Personality development vocational course

VOCATIONAL COURSE
DR. MEHA SANGHVI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
TOLANI INSTITUTE OF COMMERCE-ADIPUR

WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
• The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's
distinctive character.
• EX: “She had a sunny personality that was very engaging“
• A celebrity or famous person.
• EX: “An official opening by a famous personality“
• Personality, a characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Personality embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions and is most clearly
expressed in interactions with other people. It includes behavioral
characteristics, both inherent and acquired, that distinguish one person
from another and that can be observed in people’s relations to
the environment and to the social group.

PERSONALITY MEANS?
 The word personality itself stems from the Latin word persona, which refers to a
theatrical mask worn by performers in order to either project different roles or disguise
their identities.
 At its most basic, personality is the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors that make a person unique. It is believed that personality arises from within
the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life.
 While there are many different definitions of personality, most focus on the pattern of
behaviors and characteristics that can help predict and explain a person's behavior.
 Explanations for personality can focus on a variety of influences, ranging from genetic
explanations for personality traits to the role of the environment and experience in
shaping an individual's personality.
.

CHARACTERISTIC OF PERSONALITY:
• So what exactly makes up a personality?
• Traits and patterns of thought and emotion play important roles as well as the
following fundamental characteristics of personality:
• Consistency: There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to behaviors.
Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of situations.
• Psychological and physiological: Personality is a psychological construct, but
research suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs.
• Behaviors and actions: Personality not only influences how we move and
respond in our environment, but it also causes us to act in certain ways.
• Multiple expressions: Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It can
also be seen in our thoughts, feelings, close relationships, and other social
interactions.

How Personality Develops
• There are a number of theories about how personality develops, and different schools of thought
in psychology influence many of these theories. Some of these major perspectives on personality
include the following.
• Type Theories
• Type theories are the early perspectives on personality. These theories suggested that there are a
limited number of "personality types" that are related to biological influences, including:
• Type A: perfectionist, impatient, competitive, work-obsessed, achievement-oriented, aggressive,
stressed
• Type B: low stress, even-tempered, flexible, creative, adaptable to change, patient, tendency to
procrastinate
• Type C: highly conscientious, perfectionists, struggle to reveal emotions (positive and negative)
• Type D: feelings of worry, sadness, irritability, pessimistic outlook, negative self-talk, avoidance of
social situations, lack of self-confidence, fear of rejection, appearing gloomy, hopelessness

IMPORTANT LINK TO UNDERSTAND
PERSONALITY
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/personality/Psychoanalytic-
theories
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/intropsych/chapter/what-is-
personality/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality
• https://www.managementstudyguide.com/importance-of-
personality-development.htm
• https://harappa.education/harappa-diaries/personality-
development-tips-and-importance

HOW TO DEFINE PERSONALITY?
• Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and
behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding individual
differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other is
understanding how the various parts of a person come together as a whole.
• The term personality has been defined in many ways, but as a psychological concept two main
meanings have evolved. The first pertains to the consistent differences that exist between people:
in this sense, the study of personality focuses on classifying and explaining relatively stable
human psychological characteristics. The second meaning emphasizes those qualities that make
all people alike and that distinguish psychological man from other species; it directs the
personality theorist to search for those regularities among all people that define the nature of
man as well as the factors that influence the course of lives. This duality may help explain the two
directions that personality studies have taken: on the one hand, the study of ever more specific
qualities in people, and, on the other, the search for the organized totality of psychological
functions that emphasizes the interplay between organic and psychological events within people
and those social and biological events that surround them. The dual definition of personality is
interwoven in most of the topics discussed below. It should be emphasized, however, that no
definition of personality has found universal acceptance within the field.

What is Personality Development ?
• Personality development is defined as a process of developing and
enhancing one’s personality. Personality development helps an
individual to gain confidence and high self esteem.
• Personality development also is said to have a positive impact on
one’s communication skills and the way he sees the world. Individuals
tend to develop a positive attitude as a result of personality
development.
• Every individual has his own characteristic way of behaving,
responding to emotions, perceiving things and looking at the world.
No two individuals are similar.

• You might like going out for parties but your friend might prefer staying
back at home reading his/her favourite book. It is really not necessary that
if you like partying around, your friend will also like the same. Here comes
the role of personality.
• What an individual sees in his childhood days and most importantly his/her
growing days form his personality. How an individual is raised plays an
important role in shaping his/her personality.
• Personality is nothing but the aggregate conglomeration of memories
and incidents in an individual’s entire life span. Environmental factors,
family background, financial conditions, genetic factors, situations and
circumstances also contribute to an individual’s personality.
•

• In a layman’s language, how we behave in our day to day lives reflects our personality.
How an individual behaves depends on his family background, upbringing, social status
and so on. An individual with a troubled childhood would not open up easily. He/she
would always hesitate to open his heart in front of others. Some kind of fear would
always be there within him. An individual who never had any major problems in life
would be an extrovert and would never have issues interacting and socializing with
others. You really can’t blame an individual for not being an extrovert. It is essential to
check his/her background or past life. It is quite possible that as a child, he was not
allowed to go out of his home, play and freak out with friends. These individuals start
believing that their home is their only world and they are not safe outside. Such a
mindset soon becomes their personality.
• Personality also influences what we think, our beliefs, values and expectations. What
we think about others depends on our personality.
• In a layman’s language personality is defined as the personal qualities and characteristics
of an individual. Personality is how we interact with others. Personality is a sum of
characteristics of an individual which makes him different from the others. It is our
personality which makes us unique and helps us stand apart from the crowd.

Importance of Personality Development
• An individual’s personality refers to his/her appearance, characteristics,
attitude, mindset and behavior with others.
• Let us go through the importance of personality development.
• Personality development grooms an individual and helps him make a
mark of his/her own. Individuals need to have a style of their own for
others to follow them. Do not blindly copy others. You need to set an
example for people around. Personality development not only makes you
look good and presentable but also helps you face the world with a smile.
• Personality development goes a long way in reducing stress and conflicts.
It encourages individuals to look at the brighter sides of life. Face even the
worst situations with a smile. Trust me, flashing your trillion dollar smile
will not only melt half of your problems but also evaporate your stress and
worries. There is no point cribbing over minor issues and problems.

• Personality development helps you develop a positive attitude in life. An
individual with a negative attitude finds a problem in every situation. Rather than
cribbing and criticizing people around, analyze the whole situation and try to find
an appropriate solution for the same. Remember, if there is a problem, there has
to be a solution as well. Never lose your cool. It would make the situation worse.
• It is essential for individuals to behave well with people around. Being polite with
others will not only make you popular among other people but also earn you
respect and pride. You can’t demand respect by being rude with people around.
Personality development plays an important role in developing not only your
outer but also inner self. Human being is a social animal. One needs people
around. An individual needs to have that magnetic power which attracts people
towards him. You need to have that charisma of yours. Personality development
helps you gain recognition and acceptance from the society as well as people
around.

