes the impact on social welfare of government policies supporting open source
software (OSS). Mass-market consumers can be divided between those who are informed about
the existence of OSS and those who are uninformed. Since OSS producers have little incentive to
advertise, there may be a substantial mass of uniformed consumers, leading to market failures
that may justify government intervention. The authors study three government policies: (a)
mandated adoption, whereby the government forces public agencies, schools, and universities to
adopt OSS, (b) information provision, whereby the government informs the uninformed users
about the existence and the characteristics of OSS, and (c) subsidy, whereby the government
makes a payment to consumers if they adopt OSS. They show that mandated adoption and
information provision may increase social welfare, but the subsidy always reduces it. When
network externalities are added to the model, we show that mandated adoption and information
provision may increase social welfare if they help the market to tip towards standardization.
Dahlander, Linus, and Maureen McKelvey, “Who Is Not Developing Open Source Software?
Non-users, Users, and Developers,” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 14, no. 7
(October 2005): 617-635.
The development of knowledge requires investment, which may be made in terms of financial
resources or time. OSS has challenged much of the traditional reasoning by suggesting that
individuals behave altruistically and contribute to a public good, despite the opportunity to free-
ride. The lion's share of the existing literature on OSS examines communities, that is, those
individuals whom are already part of the OSS community. In contrast, this paper starts from
users with the requisite skill to use and develop OSS. This group of skilled individuals could
potentially invest into the development of OSS knowledge, but they may or may not do so in
actuality. This paper, therefore, explores three issues, which have not been extensively explored
in the literature, namely, (1) how frequently a group of skilled people use OSS, (2) reasons for
differences among users and non-users in terms of use and attitudes, and (3) how frequently, and
why, some users contribute to OSS projects (and thereby become developers). In doing so,
authors consider the opportunity costs of use and development of OSS, which has been largely
neglected in the literature. Authors find that the individuals have a rather pragmatic attitude to
firms and that many are active in both firms and OSS community, which raises many questions
for future research about the role and influence of firms on the development and diffusion of
OSS.
Duenas, Jose et al. “Apache and Eclipse: Comparing Open Source Project Incubators,” IEEE
Software 24, no. 6 (November/December 2007): 90-99.
Open source development is often regarded as a chaotic environment where new initiatives'
success or failure just happens by chance. However, successful open source communities are
applying incubation processes for managing the risks associated with creating new projects. This
article analyzes the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the incubation process, focusing on the
19
20. Apache and Eclipse communities. After performing a quantitative and qualitative comparative
analysis of these communities, the authors identified aspects that affect the incubation period's
duration and community size. The similarities led them to propose a two-stage model for the
incubation process, which might facilitate its applicability to other open source or industrial
organizations.
Ebert, Christof, “Open Source Drives Innovation,” IEEE Software 27, no. 3 (May/June 2007):
105-109.
Engineers using free and open source software created many of today's most innovative products
and solutions. FOSS also changed the way we develop software. IEEE Software's Open Source
column first appeared in this magazine in July 2004. In this last column, the editor revisits what
we've learned over the past three years as 17 articles from 11 different authors (and companies)
examined a dedicated FOSS component, tool, or product and reported lessons learned in
selecting, implementing, and maintaining it.
Forge, Simon, “The Rain Forest and the Rock Garden: The Economic Impacts of Open Source
Software,” Info: The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunications,
Information, and Media 8, no. 3 (2006): 12-31.
The software industry is rapidly being reformed by the collective development of open, common
software - open source software (OSS) - sometimes being free at no charge, but always with the
source code revealed for changing, testing and improvement. The purpose here is to examine the
role and power of software in the economy and review the economic impacts of the trend to OSS
on the software industry, largely from a European industrial and social perspective. The paper
briefly traces the economic significance of the software industry and the dominance in packaged
software of the large US publishers, the phenomena of natural monopolies building in software
packages, and the need for different industry structure for Europe, as it exhibits a small to
medium-sized enterprise (SME) and system integrator structure. It then examines the balancing
affects of OSS. The paper also addresses the role that poor software plays in creating new costs
or externalities for its users when it fails, contrasting the robustness of open source in defect
repair. The paper finds that the way forward in economic terms for Europe may well be to follow
and encourage OSS for reasons of creating a strong software industry and for a counterbalance to
current monopolistic trends. The paper's findings emphasise the need for investment, education
and encouragement in OSS, by both the public and private sectors, to build a strong knowledge-
based society in Europe. The paper introduces the ideas of the basic economic mechanisms of
volume sales of software as a good, with analysis of the industry impacts of confluence of the
network effect coupled with the law of increasing returns with volume to drive monopolistic
positions in the proprietary software package industry.