• Personality development plays an essential role not only in an individual’s professional but also personal
lives. It makes an individual disciplined, punctual and an asset for his/her organization. An in-disciplined
individual finds it difficult to survive in the long run. Personality development teaches you to respect not
only your Boss and fellow workers but also family members, friends, neighbours, relatives and so on. Never
make fun of anyone at the workplace. Avoid criticizing and making fun of your fellow workers.
• One should never carry his/her attitude or personal grudges to work. Office is not a place where you can be
rude to others just because you had a fight with your friend last night. Personality development sessions
help you differentiate between your personal as well as professional life. It is really essential to keep a
balance between both the lives to lead a peaceful and stress free life.
• Personality development helps an individual to inculcate positive qualities like punctuality, flexible
attitude, willingness to learn, friendly nature, eagerness to help others and so on. Never hesitate to share
information with others. Always reach office on time. Some people have a tendency to work till late. Late
sittings not only increase your stress levels but also spoil your personal life. Sitting till late at the office
indicates that an individual is extremely poor in time management skills.
• Personality development helps you develop an impressive personality and makes you stand apart from the
rest. Personality development also plays an essential role in improving one’s communication skills.
Individuals ought to master the art of expressing their thoughts and feelings in the most desired way.
Personality development makes you a confident individual who is appreciated and respected wherever he
goes.

Personality Development Tips
• Smile a lot- Nothing works better than a big smile when it comes to
interacting with people around. Do not forget to flash your trillion
dollar smile quite often. Believe me, it works! As they say “a smile is a
curve that sets everything straight”. A smiling face wins even the
toughest soul. Wear your smile while interacting with others. Smile
not only helps in enhancing an individual’s personality but also
winning other’s heart.
• Think positive- It is really essential to think positive. Remember there
is light at the end of every dark tunnel. Do not always think negative
as it not only acts as a demotivating factor but also makes an
individual dull and frustrated. Don’t get upset over minor things. Be a
little flexible and always look at the broader perspectives of life.

• Dress Sensibly- Dressing sensibly and smartly go a long way in honing one’s personality. One
needs to dress according to the occasion. How would a female look if she wears a sari to a
discotheque? Obviously ridiculous! No matter how expensive your sari is, you can’t wear it to a
night club or a pub where everyone is dressed in smart casuals. Price has nothing to do with
smart dressing. An individual who is well dressed is respected and liked by all. No one would
take you seriously if you do not wear suitable clothes fitting with occasions. Do take care of the fit
of the dress as well. An individual should wear clothes as per his/her body type, height, physique
and so on. Someone who is bulky would not look very impressive in body hugging clothes. It is not
necessary that something which looks good on your friend would also look good on you. Wear the
right make up. You do not have to apply loud make up to look good and attractive. Even minimal
make up, if applied sensibly can really make you stand apart from the rest.
• Be soft-spoken- Do not always find faults in others. Fighting and quarrelling lead to no solution.
Be polite with others. Be very careful of what you speak. Avoid being rude and short tempered.
• Leave your ego behind- An individual needs to hide his ego everywhere he goes. Be it office or
workplace you need to leave your ego behind if you wish to win appreciation from others. An
individual who is good from within is loved by all.

• Avoid Backbiting- Backstabbing and criticizing people are negative traits which
work against an individual’s personality. Learn to appreciate others. If someone
has done some extraordinary task, do not forget to give a pat on his/her back.
Believe me; the other person will speak high of you even when you are not
around. Do not spread unnecessary rumors about someone. An individual should
not try to interfere too much in someone’s personal life. Dishonesty, cheating, lies
tarnish your image and people start avoiding you in the long run. If your friend is
seeing someone, you have absolutely no rights to make his/her affair national
news.
• Help others- Do not always think of harming others. Share whatever you know.
Remember no one can steal your knowledge. Always help others.
• Confidence- Confidence is the key to a positive personality. Exude confidence and
positive aura wherever you go.
• A Patient listener- Be a patient listener. Never interrupt when others are
speaking. Try to imbibe good qualities of others.

TYPES OF PERSONALITY
• People fall into a type based on how they rate on those five traits. People fall into one of the four types based on how they rank on the big five
personality traits: openness, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism and contentiousness
• Average: The most common type are people who are high in neuroticism and extraversion while lower in openness.
• Reserved: People in this type are not open or neurotic but they are emotionally stable. They tend to be introverted, agreeable and conscientious.
• Role-models: These people are natural leaders with low levels of neuroticism and high levels of agreeableness, extraversion, openness and
conscientiousness. They listen to new ideas and are reliable.
• Self-centered: While these people score high in extraversion they rank below average openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness.
• "The way for you to grow is to know about yourself," Amaral said.
• Plus, the researchers found that personality isn’t static. People evolve. Teen boys tend to be overly represented in self-centered personality while
older people make up a large portion of the role models.
• “Certain facets are changing,” Amaral said. “As people mature and grow, their personality also matures and grows. I think there is a positive message
that people mature and they move to more desirable characteristics.”
• These personality types describe healthy people. Even though it might sound bad to be neurotic, average people experience varying levels of
neuroticism.
• “We shouldn’t think about each one of the characteristics as the higher, the better. If you are extremely open minded, that just means you believe
everything,” Amaral said.
•

OPENNESS:
• Openness is shorthand for "openness to experience." People who are
high in openness enjoy adventure. They're curious and appreciate art,
imagination and new things. The motto of the open individual might
be "Variety is the spice of life."
• People low in openness are just the opposite: They prefer to stick to
their habits, avoid new experiences and probably aren't the most
adventurous eaters. Changing personality is usually considered a
tough process, but openness is a personality trait that's been shown
to be subject to change in adulthood

Conscientiousness
• People who are conscientious are organized and have a strong sense
of duty. They're dependable, disciplined and achievement-focused.
You won't find conscientious types jetting off on round-the-world
journeys with only a backpack; they're planners.
• People low in conscientiousness are more spontaneous and
freewheeling. They may tend toward carelessness. Conscientiousness
is a helpful trait to have, as it has been linked to achievement in
school and on the job.

Extraversion
• Extraversion versus introversion is possibly the most recognizable
personality trait of the Big Five. The more of an extravert someone is,
the more of a social butterfly they are. Extraverts are chatty, sociable
and draw energy from crowds. They tend to be assertive and cheerful
in their social interactions.
• Introverts, on the other hand, need plenty of alone time, perhaps
because their brains process social interaction differently. Introversion
is often confused with shyness, but the two aren't the same. Shyness
implies a fear of social interactions or an inability to function socially.
Introverts can be perfectly charming at parties — they just prefer solo
or small-group activities.

Agreeableness
• Agreeableness measures the extent of a person's warmth and kindness. The
more agreeable someone is, the more likely they are to be trusting, helpful and
compassionate. Disagreeable people are cold and suspicious of others, and
they're less likely to cooperate.
• Men who are high in agreeableness are judged to be better dancers by women,
suggesting that body movement can signal personality. (Conscientiousness also
makes for good dancers, according to the same 2011 study.) But in the
workplace, disagreeable men actually earn more than agreeable guys.
Disagreeable women didn't show the same salary advantage, suggesting that a
no-nonsense demeanor is uniquely beneficial to men.
• Being envious, which can lead to people being perceived as not agreeable, was
found to be the most common personality type out of the four studies by a report
published in August 2016 in the journal Science Advances. Envious people feel
threatened when someone else is more successful than they are.

Neuroticism
• To understand neuroticism, look no further than George Costanza of the long-running sitcom
"Seinfeld." George is famous for his neuroses, which the show blames on his dysfunctional
parents. He worries about everything, obsesses over germs and disease and once quits a job
because his anxiety over not having access to a private bathroom is too overwhelming.
• George may be high on the neuroticism scale, but the personality trait is real. People high in
neuroticism worry frequently and easily slip into anxiety and depression. If all is going well,
neurotic people tend to find things to worry about. One 2012 study found that when neurotic
people with good salaries earned raises, the extra income actually made them less happy.
• In contrast, people who are low in neuroticism tend to be emotionally stable and even-keeled.
• Unsurprisingly, neuroticism is linked with plenty of bad health outcomes. Neurotic people die
younger than the emotionally stable, possibly because they turn to tobacco and alcohol to ease
their nerves.
• Possibly the creepiest fact about neuroticism, though, is that parasites can make you feel that
way. And we're not talking about the natural anxiety that might come with knowing that a
tapeworm has made a home in your gut. Undetected infection by the parasite Toxoplasma
gondii may make people more prone to neuroticism, a 2006 study found.

THE FIVE QUALITIES OF A SUCCESSFUL PROFESSIONAL
• A persistent idea within the field of psychology is that there are five basic personality
traits, often known as the “Big Five” or by the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE. Each trait
contains within it a sliding scale that describes how we behave in certain situations. The
five are as follows:
• Openness to experience: curious and innovative vs. cautious and consistent
• Conscientiousness: goal-driven and detail-oriented vs. casual and careless
• Extraversion: outgoing and enthusiastic vs. solitary and guarded
• Agreeableness: cooperative and flexible vs. defiant and stubborn
• Neuroticism: anxious and volatile vs. confident and stable
• Except for neuroticism, most of the traits as named correlate with professional success.
Researchers have found that successful people are generally organized, innovative,
outgoing, cooperative, and stable, although extraverts don’t do as well as introverts on
individual tasks and agreeableness doesn’t necessarily lead to a high salary

UNIT-2
DEVELOPING IMPRESSIVE/APPEALING HABITS
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE
GOOD MANNERS AND ETIQUETTES
APPEARANCE AND PHYSIQUE

PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE
SPEAKING ETHICALLY AND AVOIDING FALLACIES
• When we discussed persuasive messages earlier, we focused on best practices without veering much into what’s considered
offside in the art of persuasion. When we consider ethical behavior in the workplace, it’s worth revisiting the topic of persuasion
so that we can address how not to persuade. In other words, how can we avoid manipulating someone in professional situations
so that they don’t later feel like they were taken advantage of.
• In the context of communication, manipulation is the management of facts, ideas or points of view to play upon people’s
insecurities or to use emotional appeals to one’s own advantage. Though emotional appeals were part of the rhetorical triangle
discussed earlier. they cross the line into manipulation when motivated by an attempt to do something against the best interests
of the audience, which expects that you treat them with respect. Deliberately manipulating them by inciting fear or guilt is
unethical. Likewise, deception is unethical because it uses lies, partial truths, or the omission of relevant information to deceive.
No one likes to be lied to or led to believe something that isn’t true. Deception can involve intentional bias or the selection of
information to support your position while negatively framing any information that might challenge your audience’s belief.
• Other unethical behaviors with respect to an audience such as a workplace team include coercion and bribery. Coercion is the use
of power to make someone do something they would not choose to do freely. It usually involves threats of punishment, which get
results at least while the “stick” is present, but results in hatred towards the coercing person or group and hence a toxic work
environment. Bribery, which is offering something in return for an expected favor, is similarly unethical because it sidesteps
normal, fair protocol for personal gain at the audience’s expense. When the rest of the team finds out that they lost out on
opportunities because someone received favors for favors, an atmosphere of mistrust and animosity—hallmarks of a toxic work
environment—hangs over the workplace.

ELEVEN UNETHICAL PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES
• Though you may be tempted to do anything to achieve the result of convincing someone to act in a way that benefits you and your company or organization, certain techniques
are inherently unethical. The danger in using them is that they will be seen for what they are—dishonest manipulation—and you’ll lose all credibility rather than achieve your
goal. Just as we have a set of DOs for how to convince someone effectively in a decent way, we also have a set of DON’Ts for what not to do.
• In Ethics in Human Communication, Richard Johannsson (1996) offers eleven points to consider when speaking persuasively. Do not:
• Use false, fabricated, misrepresented, distorted or irrelevant evidence to support arguments or claims
• Intentionally use unsupported, misleading, or illogical reasoning
• Represent yourself as an “expert” (or even informed) on a subject when you’re not, as in the case of “mansplaining” (McClintock, 2016)
• Use irrelevant appeals to divert attention from the issue at hand
• Ask your audience to link your idea or proposal to emotion-driven values, motives, or goals to which it is unrelated
• Deceive your audience by concealing your real purpose, your self-interest, the group you represent, or your position as an advocate of a viewpoint
• Distort, hide, or misrepresent the number, scope, intensity, or undesirable features of consequences or effects
• Use “emotional appeals” that lack a supporting basis of evidence or reasoning
• Oversimplify complex, multi-layered, nuanced situations into simplistic, two-valued, either/or, polar views or choices
• Pretend certainty where tentativeness and degrees of probability would be more accurate
• Advocate for something that you yourself do not believe in
• If you tried any of the above tricks and were found out by a critical-thinking audience, you risk irreparable damage to your reputation personally and that of your company.
• Though you might think that the above guidelines wipe out most of a marketer’s available techniques, in fact they leave plenty of room for creative argument following the model
for persuasive argument outlined as above. After all, the goal of any such argument in a professional situation is to achieve a mutually beneficial result, one where both you and
your audience benefit by getting something you both want or need in a free and honest exchange. Your audience will appreciate your fair dealing as you build your credibility

AVOIDING FALLACIES
• Logicians (experts on logic) have long pointed out a set of rhetorical
tricks, called fallacies, that charlatans use to convince others of an
argument that has no merit on its own. Though these fallacies are
typically deceptive in nature, they still manage to convince many
people in ways that undermine their own interests. Whenever you
see anyone resorting to these tricks, you should probably be
suspicious of what they’re selling or getting you to support. To be
ethical in the way you present arguments in professional situations
and steer clear of being held under suspicion by a critical audience
yourself, avoid the eight fallacies explored below in Table

AVOIDING FALLACIES
Fallacy Definition Example
1. Red Herring Any diversion intended to distract
attention from the main issue,
particularly by relating the issue to a
common fear
So-called “safe” injection sites in our
neighbourhood will mean that more
dealers will set up shop, too, leading to
more crime.
2. Straw Man A weak argument set up to be easily
refuted, distracting attention from
stronger arguments
Safe injection sites will increase illegal
drug use because it’ll make those drugs
easier to access, defeating the purpose
of “harm reduction.”