Gallaway, Terrel, and Douglas Kinnear, “Open Source Software, The Wrongs of Copyright, and
the Rise of Technology,” Journal of Economic Issues, 38, no. 2 (June 2004): 467-74.
As digitized information becomes an increasingly large part of the economy, new realities are
challenging the very nature of our past-binding, coal-and-steel era conceptions of scarcity,
property, consumption, and production and of profit as the unchallenged engine of the economy.
20
21. Institutionalists have a hundred-year history of skeptical scrutiny of these very same notions. At
the same time, institutionalists understand that in any age there is no greater obstacle to a clear
analysis of contemporary challenges than a culture’s own habits of thought. It seems clear that
in the area of copyrights (at the very least) Congress and the Supreme Court are headed in
exactly the wrong direction. It is also clear that much of this can be explained by their clinging to
a mythical ideal of an industrial economy rife with competition but devoid of power and strategic
behavior. If the full promise of the digital revolution is to be realized, institutionalists must do
their part in speaking out against the ceremonial adherence to old-economy ideals and outdated
institutions.
Gaudeul, Alex. “Do Open Source Developers Respond to Competition? The (LA)TEX Case
Study,” Review of Network Economics 6, no. 2 (June 2007): 239-263.
This paper traces the history of TEX, the open source typesetting program.
TEX was an early and very successful open source project that imposed its
standards in a particularly competitive environment and inspired many
advances in the typesetting industry. Developed over three decades, TEX
came into competition with a variety of open source and proprietary
alternatives. I argue from this case study that open source developers derive
direct and indirect network externalities from the use of their software by
others and must therefore consider non-developers' needs to make their
software more attractive to a broader audience and more competitive with
proprietary alternatives. While OS developers improve open source software
(OSS) for their own purposes, in order to better fulfill their needs, they also
derive benefits from the use of their software by others (network
externalities). This encourages them to broaden the software’s user base by
providing features that may be of no direct use to themselves or that may be
low on their own priority lists.
Gehring, Robert, “The Institutionalization of Open Source,” Poiesis & Praxis 4, no. 1 (March
2006): 54-73.
Using concepts of neoinstitutional economics, such as transaction cost economics, institutional
economics, property rights theory, and information economics, the development of the Open
Source movement is investigated. Following the evolution of institutions in Open Source, it is
discussed what the comparative institutional advantages of this model are. The conclusion is that
it is the institutional framework of Open Source, not merely the low cost of Open Source
software that makes it an attractive alternative mode of organizing the production and
distribution of software and software-related services. Alternative organizations will be formed
and existing organizations will be transformed to take advantage of its opportunities.
Gosain, Sanjay, “Looking Through a Window on Open Source Culture: Lessons for Community
Infrastructure Design,” Systemes d’Information et Management 8, no. 1 (2003): 11-42.
21
22. Slashdot is a major virtual meeting ground for the Open Source development community. The
discourse at Slashdot is interpreted in this study, and in combination with primary interviews and
secondary archival analysis, yields rich insights about the signifying practices, contradictions,
norms, incentive structures and values systems that characterize the community that it supports.
The characteristics of the site such as the emphasis on collaboration to manage information, its
distinctive interpolation, the reputation-maintenance mechanisms, use of Open Source tools, and
adoption of norms such as "release early, release often" reflect the broader Open Source ideals.
Using an ethnomethodology perspective, this study provides clear examples to recover what
reflective members 'know' from their practical mastery in everyday affairs of the community. We
find that the site taps into the emergent social construction of the community and effectively
mediates that construction.
Gruen, Nicholas, “Geeks Bearing Gifts: Open Source Software and Its Enemies,” Policy 21, no.
2 (Winter 2005): 39-44.
This article presents information on the economic aspects of open source software (OSS). OSS is
the brainchild of MIT programmer Richard M. Stallman who saw the academic culture of
sharing and peer review from whence he came as a powerful solution to these dilemmas. This
"viral" quality distinguishes OSS as a new economic form. OSS bas been an inspiration behind a
growing enthusiasm for "sharing as a modality of economic production often assisted by the
internet." As production becomes more knowledge intensive and the division of labor more
complex both within and between firms, hierarchical production systems of command and
control are increasingly disadvantaged. Feedback between users and producers at each stage of
production becomes increasingly important.