AVOIDING FALLACIES
3. Begging the Question Claiming the truth of the very
matter in question, as if it were
already an obvious conclusion
Safe injection sites won’t save
anybody because addicts will
continue to overdose with or
without them.
4. Circular Argument A proposition is used to prove
itself, assuming the very thing it
aims to prove (related to begging
the question)
Once a junkie, always a junkie. No
“harm reduction” approach will
solve the opioid crisis.
5. Bandwagon (a.k.a. Ad
Populum)
Appeals to a common belief of
some people, often prejudicial,
and states everyone holds this
belief
No one wants a safe injection site
in their neighbourhood because
they don’t care that much about
the welfare of junkie criminals.

AVOIDING FALLACIES
6. Ad Hominem Stating that someone’s argument is wrong solely
because of something about them rather than about
the argument itself
The safe injection site advocate is a junkie himself. How
can we trust him on issues of safety when every junkie
lies as a matter of habit?
7. Non Sequitur The conclusion does not follow from the premises Since this whole obsession with being politically correct
began 30 years ago, people now think that even addicts
are worthy of respect.
8. Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Establish a cause-and-effect relationship where only a
correlation exists
The rise of liberal attitudes since the 1960s has led to
higher rates of incarceration across the country.

GOOD MANNERS AND ETIQUETTES
• BUSINESS ETIQUETTE
• Etiquette is a code of behavior that extends to many aspects of how
we present ourselves in social situations. We’ve examined this
throughout this guide in specific written applications (e.g., using a
well-mannered, courteous style of writing, such as saying please
when asking someone to do something; Though we’ll examine
specific applications of etiquette associated with various channels
(e.g., telephone) throughout this chapter, we will here focus on dining
etiquette and dress.

GOOD MANNERS
• Good manners cost us nothing, but may win almost everything. They
are the skills of making people feel easy and comfortable. We can
have better relationships with people we know and meet in day to
day life ju t by behaving well. Courtesy, politeness or having good
manners are an about respecting others and yourself. If you show
good manners everywhere you go, then you are more likely to
encourage others to behave in the same way towards you. THINK -
How would you feel if someone:- -Never says 'Please' or 'Thank You'
when you help them? -Shares your things but never shares anything
of theirs? -Snatches the remote, while you are watching TV?
• Go ahead and see how you can enhance your personality by following
some basic rules of manners and etiquettes.

Good manners
• Good manners at home
• I usually • Help others at home. • Say 'please' and 'thank you' whenever it
is required. • Share and not grab or keep good things for me. • Get up in
morning as soon as I am called. • Respect privacy of others and their
personal belongings. • Keep myself and my space/room clean. • Go for
meals on time. • Ask permission if I have to borrow something of others.
• Respect other people's property and their rooms, o Never read letters or
messages that belong to others. o Never stay in bathroom longer than time
required. o Never talk back or poutwhen scolded. o Never tease or tag
other members of the family. o Feel and say sorry, in hurt anyone's feeling.
o Don't complain if I have to "baby sit" while my parents are away from
home. o Don't switch television programs to suit me, o Hold the door open
for the person coming in, especially if he is carrying something. o Knock at
the door before entering the home of others' .

Good manners
• Good manners at school/college
• Saying good morning/afternoon in am walking past an adult or
teacher. , Asking if I can borrow something, not just taking. o
Returning things that I have borrowed. o Waiting for my turn before
speaking. • Saying 'excuse me,' rather than pushing past someone. •
Taking care of the school property. • Not talking with classmates
when teachers are teaching. • Helping junior students to develop
confidence. • Not leaning or just snooping around the teachers table.
• Not making fun of other students. • Throwing away useless thing
like paper, polythene or wrappers etc. in dustbins. • Not interfering in
the privacy of the people living near the school building. • Not tearing
papers from my copies. • Not bullying others.

Good Eating and Table manners
• I always wash my hands before and after the meals. • T don't grab
everything I want first but help others to get their food and am
prepared to share. • I wait until everyone has been served before I
eat. • I ask for things to be passed to me and not lean over the table.
• I don't stretch across the table to grab dish/bread. • I keep my
elbows off the table. • I chew food with my mouth closed. • 1 don't
make noise while eating or while sitting or standing from chair. • I
don't talk with my mouth full. It is not a good look! • I don't play with
my food. · If! need to blow my nose, I excuse myself and go out of the
room first. • After finishing food, I take my plates etc. to the kitchen

Good manners in public (Walking on
roads/going for a walk! going for parties/etc.)
• I usually dress carefully (not according to public demand but feeling
easy and comfortable). • I walk with confidence. • [never make noise
or sound differently on road. • I usually walk on my side as per traffic
rules. • I never stand in the middle of the road. • [never walk on road
in a group without giving space to other to pass. • I smile or laugh
when there is occasion. • 1 never pick my nose in public! • [am not
afraid to say "NO", when things are not in accordance with "SAFETY
RULES".I am firm and polite. • I always try to use sophisticated
language and speak politely. • I try to behave in such a manner so
that I don't embarrass anyone. • I introduce my friends to people [
am with.

• T never ignore any person who is in my group. • T always give respect
to elderly people and give chance to them to move or sit first. • I
allow adults to go through first while holding the door open for them.
• I never interfere when two persons are talking and wait for my turn
to speak or use "Excuse me" before talking. • I praise others for their
support or whenever it is required. • J say sorry if! make a mistake
unknowingly. • [say 'please' and 'thank you'. • J accept my praise with
a smile and say "Thank You". • [do not damage public property and
monuments. • I never urinate in the open. [use public toilets/
conveniences]. • put my garbage in dustbin. • never spit here and
there.

• One imbibes or learns Good Manners and Etiquettes right from early
childhood and it gets strengthened over years to form habits. These
may also be developed later in life through observation and
experience. Be courteous to others and use "PLEASE" "SORRY"
"THANK YOU" "EXCUSE ME" whenever required. Having good
manners makes you a pleasant person to be around. Everyone feels
happy and important when respect, care and consideration are
shown by others. If we want to get attention and respect from others
we too should have Good Manners & Etiquettes. Think how much
more pleasant is life when people show that they respect the
comfort, feelings and wellbeing of others'

ETIQUETTES
DINING ETIQUETTE
• If you are invited out for a lunch by a manager, it’s probably not just a lunch. They
will assess how refined you are in your manners so that they know whether they
can put you in front of clients doing the same and not embarrass the company.
Though it may not be obvious, they’ll observe whether you use your utensils
correctly, chew with your mouth closed, wait till your mouth is empty before
speaking or cover your mouth with your hand if you must speak while chewing,
and how you position your cutlery when you’re done. Why does any of this
matter?
• Though all of this seems like it has nothing to do with the quality of work, it
shows the extent to which you developed fastidious habits and self-awareness.
Someone who chews with their mouth open, for instance, either lacks the self-
awareness to know that people tend to be disgusted by the sight of food being
chewed, or doesn’t care what people think. Either way, that lack of self-
awareness can lead to behaviors that will ruin their reputation, as well as that of
the company they represent.

• DRESSING APPROPRIATELY FOR THE WORKPLACE
• When we hear the word uniform, we often think of a very specific style
such as what a police officer or nurse wears. In a general sense, however,
we all wear uniforms of various styles in whatever professional or
institutional environment we participate in. Dressing appropriately in those
situations and in the workplace specifically has everything to do with
meeting expectations. In an office environment, clients, coworkers, and
managers expect to see employees in either suits or a business-casual style
of dress depending on the workplace. In such situations, conformity is the
order of the day, and breaking the dress code can be a serious infraction.
• Though some infractions are becoming less serious in many places because
the general culture is becoming more accepting of tattoos, piercings, and
dyed hair as more and more people use these to express themselves, you
might need to be careful. Consider the following points:

• Tattoos: Though a significant proportion of the population has tattoos and
therefore they are more acceptable across the board, overly conspicuous
tattoos are still considered taboo. Tattoos on the face, neck, or hands, for
instance, are considered risky because of their association with prison and
gang branding. Tattoos that can be covered by a long-sleeved shirt with a
collar and slacks are a safe bet. However, if you have tattoos on your
forearms depicting scenes of explicit sex or violence, consider either
getting them removed or never rolling up your sleeves if you want to get
hired and keep your job.
• Piercings: Of course, earrings are de rigueur for women and acceptable on
men as well. However, earlobe stretching and piercings on the nasal
septum or lips are still generally frowned upon in professional settings. Any
serious body modification along these lines is acceptable in certain
subcultures, but not in most workplaces.

• Dyed hair: As with tattoos and piercings, hair dye is becoming more
acceptable generally, but extreme expression is inadvisable in any
traditional workplace. Where customer expectations are rigid (e.g., in a
medical office), seeing someone with bright pink hair will give the
impression of an amateur operation rather than a legitimate health care
facility.
• Because conformity is the determining factor of acceptability in proper
attire in any particular workplace, the best guide for how to dress when
you aren’t given a specific uniform is what everyone else wears. Observe
closely their style and build a wardrobe along those lines. If the fashion is
slacks with a belt that matches the colour of your shoes and a long-sleeve,
button-up, collared shirt for men and a full-length skirt and blouse for
women, do the same

• Informally Dressed
• Formally Dressed
• Combination Of Pair (Top And Bottom)
• Color Combination
• Occasion Matters
• Does It Suit On You?
• Body Shape And Size
• People’s attitude changes (Ex. Jassi)
• Attempting to change can change people’s perception of you
• Experimenting a little with kinds of clothing may change your entire personality
• New look for uplifting effect upon personality and generate confidence

PERSONALITY TRAITS
• BEHAVIOR
• HAPTICS: THE TOUCH BEHAVIOUR
• PASSIVE
• AGGRESSIVE
• ASSERTIVE
• ATTITUDE
• CONTENT
• SIGNIFICANCE
• FACTORS AFFECTING ATTITUDES
• POSITIVE ATTITUDE AND ADVANTAGES
• NEGATIVE ATTITUDE AND DISADVANTAGES

Haptics: The Touch Behavior
• Touch is probably the first of our senses to develop. The baby in the
womb cannot see, smell, taste or hear but once born, touch becomes
the most important sense.
• Touching can have a powerful effect on how we react to a situation.
Even if we are touched accidently or unintentionally, we can still be
significantly affected by it.
• Types of touches
1. functional/ professional touch
2. social touch (as in business)
3. General touch (as friendship/ close relationship)
4. Passionate touch (as in love)

Bodily Contact and Touching
Types of touching Parts of the body involved include
Patting Head, back
Slapping Face, hand, bottom
Punching Face, chest
pinching Cheek
Stroking Hair, face
Shaking Hands
Kissing Mouth, cheek, hand
Holding Hand, arm
Guiding Hand, arm
Embracing Shoulder, body
Linking Arms
Laying on Hands
Kicking Bottom
Grooming Hair, face
Tickling Anywhere

Shaking hands: Dominant ands submissive
handshakes
Handshake styles
1. Aggressive handshake
2. Political handshake
3. Dead fish handshake
4. Knuckle grinder handshake
5. Stiff arm handshake
6. Fingertip grab handshake
7. Arm pulling handshake
8. Double handed handshake
Self touch
• Hair grooming
• Nape scratching
• Eye rubbing
• Chin holding
• Palm rubbing
• Hugging and kissing(friendly)

Quality Specific Behaviours
Conscientious •Consistently do your best work in the time you have to do it
•Be organized and efficient in your workflow and time management
•Be realistic about what you can accomplish and follow through on commitments
•Go the extra mile for anyone expecting quality work from you (while respecting time, budget, or other constraints)
•Finish your work on time rather than leave loose ends for others
Courteous •Speak and write clearly at a language level your audience understands
•Be punctual: arrive at the workplace on time and deliver work by the deadline
•Notify those expecting you when you’re running late
•Apologize for your own errors and misunderstandings
•Practice active listening
•Share your expertise with others and be a positive, encouraging mentor to those entering the workplace

Tactful •Exercise self-control with regard to conversational topics and jokes
•Avoid contentious public and office politics, especially in writing
•Control your biases by being vigilant in your diction (e.g., word choices involving gendered pronouns)
•Accept constructive criticism gracefully
•Provide helpful, improvement-focused feedback mixed with praise
•Keep negative opinions of people to yourself
•Be patient, understanding, and helpful towards struggling colleagues
Ethical •Avoid even small white lies and truth-stretching logical fallacies
•Avoid conflicts of interest or even the perception of them
•Pay for products and services as soon as possible if not right away
•Respect the confidentiality of private information and decisions
•Focus on what you and your company do well rather than criticize competitors to customers and others
•Follow proper grievance procedures rather than take vengeance
•Be charitable whenever possible
Presentable •Be positive and friendly, especially in introductions, as well as generous with your smile
•Present yourself according to expectations in grooming and attire
•Practice proper hygiene (showering, dental care, deodorant, etc.)
•Follow general rules of dining etiquette