Hawkins, Richard E. “The Economics of Open Source for a Competitive Firm: Why Give It
Away for Free?” Netnomics: Economic Research and Electronic Networking 6, no. 2 (August
2004): 103-117.
Large quantities of software, ranging from operating systems to web servers to games, are now
available as "open source software" or "free software". In many cases, this software is backed by
large profit seeking corporations such as IBM. Traditional economic analysis is used to identify
the costs and benefits to firms of using open source rather than proprietary solutions, particularly
in the case of the firm releasing code to the world when not obliged to do so. Examples of large
companies backing open source are examined in light of the profit motive. Additionally, open
source is also analyzed as a quasi-public good.
Krishnamurthy, Sandeep, “On the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation of Free/Libre/Open Source
(FLOSS) Developers,” Knowledge, Technology & Policy 18, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 17-39.
Motivation in the context of open source software may be seen as fundamentally different due to
the presence of unpaid programmers, implicit rather than explicit forms of control and a different
methodology for software development. Since software development is a creative task, the
motivation of open source programmers can be compared to individuals in creative industries
(Caves 2002). This paper summarizes the important trends in the research on motivation in open
source and identifies variables that should be included in future research. Specifically, the
22
23. current literature favors a taxonomy that considers two components of motivation—intrinsic
(e.g., fun, flow, learning, community) and extrinsic (e.g., financial rewards, improving future job
prospects, signaling quality). Author makes a case for incorporating both elements in developing
an integrative theory about developer motivation. Three elements are identified as being unique
to FLOSS development- diversity of project structures, co-existence of companies and
communities and co-existence of creative and commercial elements. The important empirical
evidence on FLOSS developer motivation is presented and analyzed. Four factors are identified
as important mitigating and moderating factors in the conversation surrounding developer
motivation- financial incentives, nature of task, group size and group structure. The role of these
factors on developer motivation is discussed.
Lee, Jyh-An, “Government Policy toward Open Source Software: The Puzzles of Neutrality
and Competition,” Knowledge, Technology & Policy 18, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 113-141.
For a variety of policy reasons, governments throughout the world are now adopting different
legislative and administrative strategies that support the development of FLOSS. Some
governments have actually begun to procure FLOSS, whereas others have channeled public
funds to large-scale FLOSS projects. This study demonstrates both the benefits and the risks of
government policy favoring FLOSS from the perspective of economics, technology, and politics,
and to further analyze whether these same policy goals can be achieved through government
support of FLOSS. The most fundamental argument of the study is that, in lending its support to
FLOSS, the difference between a government user and a business user is that the government
should take into account society's long-term interests, not merely its own interests as a consumer.
Lerner, Josh, and Jean Tirole, “The Scope of Open Source Licensing,” Journal of Law
Economics & Organization 21, no. 1 (April 2005): 20-56
This article is an initial exploration of the determinants of open source license choice. It first
highlights how the decision is shaped not just by the preferences of the licensor itself, but also by
that of the community of developers. The article then presents an empirical analysis of the
determinants of license choice using the SourceForge database, a compilation of nearly 40,000
open source projects. Projects geared toward end-users tend to have restrictive licenses, while
those oriented toward developers are less likely to do so. Projects that are designed to run on
commercial operating systems and whose primary language is English are less likely to have
restrictive licenses. Projects that are likely to be attractive to consumers--such as games--and
software developed in a corporate setting are more likely to have restrictive licenses. Projects
with unrestricted licenses attract more contributors. These findings are broadly consistent with
theoretical predictions.
Lerner, Josh, and Jean Tirole, “The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and
Beyond,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, no. 2 (Spring 2005): 99-120.
This paper reviews the authors’ understanding of the growing open source movement. They
highlight how many aspects of open source software appear initially puzzling to an economist.
The authors’ ability answer confidently many of the issues raised here questions is likely to
increase as the open source movement itself grows and evolves. At the same time, they observe
23
24. how much of open source activities can be understood within existing economic frameworks,
despite the presence of claims to the contrary. The labor and industrial organization literatures
provide lenses through which the structure of open source projects, the role of contributors, and
the movement's ongoing evolution can be viewed.