UNIT-3
BODY LANGUAGE IN INTER-PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
• UNDERSTANDING BODY LANGUAGE
• PROJECTIVE POSITIVE BODY LANGUAGE
• EYE CONTACT
• FACIAL EXPRESSION
• HEAD MOVEMENTS
• POSTURE AND STANCE
• GESTURE AND BODY MOVEMENTS
• BODY LANGUAGE FOR SALES AND MARKETING EXECUTIVES

UNDERSTANDING BODY LANGUAGE
SOME COMMON NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOUR AND THEIR INTERPRETATION
Non-verbal behavior Interpretation
Brisk, erect walk Confidence
Standing with hands on hips Readiness, aggression
Sitting with legs crossed, foot kicking slightly Boredom
Sitting with legs apart Open, relaxed
Arms crossed on chest Defensiveness
Walking with hands in pockets, shoulders hunched Dejection (sadness/ unhappiness)
Hand to cheek Evaluation, thinking
Touching, slightly rubbing nose Rejection, doubt, lying
Rubbing the eye Doubt, disbelief
Hands clasped behind back Anger, frustration, apprehension (worry)
Locked ankles Apprehension
Head resting in hand, eye downcast Boredom
Rubbing hands Anticipation (Hope)
Sitting with hands clasped behind head, legs crossed Confidence, superiority

Body language- interpersonal communication
• We human beings are social beings. We cannot live in isolation. As
soon as we come in contact with others we start exchanging our ideas
or get involved in interpersonal communication.
• For this we can make use of spoken and written language. In these
ways we make the content of a message clear to one another.
However, we can also communicate without words. This kind of
communication tells us something about the relationship between
people. Often this is more important than getting the content of the
message across. The communication about this non-spoken
communication, which tells us something about the relationship
between people, is called meta-communication.

Words seems to be inadequate in inter-
personal communication
• When we connect with a person, we have also to make it clear to one
another how the content of a spoken message to be interpreted.
• How do we this says something about the relationship we have the
other person, or think we have anyway.
• Often words are inadequate for this purpose. For instance, we do not
tell each other that easily how we feel about each other, or how the
words of a message need to be interpreted.
• To make the meaning of our words clear we use body language.
• Body language is a language without spoken words and is therefore a
non-verbal communication.

What constitutes non-verbal communication?
• Non-verbal communication is everything except your words. It
includes
• Body language ( which by itself includes facial expression and body attitude)
• Sub-consciousness
• Use of body language ( facial expressions including eyes contact, gestures, posture and
proxemics (space/spatial arrangement and orientation)
• First impression is the last impression
• Eye contact
• Smiles

UNDERSTANDING BODY LANGUAGE
SOME COMMON NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOUR AND THEIR INTERPRETATION
Non-verbal behavior Interpretation
Open palm Sincerity, openness, innocence
Pinching bridge of nose, eyes closed Negative evaluation
Tapping or drumming fingers Impatience
Steepling fingers Interest, determination, authoritative attitude
Patting/ fondling hair (touching hair) Lack of self-confidence, insecurity
Tilted head (slanted) interest
Stroking (Rubbing)chin Trying to make a decision
Looing down, face turned away Disbelief
Biting nails Insecurity, nervousness
Pulling or tugging at ear indecision

Eye contact
• We begin improving our mastery over body language by looking at
the eyes and at how they are used in the process of everyday face-to
–face communication. We begin with the eyes because they are the
most powerful means of communication we possess.
• E. Hess rightly says in his book, The Tell-Tale Eye that the eyes may
well give the most revealing and accurate of all human
communication signals because they are a focal point on the body.

Eye Grammar
• Formal gaze
• Informal gaze
• Personal gaze
• Lateral gaze
• Too much eye contact
• Too little eye contact
• Withdrawing eye contact

How to make best use of your eye contact
• Speaking information
• Showing attention and interest
• Inviting and controlling interaction
• Domineering, threatening and influencing others
• Providing feedback during speech
• Revealing attitudes

Facial expression
• The study of facial expression has a long history. Charles Darwin, of
the fame of the Origin of Species and Voyage of the Beagle published
the first serious scientific study in this area in his Expression of the
Emotions in Man and Animals, way back in 1872.
• It simply is not possible to use face as a reliable predictor.
• What can be done, however, is to use facial expressions as means of
gaining a better understanding of what others are communicating. In
body language, the expressiveness of the face is second only to that
of the eyes.

The range of facial expressions
• Facial expression showing happiness
• Facial expression showing sadness
• Displeasure
• Anger
• Fear
• Interest

Head movements
• If you watch two people talking, you will notice that, in addition to the
movement of their mouths and change in facial expression as they talk,
their heads move in what may appear to be quite random ways.
• These movements are more random than the eye movement and facial
expressions we have already examined.
• The most obvious and perhaps most frequently used head movement is
the ‘nod’. It signifies agreement, affirmation and approval and can
therefore be very useful when verbal language differences make
communication difficult.
• Head movements are important not only in talking but also in listening for,
if they are not used properly they can quickly affect adversely in our
relationship with another person.

Types of heads:
Talking heads/ listening heads
• Indicate attitudes
• To replace speech
• To support what is said
• Sometimes they can ever be used to contradict what is said
• Head held high: haughty and aggressive attitude
• Lowered head: depression with submissive attitude

Gesture and body movements
• Any part of the body can be moved to make a special kind of gesture. This aspect
of body language is usually called Kinesics.
• This is a term coined by an American researcher, Ray Birdwhistell, who was one of
the first to study body motion communication when serious interest in it began in
the late 1940s.
• A Kine is the smallest observable unit of body movement and Kinesics refers to
the scientific study of gestures and other body movements.
• It is in the use of gestures that our mastery of body language can achieve real
eloquence.
• Eye contact, facial expression and head movements, though of vital importance,
have certain limitations. Gestures permit a degree of expressiveness and subtly
that is not possible with other aspects of non-verbal communication.
• It is use of gestures to convey meaning that most people think of when they talk
about body language.