Lin, Yuwei, “Hybrid Innovation: The Dynamics of Collaboration between the FLOSS
Community and Corporations,” Knowledge, Technology & Policy 18, no. 4 (Winter
2006): 86-100.
Unlike innovation based on a strong professional culture involving close collaboration between
professionals in academia and/or corporations, the current Free/ Libre Open Source Software
(FLOSS) development entails a global knowledge network, which consists of 1) a heterogeneous
community of individuals and organizations who do not necessarily have professional
backgrounds in computer science but have developed the competency to understand
programming and working in a public domain; 2) corporations. This paper describes the
operation of the hybrid form of developing and implementing software, and also identifies
several key factors shaping the collaboration between FLOSS firms and the community.
May, Christopher, “Escaping the TRIPs’ Trap: The Political Economy of Free and Open Source
Software in Africa,” Political Studies 54, no. 1 (March 2006): 123-146.
Across sub-Saharan Africa, the promise of ‘informational development’ is proclaimed. The
global governance of intellectual property rights (IPRs), however, currently structured through
the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement and overseen by
the World Trade Organisation (WTO), makes much software expensive to deploy. There is an
alternative: open-source and/or free software ameliorates many of the cost problems countries in
Africa have anticipated as they have changed their laws to protect IPRs; using non-proprietary
software will enable them to deploy extensive computerization without making large payments
to suppliers from the developed countries. By escaping the TRIPs’ trap, many Africans will be
better able to enjoy the potential benefits of ‘informational development’.
McGhee, Douglas, “Free and Open Source Licenses: Benefits, Risks, and Steps toward Ensuring
Compliance,” Intellectual Property & Technology Law Journal 19, no. 11 (November 2007):
5-10.
McGhee discusses the rise of free and open source software (FOSS) as an alternative to
traditional commercial software products and how this new software brings a host of unique
legal issues that must be evaluated before any gains may be realized. Mr. McGhee reviews the
case law and explains when companies should be aware of the particular situations that
emphasize FOSS licensing compliance. The author concludes that free and open source software
can be either a tremendous boon to companies that use it intentionally or a potential logistic,
economic, and legal nightmare for those that do not. In any event, he believes that FOSS
compliance should no longer be ignored.
24
25. McGowan, Matthew K., Paul Stephens, and Dexter Gruber, “An Exploration of the Ideologies of
Software Intellectual Property: The Impact on Ethical Decision Making,” Journal of Business
Ethics 73, no. 4 (July 2007): 409-424.
This article helps to clarify and articulate the ideological, legal, and ethical attitudes regarding
software as intellectual property (IP). Computer software can be viewed as IP from both ethical
and legal perspectives. The size and growth of the software industry suggest that large profits are
possible through the development and sale of software. The rapid growth of the open source
movement, fueled by the development of the Linux operating system, suggests another model is
possible. The large number of unauthorized copies of software programs suggests that many
people do not believe in laws regarding software copyright. There are many and varied views of
software as IP, even within the information systems (IS) profession. In this article, four distinct
subgroups of IS professionals are identified. The article describes the four subgroups and their
respective ideological views on software ownership; it explores the subgroups' attitudes
regarding software laws; and finally, it explains the ethical positions embraced by each
subgroup.
Michler, Carla, “The Procurement Decision – ‘Open’ or ‘Closed’ Source Software?” Deakin
Law
Review 10, no. 1 (2005): 261-269.
The merits of open source software, particularly in the context of Australian Government
procurement, have been the subject of considerable debate in recent times. This paper provides
an overview of the distinguishing features of open source software and considers the terms of the
license under which open source software is distributed. Consideration is also given to the merits
of open source software through an examination of both the legal and technical risks associated
with the product In concluding, it is determined that there is a positive argument for mandating
open source software as a viable alternative to its closed source counterpart.
Miralles, Francesc, Sandra Sieber, and Josep Valor, “An Exploratory Framework for Assessing
Open Source Software Adoption,” Systemes d’Information et Management 11, no. 1 (March
2006): 85-105.
In this paper we propose that due to the particularities of the Open Source Software (OSS)
development process and its perceived "social" connotations, traditional ways of explaining IT
adoption are insufficient to understand the case of OSS diffusion. Evidence shows that OSS fails
in many cases to displace dominant market leaders even in the case of user's unhappiness with
the prevalent solution, while in some others OSS is adopted without a clear advantage. Using a
qualitative research approach, we highlight the existence of a new context, in which the adoption
of Linux-based OSS platforms by companies is not led only by traditional drivers. User
communities and broader social responsibility considerations have been found to exert some
degrees of pressure on the IT decision maker. Through the analysis of some significant cases we
propose a framework that helps to depict under which conditions significant OSS adoption may
unfold.
25
26. Samuelson, Paula, “IBM’s Pragmatic Embrace of Open Source,” Communications of the ACM
49, no. 10 (October 2006): 21-25.
The article discusses IBM Corp.'s adoption of an open source software model. Though IBM
began as a strong advocate of intellectual property rights for computer programs, the company
has embraced open source software under the General Public License in the 2000s. The company
is showing its dedication to the open source movement by contributing $100 million a year to the
development of Linux and other open source projects, as well as donating some of its proprietary
software to strengthen Linux's ability to provide enterprise-level capabilities.
Samuelson argues that IBM’s embrace of open source may be understood in three ways:
1) an anti-Microsoft strategy; 2) consequence of changed business models in the software
industry; and 3) manifestation of an open innovation strategy for promoting faster and more
robust technical advances.
Seiferth, C. Justin, “Open Source and These United States,” Knowledge, Technology & Policy
12, no. 3 (Fall 1999): 50-79.
Focuses on the development of open licensing in the United States. Role of open source licensing
in releasing source codes; Use of open content licensing to release the associated electronic
information; Adoption of open licensed systems by the Department of Defense. (GOOD PLACE
TO START)
Simon, K. D. “The Value of Open Standards and Open-Source Software in Government
Environments,” IBM Systems Journal 44, no. 2 (2005): 227-238.
Among the most noteworthy topics surrounding the recent widespread adoption of open-source
software (OSS) are the convergence by governments worldwide to open standards and the ways
in which open source embraces this convergence. There are continuing debates over the future of
software and, in particular, the competition between OSS and proprietary software. Many studies
by governments and by information technology analysts suggest that OSS and open standards are
intimately connected and that the inherent value of open-source adoption may be attributable in
large part to the embodiment of open standards in OSS. The government environment is
changing rapidly in areas as diverse as homeland security and social services. Given the equally
rapid changes in the information technology marketplace, the successful adoption of these new
technologies by governments will depend on how well the strengths of proprietary software and
OSS are understood and applied--especially with respect to the use of open standards to speed
deployments of integrated capabilities that respond to emerging challenges. This paper evaluates
the relative strengths of proprietary software and OSS as development techniques that embrace
the open standards valued by governments.
Vaisman, Daria, “Coding a Revolution,” Foreign Policy 159 (March/April 2007): 93.
Three years ago, Iran decided to run its government computer system on open-source software.
The Islamic Republic had long relied on pirated copies of Microsoft’s software, a result of the
U.S. embargo that forbids American companies from providing technical support to Iran.
Officials in Tehran said the switch would free them from another form of U.S. hegemony. But
26
27. they probably never guessed it would also give Iran one of the most advanced corps of female
coders anywhere in the world. A recent European Union survey found that only 1.5 percent of
European open-source coders are female. Not so in Iran, where, by some estimates, half of all
software engineers coming out of the country's universities are women. Of the three coders who
developed Iran's first official open-source project, two were women. What's behind the rise of
women in Iran's open source movement? With the restrictions put on women in the Middle East,
technology is an attractive option for those who want a career. Technological work, and coding
in particular, can be done from home, allowing ambitious women to become well-known within
their industry without becoming taboo in their communities. Similar patterns are now emerging
elsewhere in the Middle East. In Syria, which is also under a U.S. embargo, women are
estimated to make up at least 50 percent of the coding workforce.
Van Rooij, Shahron. “Perceptions of Open Source Versus Commercial Software: Is Higher
Education Still on the Fence?” Journal of Research of Technology in Education 39, no. 4
(Summer 2007): 433-453.
Exploratory study investigated the perceptions of technology and academic decision-makers
about open source benefits and risks versus commercial software applications. The study also
explored reactions to a concept for outsourcing campus-wide deployment and maintenance of
open source. Data collected from telephone interviews were analyzed, emergent themes
identified, and a model of differentiators of open source versus commercial software was
created, which was then used to evaluate reactions to the outsourcing concept. Interviews
revealed perceived barriers to open source adoption and the extent to which the outsourcing
concept could alleviate risks. Recommendations for overcoming adoption barriers are offered
and future research opportunities identified to ensure that open source software applications are
both technically efficient and supportive of engaged learning.