Let your body talk o on your behalf
Gestures can be broadly classified into following
categories
• Illustrations and other speech-linked signals
• Conventional signs and sign language
• Movements that express emotions
• Movements that express personality
• Movements that are used in various religious and other rituals

No matter whichever way they are classified, gestures can be used to express a
range of attitudes, emotions and other messages. Michael Argyle quotes a number
of conventional gestures that seem to have almost universal meaning: such as
• Shaking the fist to show anger
• Rubbing the palms together in anticipation
• Clapping as a sign of approval
• Raising one’s hands to gain attention
• Yawning out of boredom
• Patting someone on the back to encourage
• Rubbing the stomach to indicate hunger

Some common gestures and their inspiration
• Shoulder shrug
• Puffed chest
• Sucked stomach
• Crossed/uncrossed legs
• Concealing feet
• Inviting buttocks
• Fingertip kissing
• Nose thumbing or cooking-a-snoot
• Eyelid pulling
• Finger crossing
• Nose tapping
• Thumb upping

Some common head and arm gestures
• Rubbing the palm together
• Thumb and finger rub
• Hands clenched together
• Steeping hands (The raised steeple, The lowered steeple,)
• Gripping hands, arms and wrists
• Thumb displays
• Hand-to-face gestures (the mouth guard, nose touching, clenched teeth, the eye rub, the ear rub,
the neck scratch, the collar pull, fingers in the mouth, chin stroking, cheek and chin gestures)
• Boredom gestures
• Evaluation gestures
• Variation of decision-making gestures
• Combination of hand-to-face clusters

Posture and stance
• Gesture and posture are closely related to each other. In fact, they are
interdependent and inseparable. Posture tends to be ignored somewhat as
far as its communicative value is concerned.
• We each have a repertoire of postures that we characteristcally use those
these repertoires are quite limited. It is possible for us to recognise people
we know at a distance by the postures they typocaaly use.
• Posture can be a clue to personality and to character. The person who
usually holds his body erect often has a quite different temperament from
the person who slouches about with rounded shoulders.
• There are three main kinds of posture: standing,
sitting(squatting/kneeling), lying down.

Posture and stance
• There are many variations on these postures, depending upon the
different positions of the arms, legs and the various angles at which
the body may be held. Particular individual may have a narrow rnage
of preferred postures.
• These preferred postures recall a person’s past. People who have at
some time in their lives, gone through prolonged periods of
depression, for instance, still stoop and sag even years after they Have
recovered and resumed normal lives.

Body language for sales and marketing
executives
• An interesting method for enhancement in selling your company and
your services is to use non verbal communication, subtle messages
conveyed without words as much as possible. These include posture,
facial expressions, gestures, mannerism and your appearance.
• Psychologists claim that the Impact you make on others depends
what you say(7%), how you say it (38%), and by what body language
you say it (55%). Since how you sound also conveys a message, 93%
of emotion is communicated without actual words.

However some non verbal signals have
several meanings
• Crossed arm can indicate ‘defemsiveness’, or simply ‘comfortable
position’.
• Touching nose can suggest doubt in what the person is hearing.
• An unbuttoned jacket can signify openness and cooperation. Or it
could also be an overweight person trying to fit into an old jacket.
• The hitchhiking pose, arm extended with thumb pointed up, can give
a negative mesaage in other cultures.

Body language around the world
• Body language, as you should be aaware by now, is already complex
enough even when you are dealing with people from your own
culture, but when it comes to encountering those from other cultures
it becomes fraught with difficulties.
• Cultural difference
• Business as usual
• What to do when you cant speak the language
• Gestures(handshake, direct eye contact, waving hands,beckoning, v
for victory, the ok gesture, thumbs up and whistling)

Body language at work
• Occupatjonal body language( tv interviewers, anchors, and
newsreaders)
• Nursing
• Business people
• Teaching in classroom or anywhere)
• Stage performers
• Other occupations
• Attitudes in workmates

Exhibit managerial skills
• Respect
• Tolerating ambiguity
• Relating to people
• Being non judgemental
• Personalizing one’s observation
• Empathy
• Persistance

Corporate etiquatte
• Our unendeavour for self-improvement would not be complete if we
skip out what is known as ‘corporate or business etiquette.
• B.e is made up of significantly more imp things than just knowing
which fork to is at lunch with a client.
• Etiquette is all about presenting yourself with the kind of polish that
shows you can be taken seriously. Etiquette is about being
comfortable around people and making them comfortable around
you.
• There are many written and unwritten rules and guidelines for
etiquette, and it certainly benefits a business person to learn them.

Etiquette
• The basics
• It’s all about people
• Peers and subordinates
• Superiors
• International business
• Meetings
• The phone
• Email
• Interruptions
• Guests, Consultants and new employs
• Introduction
• Dress and appearance
• Social settings
• Table manners

Body language in building industrial relations
• Body language has a greater bearing upon the relationships between
management and workers than many people may be prepared to admit.
• Since good industrial relations depends upon successful negotiation,
fruitful meetings and give and take on both sides, the kind of body
language, which will be helpful (increased eye contact, friendly facial
expressions, bodily contact)
• Motivating others
• Team building
• Negotiating styles
• Conclusion

UNIT-4
PERSONAL SKILLS
• EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
• EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AND ITS KEY ASPECTS
• SELF-APPRAISAL AND SELF-DEVELOPMENT
• STRESS MANAGEMENT – INTRODUCTION, CAUSES,STRESS
MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
• MEDITATION, YOGA, CONTROLLING ANGER
• TIME MANAGEMENT- IMPORTANCE OF TIME MANAGEMENT,
TECHNIQUES OF TIME MANAGEMENT, TIME MANAGEMENT STYLES
• CAREER MANAGEMENT

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
• Emotional intelligence (EI), emotional quotient (EQ) and emotional
intelligence quotient (EIQ), is the capability of individuals
to recognize their own emotions and those of others, discern
between different feelings and label them appropriately, use
emotional information to guide thinking and behavior, and adjust
emotions to adapt to environments. Although the term first appeared
in 1964, it gained popularity in the 1995 best-selling book Emotional
Intelligence, written by science journalist Daniel Goleman. Goleman
defined EI as the array of skills and characteristics that drive
leadership performance.

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AND ITS KEY ASPECTS
• One of the most important aspects of effective communication is being a good listener.
... Effective communication requires active listening, so practice active listening until it
becomes second nature to you. So what is active listening? Active listening involves
hearing and understanding what a person is saying to you.
• Definition: Effective communication is a process of exchanging ideas, thoughts,
knowledge and information such that the purpose or intention is fulfilled in the best
possible manner. In simple words, it is nothing but the presentation of views by the
sender in a way best understood by the receiver.
• When you talk, you are only repeating what you know; but when you listen you
may learn something new— Dalai Lama
• This quote has taught me to only speak when necessary, when I am adding value to a
conversation. If I am not adding value, I should be listening so that I can fully absorb what
the other person is saying. This is a really important point, and is fundamental when
communicating effectively with a project team. Over the next few paragraphs, I’ll list out
a few of the most important aspects of communicating successfully either on a project,
or as a leader.

LISTEN
• How will you understand how your team feels, and be able to tap into
their ideas/creativity for moving forward if you don’t listen? Without
your team feeling like they have a voice that will be heard, why should
you expect their buy-in to a project?
• Ensure you have the right forum for them to air their views,
remembering that not all project team members would be confident
enough to give their opinions in a group discussion.