Van Wendel de Joode, Ruben, Yuwei Lin, and Shay David, “Rethinking Free, Libre, and Open
Source Software,” Knowledge, Technology & Policy 18, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 5-16.
This special issue includes seven articles that make significant contribution to the
literature pertaining to knowledge and public policy around Free, Libre and Open Source
Software (FLOSS). Focusing on questions in two themes (i) motivation and organization and (ii)
public policy, the articles in this volume develop new analytic models and report on new
empirical findings, as an important step in bridging the wide gap that exists in public policy
literature around FLOSS. Warning against rhetorical pitfalls that have been prevalent in FLOSS
research, this introduction starts with a short history of FLOSS development, continues with a
brief thematic literature review and review of the misconceptions surrounding FLOSS, and
concludes with a first introduction of the articles that follow.
Waters, John, “Opening a New Door,” T H E Journal 34, no. 8 (August 2007): 30-35.
The article explores the benefits derived by U.S. schools from open source software. A growing
number of K-12 districts are converting to open source software, both to cope with tight budgets
and to escape proprietary vendor lock-in and expensive upgrade cycles. According to Steve
Hargadon, founder of K12 Computers and project leader of the K-12 Open Technologies
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28. Leadership Initiative, the accelerating adoption rate is also being fueled, at least in part, by the
arrival of a growing list of solid open source desktop applications for K-12 education. Although
cost concerns are moving an increasing number of schools to consider open technologies, the
force that may ultimately push K-12 to a tipping point in its slowly evolving relationship with
open source software is peer pressure.
West, Joel, and Jason Dedrick, “Open Source Standardization: The Rise of Linux in the Network
Era,” Knowledge, Technology & Policy 14, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 88-112.
To attract complementary assets, firms that sponsor proprietary de facto compatibility standards
must trade off control of the standard against the imperative for adoption. For example,
Microsoft and Intel in turn gained pervasive adoption of their technologies by appropriating only
a single layer of the standards architecture and encouraging competition in other layers. In
reaction to such proprietary strategies, the open source movement relinquished control to
maximize adoption. To illustrate this, authors examine the rise of the Linux operating system
from 1995-2001, particularly the motivations of organizational buyers and suppliers of
complementary assets, and Microsoft's reaction to its success.
West, Joel and Jason Dedrick, “Scope and Timing of Deployment: Moderators of Organizational
Adoption of the Linux Server Platform,” International Journal of IT Standards and
Standardization Research 4, no. 2 (July-December 2006): 1-21.
Authors present a qualitative study of how organizations do (or do not) adopt a new computer
server platform standard; namely, Linux using PC-compatible hardware. While discussions of
Linux typically focus on its open source origins, our respondents were interested primarily in
low price. Despite this relative advantage in price, incumbent standards enjoyed other advantages
identified by prior theory; namely, network effects and switching costs. Authors show when,
how, and why such incumbent advantages are overcome by a new standard. They find that Linux
adoption within organizations began for uses with a comparatively limited scope of deployment,
thus minimizing network effect and switching costs disadvantages. Authors identify four
attributes of information systems that potentially limit the scope of deployment: few links of the
system to organizational processes, special-purpose computer systems, new uses, and
replacement of obsolete systems. Authors also identify an organizational level variable-internal
standardization-which increases scope of deployment and, thus, the attractiveness of the
incumbent standard.
Xiaobai, Shen, “Developing Country Perspectives of Software: Intellectual Property and Open
Source—A Case Study of Microsoft and Linux in China,” International Journal of IT Standards
& Standardization Research 3, no. 1 (January-June 2005): 21-43.
This paper looks at implications of the emerging global Intellectual Property (IP) regime for
Developing Countries (DC) and their attempts to improve their technological capabilities. It
further highlights the new perspectives for DCs opened by the emergence of non-proprietary
(open source/free) software, such as Linux. A case study of the battle between Microsoft and
Linux in China is used to explore the dilemmas faced by China in determining what IP regime
(strict or weak) to adopt, and the threats and opportunities that either may pose for indigenous
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29. technology development. Based on the case analysis, the paper criticizes the simplistic polarized
views that have been presented of the implications of the global IP regime and of the potential of
non-proprietary software. It explores some of the complex considerations about the interplay
between technology strategy and IP protection for China and discusses the policy implications
for China and other DCs.
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