TRUST
• Why would a team work effectively for you, if they don’t trust what
you do or what you say?
• It is one of the most important elements of being a successful leader,
as without trust, the team is unlikely to want to follow the direction
or strategy suggested.
• With trust, misunderstandings or mistakes can be resolved and the
team can feel empowered to take responsibility. If there is a
transparency from the leader, the team is more likely to feel ready to
open up and there is no ‘fear factor’, harnessing an open and honest
partnership between the team and manager.

FOCUS AND CONTROL
• In a crisis situation, how will the team members feel if their leader
conveys panic by becoming stressed and out of control? Not
particularly calmly themselves, one imagines.
• Most projects do not go as planned, so how do we maintain control
over the situation? By focusing, being rational and ensuring that the
team are being communicated to effectively. Be a problem solver,
agile and find the best solutions.
• Team members want a leader to take control of situations, and be
part of the plan to get things back on track.

CONFIDENCE AND INFLUENCE
• Have you ever worked with someone brilliant? The chances are that you’re
likely to want to work with them again. The people that you always
remember are the ones that were confident in the face of any challenge
and had the ability to influence those around them.
• Think about any time someone has tried to convince you of something. The
people that successfully inspire are those that are confident in any message
that they deliver. If you are not confident in what you’re saying, how would
you expect anybody else to be?
• This also means ensuring that you are informed of ‘why’ you are doing
something? Often this part of the message is forgotten but is key to a
successful delivery, especially if this can be tied back to the vision or
strategy of the business.

CLARITY OF THE MESSAGE
• What is it that you want to say to your team? Always remember that.
Often the message isn’t tailored to the right audience, or full of
acronyms that people don’t understand.
• Keep in mind the ‘what’s in it for me’ message – what are people
taking out of what you are saying, do they know what is expected of
them?
• When releasing the message, are there more appropriate people
better placed to deliver it – i.e. an operational lead? Don’t be too
proud to allow the message to be told by someone else, even if it is
good news!

IMPORTANT LINKS
• https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business-communication/13-essential-
of-an-effective-communication-system-business-management/25813
• https://theinvestorsbook.com/effective-communication.html
• https://www.sincera.in/the-7-elements-of-effective-communication/
• https://destinysodyssey.com/personal-development/self-development-2/

Aspects of effective communication
• Effective communication is not just what you say, it encompasses so much more than that.
• Think about a recent meeting or presentation. Apart from the words that the person was saying,
what can you remember about the way the speaker used:Language and tone of voice
• Questioning and listening skills
• Non-verbal communication: a) Body language b) Facial expressions c) Eye contact with the
audience d) Position in the room
• Many of the characteristics of good communication in business meetings and presentations are
also components of successful communication with young audiences. However, you will need to
think carefully what is appropriate to use with different age groups of young people.
• The rest of this week looks at these different aspects of communication. It is worth noting that
these aspects are often linked and happening at the same time. For example, smiling whilst
talking will affect the tone of voice and your facial expression. However, trying to address
everything at once can be a little challenging! You may wish to focus on one or two aspects first.

What is Self-appraisal?
• the act of judging your own work or strengths or weaknesses
• Self-appraisal, as the term suggests is the process where the
employee reviews his/her own performance. It is a process in which
employees are given the opportunity to scrutinize their
own performance and assess their own strengths and weaknesses.
• Nobody knows where you excel and where you’ve gone wrong better
than yourself. Self-Appraisal is effectively a self-performance review,
which can then be used as an integral part of performance appraisal.
• There are both important benefits and consequences that result from
using Self-Appraisal.

Self- appraisal
• Such approach is useful for organizations to use as a precursor to the Annual performance review meetings
with their ‘people’. It gives employees a better understanding and insight to their own performance and at
the same time, empowers them to take responsibility of their own career development. Additionally, it
significantly reduces reliance on the opinions of the manager/supervisor and therefore making it more of a
two-way discussion and shared evaluation. This way of assessment identifies where they may be
discrepancies between you and your managers’ view on performance. At the same time, it reminds your
manager of your achievements over the past year – Don’t expect them to remember everything about every
single one of their employees. On the other hand, there can be consequences if this process is not used
effectively or if used in isolation. This process is most effective and successful if used in conjunction with
other performance assessment methods such as ‘The performance Review Meeting’, 'Peer Appraisal' and
‘The 360 Feedback Report’ as they provide little insight to team involvement for example. Furthermore, over
reliance on Self Appraisal can result in senior positions not pulling their weight.
• Self-Appraisals are normally carried out by employees individually evaluating their performance by filling out
a form template or set of questions, based on their performance. It may result quite challenging to
remember specific details over the past twelve months in your career. One way to make this easier is to keep
an updated log or diary at work where you can jot proceedings down throughout the year. Keep records of
important assignments and projects, success and challenges, changes in responsibilities and roles and any
significant change when they are fresh in your mind. Collecting this evidence will give you something to look
back on, making you more prepared and putting you in a better place to analyze.

Self-evaluation covers all individual areas such
as
• Your main strengths and weaknesses
• Major problems and challenges encountered
• Key accomplishments and drawbacks
• Future career plans (Long/Short goals)
• Required training and development areas
• Having said this, be sure to emphasize the impact of your work and not just state your achievements. Provide bottom line
examples in order to show exactly how valuable you are to the business. Be proud of your achievements – don’t overrate and
don’t underestimate.
• Shift the main focus away from the negative aspects as much as possible, however have the ability to recognise where there is
room for improvement. Dedicate enough time and effort in completing this process, as your outlook on your performance could
be completely different to how your supervisor has evaluated it. This will help manager understand weather or not you have an
accurate understanding of your role and objectives.
• Finally, keep in professional. Proof read it for mistakes, accuracy and figures used.
• In summary, Self-Assessment makes meetings more effective if they share ownership on evaluating performance and Self-
Appraisal encourages this to happen. It encourages self-reflection and allows compassion of individuals’ views on their
performance, becoming a joint responsibility to critique. However, for Self-Appraisal to be completed successfully, the employee
needs to have an in depth understanding of how it is done and their role and responsibilities. Self-Appraisal actively engages with
employees individually if used in their Performance Review Meeting. This involvement encourages employees to strive even higher
and therefore beneficial for all parties.

Self-development
• Self-Development is a process of consciously improving oneself in
various aspects of his or her life. It is the conscious pursuit
of personal growth by improving personal skills, competencies,
talents, and knowledge.
• Self-improvement helps enhance strengths, improve mental health,
and even heal relationships. Some ways of self-improvement include
simple tasks such as reading a book, trying something new,
mediating, or even waking up early. There are so many simple,
effective ways to start a self-improvement process.

What are examples of self development?
• Improve your time management.
• Develop emotional intelligence.
• Cultivate resilience.
• Listen actively.
• Develop a growth mindset.
• Develop a reading habit.
• Learn new things.
• Improve your public speaking skills.
• Meet new people

Personality development vocational course

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